Paul Dessau |

Paul Dessau

A cikin ƙungiyar taurari na sunayen adadi da ke wakiltar wallafe-wallafe da fasaha na GDR, ɗaya daga cikin wuraren girmamawa na P. Dessau ne. Ayyukansa, kamar wasan kwaikwayo na B. Brecht da litattafan A. Segers, wakokin I. Becher da waƙoƙin G. Eisler, zane-zane na F. Kremer da zane-zane na V. Klemke, jagorancin opera na opera. V. Felsenstein da fina-finan fina-finai na K. Wulff, suna jin daɗin shaharar da ya cancanta ba kawai a ƙasarsu ba, ya sami karɓuwa sosai kuma ya zama kyakkyawan misali na fasaha na karni na 5. Babban al'adun kide-kide na Dessau ya haɗa da mafi kyawun nau'ikan kiɗan na zamani: 2 operas, ƙwararrun cantata-oratorio da yawa, wasan kwaikwayo na XNUMX, ƙungiyar makaɗa, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo, nunin rediyo da fina-finai, ƙaramar murya da mawaƙa. Hazakar Dessau ta bayyana kanta a fannoni daban-daban na ayyukansa na kirkire-kirkire - tsarawa, gudanarwa, koyarwa, yin wasa, kiɗa da zamantakewa.

Mawakin kwaminisanci, Dessau ya mayar da martani ga muhimman al'amuran siyasa na zamaninsa. An bayyana ra'ayoyin anti-imperialist a cikin waƙar "Soja ta kashe a Spain" (1937), a cikin guntun piano "Guernica" (1938), a cikin sake zagayowar "International ABC of War" (1945). Epitaph na Rosa Luxemburg da Karl Liebknecht na ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa (30) an sadaukar da ita ne ga bikin cika shekaru 1949 na mummunan mutuwar fitattun mutane na ƙungiyar gurguzu ta duniya. Takardun kade-kade na kade-kade da na jarida da aka sadaukar ga wadanda rikicin wariyar launin fata ya shafa shi ne Lumumba's Requiem (1963). Sauran ayyukan tunawa da Dessau sun haɗa da Epitaph-Symphonic Epitaph zuwa Lenin (1951), ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Bertolt Brecht (1959), da yanki don murya da piano Epitaph zuwa Gorky (1943). Dessau da son rai ya juya zuwa ga rubutun mawaƙa masu ci gaba na zamani daga ƙasashe daban-daban - zuwa aikin E. Weinert, F. Wolf, I. Becher, J. Ivashkevich, P. Neruda. Ɗaya daga cikin wurare na tsakiya yana shagaltar da kiɗan da aka yi wahayi daga ayyukan B. Brecht. Mawaƙin yana da ayyukan da suka danganci jigon Soviet: opera "Lancelot" (dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na E. Schwartz "Dragon", 1969), kiɗa don fim din "Mu'ujizar Rasha" (1962). Hanyar Dessau zuwa fasahar kiɗa ta kasance ta hanyar dogon al'adar iyali.

Kakansa, a cewar mawaƙin, ya kasance sanannen cantor a zamaninsa, wanda aka ba shi da hazaka. Uban, ma'aikacin masana'antar taba, har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa ya ci gaba da riƙe ƙaunarsa ga waƙa kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da burinsa wanda bai cika ba na zama ƙwararren mawaki a cikin yara. Tun daga ƙuruciya, wanda ya faru a Hamburg, Bulus ya ji waƙoƙin F. Schubert, waƙar R. Wagner. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 6, ya fara nazarin violin, kuma yana ɗan shekara 14, ya yi wasa a wani maraice na solo tare da babban shirin kide-kide. Daga 1910, Dessau ya yi karatu a Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory a Berlin na tsawon shekaru biyu. A shekara ta 1912, ya sami aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin Hamburg a matsayin mai kula da kade-kade da kuma mataimaki ga babban mai gudanarwa, F. Weingartner. Da yake ya dade yana mafarkin zama madugu, Dessau ya himmantu ga sha'awar zane-zane daga sadarwar kirkire-kirkire tare da Weingartner, da sha'awar fahimtar wasan kwaikwayo na A. Nikisch, wanda ya yi yawon shakatawa akai-akai a Hamburg.

An katse ayyukan gudanarwa mai zaman kansa na Dessau sakamakon barkewar yakin duniya na farko da shigar da sojoji daga baya. Kamar Brecht da Eisler, Dessau da sauri ya gane zaluncin rashin hankali na kisan kiyashin da ya ci rayukan miliyoyin mutane, ya ji ruhin mulkin soja na Jamus-Austriya.

