Gaba: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, sauti, nau'ikan, tarihi, aikace-aikace

Gaba wani kayan kida ne wanda ke burge ba kawai da sautinsa ba, har ma da girmansa. Ana kiransa sarki a duniyar waƙa: yana da girma da ɗaukaka har ba ya barin kowa.

Kayan yau da kullum

Rukunin kayan aikin da sashin jikin ya ke shine maɓallan iska. Siffa ta musamman ita ce girman girman tsarin. Mafi girman sashin jiki a duniya yana cikin Amurka, birnin Atlantic City: ya haɗa da bututu fiye da dubu 30, yana da rajista 455, litattafai 7. Mafi nauyin gabobin da mutum ya yi sun kai ton 250.

Kayan aiki yana sauti mai ƙarfi, polyphonic, yana haifar da guguwar motsin rai. Kewayon kiɗan wannan yana iyakance ga octaves biyar. A hakikanin gaskiya, yiwuwar sauti sun fi fadi: ta hanyar sauya rajistar sashin jiki, mawaƙa a kwantar da hankula yana canja sautin bayanin kula ta hanyar octave ɗaya ko biyu a kowace hanya.

Yiwuwar "Sarkin Kiɗa" kusan ba su da iyaka: ba kawai kowane nau'in sauti na yau da kullun yana samuwa a gare shi ba, daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa babba mai girma. Yana cikin ikonsa ya sake haifar da sautin yanayi, waƙar tsuntsaye, ƙararrawa, rurin faɗuwar duwatsu.

Gabar na'ura

Na'urar tana da rikitarwa sosai, gami da abubuwa iri-iri, cikakkun bayanai, sassa. Manyan abubuwan da aka gyara sune:

• kujera ko console. Wurin da aka yi nufin mawaƙin don sarrafa tsarin. An sanye shi da levers, maɓalli, maɓalli. Har ila yau, akwai litattafai, masu ƙafa.
• Littattafai. Maɓallan madannai da yawa don wasa da hannaye. Yawa ne mutum ga kowane samfurin. Matsakaicin adadin na yau shine guda 7. Mafi sau da yawa fiye da wasu, akwai ƙira waɗanda ke da litattafai 2-4. Kowane littafin jagora yana da nasa tsarin rajista. Babban littafin jagora yana kusa da mawaƙin, sanye take da rajista mafi ƙarfi. Adadin maɓallan hannu shine 61 (daidai da kewayon octaves 5).
• Masu yin rijista. Wannan shine sunan bututun gabobin, wanda aka haɗu da irin wannan katako. Don kunna takamaiman rajista, mawaƙin yana sarrafa levers ko maɓallan da ke kan ramut. Idan ba tare da wannan aikin ba, rajistar ba za ta yi sauti ba. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe daban-daban, lokuta daban-daban suna da adadin rajista daban-daban.
• Bututu. Sun bambanta a tsawon, diamita, siffar. Wasu suna sanye da harsuna, wasu kuma ba. Bututu masu ƙarfi suna yin nauyi, ƙananan sauti, kuma akasin haka. Yawan bututu ya bambanta, wani lokacin ya kai dubu goma. Abubuwan samarwa - karfe, itace.
• Allon madannai na feda. Maɓallan ƙafa yana wakilta don fitar da ƙananan sautunan bass.
• Traktura. Tsarin na'urorin da ke isar da sigina daga litattafai, takalmi zuwa bututu (wasa filin wasa), ko kuma daga jujjuyawar juyi zuwa rajista (takardar rajista). Bambance-bambancen da ke akwai na tarakta sune injina, pneumatic, lantarki, gauraye.

Tarihi

Tarihin kayan aiki ba ya rufe ƙarni - millennia. “Sarkin Kiɗa” ya bayyana kafin zuwan zamaninmu, ana kiran jakar Babila mai suna zuriyarsa: tana da gashin gashin da ke hura iska ta cikin bututu; a karshen akwai wani jiki da bututu sanye take da harsuna da ramuka. Wani kakan kayan aikin ana kiransa panflute.

Wani ɓangaren da ke aiki tare da taimakon injiniyoyin ruwa an ƙirƙira shi da tsohon mai fasaha na Girka Ktesebius a cikin karni na XNUMX BC: an tilasta iska a ciki tare da latsa ruwa.

Ba a bambanta gabobin zamanin da da kyakkyawan tsari: suna da kauri, maɓallai marasa daɗi waɗanda ke ɗan nesa da juna. Ba zai yiwu a yi wasa da yatsunsu ba - mai yin wasan ya buga maballin tare da gwiwar hannu, hannu.

