Tonic |

Harshen Tonic (Tonique na Faransanci, bayanin kula tonique; ntm. Tonika) - tsakiya. kashi na sautin; babban sautin, bisa ga Krom, tsarin duka yana samun sunansa (a cikin C-dur da c-moll - sautin do o), da kuma babban maɗaukaki, wanda aka gina wannan yanayin (a cikin C-dur). , maƙarƙashiya ce-g, a cikin c-moll - c-es-g); nadi - T. Tonic - tushe, farawa da kuma kammala jituwa. tsari, cibiyar ma'ana ta tunanin jituwa, esp. ustoy (zama a kan Krom yana jin kamar lokacin hutawa, musamman ma lokacin dawowa zuwa T., ƙuduri na damuwa na aiki). A cikin tsarin jituwa na aiki na tonality, aikin T. ana jin kai tsaye a cikin nau'i mai duhu guda (lokaci, kashi biyu da uku; misali, a cikin jigon kashi na 1 na sonata na 12th piano na Beethoven, sashe na 1st na wasan "Janairu" daga "Lokaci". "Tchaikovsky); na'urar daidaitawa saitin kama. aikin wani T. (Wannan yana bayyana alaƙa tsakanin ɓangaren aikin T. da kuma samuwar jigogi, da zayyana siffofin kida). Karfin T. a cikin aiki masu jituwa. An ƙaddara tsarin tonality ta hanyar dalilai da yawa: yanayin muses. abun ciki, cike da ra'ayin tunani. tsakiya; zaɓin ma'auni wanda yake diatonic a cikin tushe kuma baya ƙunshi tritone zuwa kowane sautin T.; kungiyar na fret ta amfani da "sau uku rabo" (ayyukan S - T - D), wanda ke taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa ƙarfin cibiyar-T; awo da ke jaddada nauyin ƙarshe. lokacin cadence (abin da ake kira ma'auni masu nauyi - na 4th, 8th - a matsayin tushen awo, kama da T.; duba Tonality). A matsayin nau'in kiɗan T. tunanin yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan cibiyar (tallafawa) wanda ke aiki azaman tallafi a cikin samuwar tsarin haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci (duba Lad). Mahimmanci da mahimmancin nau'in T. kamar yadda irin wannan cibiya ta ba mu damar fadada wannan wa'adin zuwa cibiyar. abubuwa na sauran tsarin (a kan yanayin kiɗan jama'a, duniyar duniyar, yanayin zamani, jituwa na zamani na Renaissance, hanyoyin daidaitawa na ƙarni na 19th-20th, tsarin tare da sautin tsakiya ko murɗa a cikin kiɗa na karni na 20). Duk da haka, wajibi ne a rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan cibiyoyin (tushen) - baroque da na gargajiya-romantic. T. (da J. S. Baci, W. A. Mozart, F. Chopin, R. Wagner, M. I. Glinka, S. V. Rachmaninov), tsakiyar karni. finalis (wanda, akasin na gargajiya T., maiyuwa ba zai mamaye dukan waƙar tare da aikin sa ba; misali, a cikin sautin antiphon Miserere mei Deus I, Vidimus stelam ejus IV sautin), T. sabon maɓalli na ƙarni na 20. (misali, tonic G a cikin opera Wozzeck ta Berg, hadaddun hadaddun T. a cikin Orc. shiga tsakanin 4th da 5th scenes of the 3rd act of the same opera), tsakiya. sautin (tone mi a farkon da ƙarshen Pendeecki's Dies irae), tsakiya. rukuni (yanki na 1st daga Schoenberg's Lunar Pierrot), amfani da sinadari mai mahimmanci na jerin (misali, sashe na 1 na E. V.

References: duba ƙarƙashin labarin Tonality, Mode, Harmony.

Yu. N. Kholopov