Kiɗa na jama'a na Ingilishi: ruhun al'ada mara canzawa

An kafa waƙar jama'ar Ingilishi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin Ingilishi a ƙarƙashin tasirin abubuwan tarihi na lokuta daban-daban, al'adun al'adu da abubuwan da suka fi so na mazauna wasu yankuna na ƙasar.

Tatsuniyar Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar mutanen da aka kafa ƙasar Ingila daga cikinsu - Angles, Saxon, Jutes, da kuma kabilun Celtic da Jamusawa. Kusanci da Irland, Wales, da Scotland ba zai yiwu ba sai dai a bayyana cikin kamanni na dalilai da alaƙar jigogi da halayen tarihin waɗannan ƙasashe tare da fasahar gargajiya ta Ingilishi.

Jigogi da haruffan tarihin tarihin Ingilishi

Menene kuma wanene aka rera a cikin waƙoƙin jama'a na Ingila? Bari mu lissafa wasu manyan hotuna:

• Daya daga cikin manyan haruffan almara na Ingilishi shine sarki Arthur – fitaccen jagoran ‘yan Birtaniyya a yakin da suka yi da masu nasara. Babu wata sheda da ba za ta iya warwarewa ta wanzuwar tarihinsa ba, amma tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da shi da jiga-jigan jarumansa na zagaye teburi sun zama wani sashe na tarihin tarihin Ingilishi.
• Wani gwarzo na Turanci ballads da almara, gaskiyar wanda wanzuwar ya kasance rigima, shi ne Robin Hudu – Shahararren shugaban ‘yan fashin da suka yi wa masu hannu da shuni fashi a dajin Sherwood tare da ba da ganima ga talakawa da mabukata.
• Kari akan haka, tatsuniyar Ingilishi, da na Scotland, sun cika da ban mamaki da yawa haruffan tatsuniya - ruhohi, fatalwa, aljanu, launin ruwan kasa, dodanni da sauran halittun tatsuniyoyi. Na karshen sun hada da elves, trolls, cannibals, mayu.

Don haka, tatsuniyoyi, a matsayinka na mulkin, suna haskaka jarumtakar gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da jama’a, ko kuma hotunan soyayya na masu kare mutuncin ajin da ake zalunta, sannan kuma suna sake haifar da wasu akidu da tatsuniyoyi na maguzawa na zamanin kafin Kiristanci a tarihin Ingila.

Nau'ikan waƙoƙi na kiɗan jama'a na Ingilishi da fasalinsu

A tarihin tarihi, rarrabuwar kidan jama'a na Ingila a matsayin wani yanki na al'adu daban ya zo daidai da isowar Angles a tsibirin a karni na XNUMX AD. e. Tun da babu wani rikodin kiɗa a wancan lokacin, muna da ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya na nau'i da abun ciki na waƙoƙin jama'a na Turanci na farko. Daga baya, bisa ga waƙoƙin Turanci na gargajiya, an kafa nau'o'i irin su carol, jig, shanti, hornpipe.

Carol a halin yanzu yana da alaƙa da waƙar Kirsimeti, ko da yake a zahiri kewayon wannan nau'in ya fi faɗi: yana iya zama haɗuwa da abubuwan duniya da na ruhaniya, ko kuma abin da ake kira waƙoƙin paraliturgical, waɗanda ke amfani da labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki da nassosin da ba na canonical ba tare da ɗaukaka. Yesu Kristi. Bugu da kari, akwai shaye-shaye da yawa, da lullaby, wakokin yara a cikin nau'in carol.

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan waƙoƙin kiɗan gargajiya na Ingilishi shine ballad. A cikin lokuta daban-daban na tarihi, ballads sun rera waƙa na jarumai na ƙasa (King Arthur ko Robin Hood, alal misali) kuma suna da makircin labari a cikin yanayin soyayya. Ballad, kamar carol, an fara yin shi ne tare da raye-rayen zagaye-zagaye (raye-raye-raye-raye) kuma daga baya aka juya shi azaman nau'in waƙa mai zaman kansa.

teku rera waƙoƙi Da farko, suna da dalilai guda biyu: daidaita motsin ma'aikatan ruwa a lokacin da suke gudanar da kowane aikin jirgin ruwa da kuma haskaka sha'awa ta guda ɗaya da maɗaukaki bayan aiki tuƙuru. Ana bambanta waƙoƙin wannan nau'in ta hanyar fifikon mahimmanci ga wasu kalmomi, lokacin da matuƙan jirgin ruwa suka yi ƙoƙarin daidaitawa (misali igiya).

