Luigi Cherubini |

Luigi Cherubini

A shekara ta 1818, L. Beethoven, da yake amsa tambayar wanene a yanzu shine babban mawaƙi (ban da Beethoven da kansa), ya ce: “Cherubini.” "Fitaccen mutum" da ake kira maestro G. Verdi na Italiya. Ayyukan Cherubiniev sun sami sha'awar R. Schumann da R. Wagner. Brahms yana da sha'awar kidan Cherubini, wanda ake kira opera "Medea" "aiki mai kyau", wanda aka kama shi ba tare da sabani ba. F. Liszt da G. Berlioz ya ba shi daraja - manyan masu fasaha, wanda, duk da haka, ba su da dangantaka mafi kyau tare da Cherubini: Cherubini (a matsayin darekta) bai ƙyale na farko (a matsayin baƙo) ya yi karatu a Paris Conservatory, ko da yake ya yarda da na biyu ta ganuwar, amma da karfi ƙi.

Cherubini ya sami ilimin kiɗan firamare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa, Bartolomeo Cherubini, da B. da A. Felici, P. Bizzari, J. Casrucci. Cherubini ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Bologna tare da G. Sarti, shahararren mawaki, malami, kuma marubucin ayyukan kiɗa da ka'idoji. A cikin sadarwa tare da babban mai fasaha, matashin mawaki ya fahimci hadadden fasaha na counterpoint (rubutun polyphonic). A hankali a hankali kuma yana ƙware sosai, ya shiga aikin rayuwa: ya mallaki nau'ikan coci na taro, litany, motet, da kuma mafi kyawun nau'ikan nau'ikan opera-seria na aristocratic da opera-buffa waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai akan matakan wasan opera na birni da mataki. Umurni sun zo daga biranen Italiya (Livorno, Florence, Rome, Venice. Mantua, Turin), daga London - a nan Cherubini yana aiki a matsayin mawaki na kotu a 1784-86. Ƙwararren mawaƙin ya sami karɓuwa a Turai a Paris, inda Cherubini ya zauna a 1788.

Gabaɗayan rayuwarsa ta gaba da kuma hanyar kirkira tana da alaƙa da Faransa. Cherubini babban mutum ne a cikin juyin juya halin Faransa, haihuwar Paris Conservatory (1795) tana da alaƙa da sunansa. Mawaƙin ya ba da ƙarfi da basira mai yawa ga ƙungiyarsa da haɓakawa: na farko a matsayin sufeto, sannan a matsayin farfesa, kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin darekta (1821-41). Daga cikin dalibansa akwai manyan mawakan opera F. Ober da F. Halevi. Cherubini ya bar ayyukan kimiyya da dabaru da yawa; wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga samuwar da kuma ƙarfafa ikon hukumar, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama abin koyi na horar da ƙwararrun ƴan mazan jiya a Turai.

Cherubini ya bar gadon kida mai albarka. Ba wai kawai ya ba da girmamawa ga kusan dukkanin nau'ikan kiɗa na zamani ba, amma kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga samuwar sababbi.

A cikin 1790s tare da mutanen zamaninsa - F. Gossec, E. Megul, I. Pleyel, J. Lesueur, A. Jaden, A. Burton, B. Sarret - mawaƙin ya ƙirƙira waƙoƙin yabo da waƙoƙi, tafiya, wasa don jerin gwano. bukukuwa, bukukuwan makoki Juyin juya hali ("Waƙar Jamhuriyar Jama'a", "Yabon 'Yan'uwantaka", "Waƙar waƙar Pantheon", da dai sauransu).

Duk da haka, babban nasarar da aka samu na mawallafin, wanda ya ƙayyade wurin mai zane a cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa, yana da alaƙa da gidan wasan opera. Wasan kwaikwayo na Cherubini a cikin 1790s da farkon shekarun farko na karni na XNUMX. taƙaita abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali na wasan opera na Italiya, bala'in waƙa na Faransa (wani nau'in ƙaƙƙarfan wasan kwaikwayo na kotu), wasan opera na Faransa da sabon wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo KV Gluck. Suna sanar da haihuwar sabon nau'in wasan opera: "Opera na Ceto" - aikin da ya dace wanda ke ɗaukaka yaki da tashin hankali da zalunci don 'yanci da adalci.

Wasan opera na Cherubini ne suka taimaka wa Beethoven wajen zabar babban jigo da shirin opera ɗinsa tilo kuma shahararriyar opera Fidelio, a cikin tsarin kiɗan ta. Mun gane fasalinsu a cikin wasan opera na G. Spontini The Vestal Virgin, wanda ke nuna farkon zamanin babban wasan opera na soyayya.

Menene ake kiran waɗannan ayyuka? Lodoiska (1791), Eliza (1794), Kwanaki Biyu (ko Mai Ruwa, 1800). Babu kasa shahara a yau Medea (1797), Faniska (1806), Abenseraghi (1813), wanda haruffa da kuma m images tunatar da mu da yawa daga cikin operas, songs da kayan aiki na KM Weber, F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn.

An mallaki kidan Cherubini a karni na 30. babban karfi mai ban sha'awa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da sha'awar mawakan Rasha: M. Glinka, A. Serov, A. Rubinstein, V. Odoevsky. Mawallafin kan wasan kwaikwayo na 6, 77 quartets, symphonies, 2 romances, 11 requiems (ɗaya daga cikinsu - a cikin ƙananan C - an yi shi a jana'izar Beethoven, wanda ya ga a cikin wannan aikin kawai abin koyi mai yiwuwa), XNUMX talakawa, motets, antiphos da sauran ayyukan, ba a manta da Cherubini a cikin karni na XNUMX. Ana yin waƙarsa akan mafi kyawun matakan opera da matakai, an yi rikodin su akan rikodin gramophone.

S. Rytsarev