Ranar farin ciki na kayan aiki ya fara a lokacin da majami'u suka yi sha'awar shi (XNUMXth karni AD). Sautunan zurfafan su ne madaidaicin rakiyar ayyukan. An fara haɓaka ƙirar ƙira: gabobin haske sun juya zuwa manyan kayan aiki, suna mamaye wani muhimmin sashi na harabar haikalin.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, mafi kyawun masanan gabobin sun yi aiki a Italiya. Sannan Jamus ta karbe ragamar mulki. A karni na XNUMX, kowace ƙasa ta Turai ta ƙware wajen samar da wani ɗan ƙaramin abu mai shahara.

Ƙarni na XIV shine kwanakin kayan aiki: an inganta zane, girman maɓalli da fedals sun ragu, an rarraba rajistar, kuma an fadada kewayon. karni na XV - lokacin bayyanar irin waɗannan gyare-gyare a matsayin ƙananan sashin jiki (mai ɗaukuwa), tsaye (matsakaicin girman).

Juyin karni na XNUMXth-XNUMXth ana ɗaukarsa shine "lokacin zinare" na kiɗan gabobin. An inganta ƙira zuwa iyaka: kayan aiki na iya maye gurbin dukan ƙungiyar makaɗa, samar da sauti iri-iri masu ban mamaki. Mawaƙa Bach, Sweelinck, Frescobaldi sun ƙirƙira ayyuka musamman don wannan kayan aikin.

Karni na XNUMX ya ture manyan kayan aikin gefe. An maye gurbinsu da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira waɗanda ke da sauƙin amfani kuma baya buƙatar haɗaɗɗun motsin jiki. Zamanin “sarkin kiɗa” ya ƙare.

A yau ana iya gani da jin gabobin gabobin a majami'un Katolika, a wuraren kide-kide na kade-kade. Ana amfani da kayan aiki azaman rakiyar, yana yin solo.

iri

An rarraba gabobin bisa ga sharudda da yawa:

Na'urar: tagulla, lantarki, dijital, Reed.

aikin: concert, coci, wasan kwaikwayo, jam'iyya.

ƙaddarãwar: gargajiya, baroque, symphonic.

Adadin litattafai: daya-biyu-uku-manual, da dai sauransu.

Mafi yawan nau'ikan gabobin:

• Iska - sanye take da maɓalli, bututu, babban kayan aiki ne. Ya kasance ajin ajin wayoyin sama. Yana kama da yawancin suna tunanin sashin jiki - wani babban gini mai girman benaye biyu, wanda ke cikin majami'u da sauran dakuna masu fadi.
• Symphonic - wani nau'in gabobin iska wanda ke da fa'ida a cikin sauti. Faɗin kewayo, babban timbre, damar yin rajista yana ba da damar wannan kayan aikin shi kaɗai ya maye gurbin dukan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Wasu wakilan kungiyar suna sanye da litattafai bakwai, dubun dubatar bututu.
• Na'urar wasan kwaikwayo - baya bambanta da dama na kida iri-iri. Mai ikon yin sautin piano, yawan surutu. An ƙirƙira shi da farko da nufin rakiyar kiɗa na shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo, fage na fina-finai shiru.
• Ƙungiyar Hammond kayan aiki ne na lantarki, ƙa'idarsa ta dogara ne akan haɗakar da siginar sauti daga jerin tsauri. L. Hammond ne ya ƙirƙira kayan aikin a cikin 1935 a matsayin madadin majami'u. Ƙirar ba ta da tsada, kuma nan da nan ya fara amfani da shi sosai ta hanyar makada na soja, jazz, masu wasan kwaikwayo na blues.

Aikace-aikace

A yau, Furotesta, Katolika suna amfani da kayan aiki sosai - yana tare da bauta. Ana sanya shi a cikin dakunan jama'a don raka wasan kwaikwayo. Yiwuwar sashin jiki yana ba wa mawaƙa damar yin wasan solo ko zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa. "Sarkin kiɗa" yana haɗuwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi, yana rakiyar mawaƙa, mawaƙa, lokaci-lokaci yana shiga cikin wasan operas.

Yadda ake kunna gabobin

Kasancewar kwayoyin halitta yana da wahala. Kuna buƙatar yin aiki tare da hannayenku da ƙafafu a lokaci guda. Babu daidaitaccen tsarin wasan kwaikwayo - kowane kayan aiki yana sanye da nau'ikan bututu, maɓalli, rajista. Bayan ƙware ɗaya samfurin, ba shi yiwuwa a canja wurin zuwa wani, kuna buƙatar sake koyan na'urar.

Wasan ƙafa wani lamari ne na musamman. Kuna buƙatar takalma na musamman, masu mahimmanci. Ana yin magudi tare da yatsan hannu, diddige.

An rubuta sassan kiɗa daban don madannai na ƙafa da littafai.

Mawallafa

Ayyuka na "sarkin kiɗa" an rubuta su ta hanyar ƙwararrun mawaƙa na baya da karni kafin ƙarshe:

• M. Dupre
• V. Mozart
• F. Mendelssohn
• A. Gabrieli
• D. Shostakovich
• R. Shchedrin
• N. Grigny