"Green hannun riga" ko "Green hannun riga" – daya daga cikin shahararrun wakokin gargajiya na turanci da suka zo mana tun daga tsakiyar zamanai. Waƙar mai ban mamaki da sihiri tana jefa mai sauraro cikin zamanin jaruman jarumai da kyawawan mata. Marubucin waƙar wani lokaci ana ba da shi ga Sarki Henry na VIII, wanda ake zargin ya sadaukar da ita ga ƙaunatacciyarsa Anne Boleyn. Mu saurare mu tuna wannan wakar.

Salon rawa na kiɗan jama'a na Ingilishi da fasalinsu

Sunan ta Ingilishi yaren Ingilishi ne jig dance aro daga wani karamin violin, wanda aka yi da rakiyar kida na rawa. Ana yin jigi mai sauri a cikin girman 12/8, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta maza da aka jera a layi ɗaya, alamar bangon kagara. Ana yin ƙarin nau'in rawa na mata a cikin 9/8 lokaci kuma ya haɗa da yin amfani da takalma mai laushi, mai laushi. Dabarar jig ta ƙunshi tsalle-tsalle masu yawa, pirouettes, da nunin faifai da aka yi a cikin waƙoƙi daban-daban dangane da nau'in rawa.

Wani rawa na jama'a na Ingilishi - kaho mai suna bayan wani kayan kida - iska ta Scotland kuma tana da nau'ikan iri da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai shahararrun Rickets Hornpipe da The Ladies Hornpipe. Ana yin shi a cikin nau'ikan rhythmic daban-daban kuma ana siffanta shi da motsin ƙafafu. Da farko maza ne kawai suke yi, yau ma mata suna samuwa.

Dance Morris (ko rawa da takuba) kuma asalin maza ne kawai suka yi kuma wani nau'in aiki ne da aka sadaukar don bikin ranar Mayu. Masana tarihi sun gaskata cewa raye-rayen tana da tushen arna kuma ta taso ne bisa al’ada na dā. Ana yin ta zuwa rakiyar kida na buhun buhu da ganguna. Yawancin Ingilishi har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa rawan Morris yana kawo sa'a ga duka masu sauraro da masu wasan kwaikwayo.

Kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Ingilishi

Lokuta daban-daban na tarihi sun wadatar da tarin kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su wajen wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan gargajiya na Ingilishi tare da samfurori waɗanda suka sa sautin ya zama na asali da asali.

Ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce lute, kayan kirtani mai zare wanda ya shigo cikin tatsuniyar Turanci mai yiwuwa daga al'adun Larabawa. Da farko, lute yana da kirtani 4-5, a cikin sigar zamani kayan aikin na iya samun har zuwa igiyoyi 35, sabili da haka siffarsa ta ɗan canza kaɗan.

Wani kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya na Ingila shine abin da ake kira hammered dulcimer (ko kuge) - kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe da aka ɗora a tsaye a gaban mawaƙi wanda ke amfani da guduma na musamman don fitar da sauti.

Sau da yawa, lokacin yin tatsuniyoyi na Turanci, ana amfani da kaɗe-kaɗe, ƙaho, tambourine, shawm (wani irin oboe), gurɓatacce (ko hurdy gurdy), violin da bagpipes.

Waƙar jama'ar Ingilishi a yau

Cecil James Sharp (1859-1924) ya ba da babbar gudumawa ga tsara tsarin tatsuniyoyi na Ingilishi da kuma adana al'adun gargajiya. Wannan malamin Ingilishi kuma masanin kiɗa ya gudanar da tsara kayan aikin da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci daban-daban suka tattara tare da tattara tarin waƙoƙin jama'a na musamman masu girma dabam-dabam da ballads. Mabiyan Sharpe sun ci gaba da aikinsa. A yau, ana kiyaye sha'awar kiɗan gargajiya ta Ingilishi ta hanyar bukukuwan al'adun gargajiya, da kuma shigar da abubuwan jama'a cikin kiɗan zamani.

Mawallafi - Igor Svetlichenko