An ci gaba da aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa na gidajen opera tare da goyon bayan O. Klemperer (a Cologne) da B. Walter (a Berlin). Koyaya, sha'awar tsara kiɗan a hankali ya maye gurbin tsohon sha'awar yin aiki a matsayin jagora. A cikin 20s. ayyuka da yawa na kayan aikin kayan aiki daban-daban sun bayyana, daga cikinsu - Concertino don solo violin, tare da sarewa, clarinet da ƙaho. A cikin 1926 Dessau ya kammala Symphony na Farko. An yi nasarar yin shi a Prague wanda G. Steinberg ya gudanar (1927). Bayan shekaru 2, Sonatina don viola da cembalo (ko piano) ya bayyana, wanda mutum ke jin kusanci ga al'adun neoclassicism da daidaitawa ga salon P. Hindemith.

A watan Yunin 1930, an yi wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Dessau na Wasan Railway a bikin Makon Kiɗa na Berlin. Salon “wasa mai haɓakawa”, a matsayin nau'in wasan opera na musamman na makaranta, wanda aka ƙera don fahimtar yara da wasan kwaikwayon, Brecht ne ya ƙirƙira shi kuma manyan mawaƙa da yawa suka ɗauka. A lokaci guda kuma, an fara nuna wasan opera na Hindemith "Muna gina birni". Duk ayyukan biyu har yanzu suna shahara a yau.

1933 ya zama wuri na musamman a cikin m biography na da yawa artists. Shekaru da yawa sun bar ƙasarsu ta haihuwa, an tilasta musu yin hijira daga Jamus na Nazi, A. Schoenberg, G. Eisler, K. Weil, B. Walter, O. Klemperer, B. Brecht, F. Wolf. Dessau kuma ya zama gudun hijira na siyasa. Lokacin Parisian na aikinsa (1933-39) ya fara. Taken yaƙin ya zama babban abin ƙarfafawa. A farkon 30s. Dessau, yana bin Eisler, ya mallaki nau'in waƙar siyasa. Wannan shine yadda "Thälmann Column" ya bayyana - "... kalmar rabuwar jaruntaka ga masu adawa da gwamnatin Jamus, suna kan hanyar Paris zuwa Spain don shiga yakin da ake yi da Francoists."

Bayan mamayar Faransa, Dessau ya shafe shekaru 9 a Amurka (1939-48). A New York, akwai gagarumin taro tare da Brecht, wanda Dessau ya dade yana tunani. Tun a shekarar 1936 a birnin Paris, mawakin ya rubuta "The Battle Song of the Black Straw Hats" bisa ga rubutun Brecht daga wasansa na "Saint Joan of the Abattoirs" - wani salon da aka sake tunanin rayuwar Maid of Orleans. Da yake ya saba da waƙar, Brecht nan da nan ya yanke shawarar haɗa shi a cikin maraice na marubucin a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New School for Social Research a New York. A kan matani ta Brecht, Dessau ya rubuta ca. Ƙwaƙwalwar 50 - kiɗa-mai ban mamaki, cantata-oratori, murya da mawaƙa. Wuri na tsakiya a cikin su yana da operas The Interrogation of Lucullus (1949) da Puntila (1959), waɗanda aka ƙirƙira bayan dawowar mawakin ƙasarsa. Hanyar zuwa gare su ita ce kiɗan don wasan kwaikwayo na Brecht - "Kashi 99" (1938), daga baya ake kira "Tsoro da Talauci a Daular Uku"; "Uwar Ƙarfafawa da 'ya'yanta" (1946); "The Good Man daga Sezuan" (1947); "Bambanta da Mulki" (1948); “Malam Puntila da bawansa Matti” (1949); "Caucasian alli da'irar" (1954).

A cikin 60-70s. operas ya bayyana - "Lancelot" (1969), "Einstein" (1973), "Leone da Lena" (1978), da yara singspiel "Fair" (1963), na biyu Symphony (1964), wani orchestral triptych ("1955" "Teku na Storms", "Lenin", 1955-69), "Quattrodrama" na hudu cellos, biyu pianos da percussion (1965). "Dattijon Mawaƙin GDR" ya ci gaba da yin aiki tuƙuru har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin mutuwarsa, F. Hennenberg ya rubuta: “Dessau ya ci gaba da kasancewa da ra’ayinsa har ma a cikin shekaru gomansa na tara. Yana tabbatar da ra'ayinsa, wani lokacin yana iya buga tebur da hannu. Haka nan kuma, zai rika sauraren bahasi na masu shiga tsakani, ba zai taba bayyana kansa a matsayin masani kuma ma’asumi ba. Dessau ya san yadda ake lallashi ba tare da ya daga muryarsa ba. Amma sau da yawa yakan yi magana a cikin sautin mai tayar da hankali. Haka ma wakar sa.”

L. Rimsky