Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Dan wasan piano na Rasha, madugu, malami, kida da kida da jama'a. Ɗan'uwan AG Rubinstein. Tun yana dan shekara 4 ya koyi yin piano a karkashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa. A cikin 1844-46 ya zauna a Berlin tare da mahaifiyarsa da ɗan'uwansa, inda ya dauki darussa daga T. Kullak (piano) da Z. Dehn (jituwa, polyphony, siffofin kiɗa). Bayan ya koma Moscow, ya yi karatu tare da AI Villuan, wanda ya yi yawon shakatawa na farko concert (1846-47). A farkon 50s. shiga cikin Law Faculty of Moscow Jami'ar (ya sauke karatu a 1855). A 1858 ya ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo (Moscow, London). A shekara ta 1859 ya fara bude reshen Moscow na RMS, daga 1860 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa ya kasance shugabanta da kuma jagoran wasan kwaikwayo na kade-kade. Darussan kiɗan da ya shirya a RMS an canza su a cikin 1866 zuwa Conservatory na Moscow (har zuwa 1881 farfesa da darekta).

Rubinstein yana daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan pian na zamaninsa. Duk da haka, zane-zanensa ba a san shi ba a wajen Rasha (daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya keɓance shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na nasara a wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, Paris, 1878, inda ya yi PI Tchaikovsky Concerto na 1st Piano). Yawancin ya ba da kide-kide a Moscow. Ayyukansa na haskakawa cikin yanayi, mai ban mamaki a fadinsa: wasan kwaikwayo na piano da orchestra na JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; yana aiki don piano ta Beethoven da sauran na gargajiya kuma musamman mawallafin soyayya - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (wanda ya ɗauki Rubinstein a matsayin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na "Dance of Death" kuma ya sadaukar da "Fantasy on themes of Ruins of Athens" shi). Wani mai farfagandar wakokin Rasha, Rubinstein ya yi ta yin fantasy na piano na Balakirev “Islamey” da sauran guntuwar mawakan Rasha da suka sadaukar da shi. Matsayin Rubinstein yana da ban mamaki a matsayin mai fassara na kiɗan piano na Tchaikovsky (mai yin wasan farko na yawancin abubuwan da ya rubuta), wanda ya sadaukar da Rubinstein 2nd concerto don piano da orchestra, "Rasha Scherzo", soyayya "Don haka me! …”, ya rubuta “Memory” na piano a kan babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na mutuwar Rubinstein.

Wasan Rubinstein ya bambanta ta hanyar iyawar sa, kammalar fasaha, jituwa mai jituwa na motsin rai da hankali, cikar salo, ma'anar daidaito. Ba shi da wannan spontaneity, wanda aka lura a cikin wasan AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein kuma ya yi a cikin ɗakunan ɗaki tare da F. Laub, LS Auer da sauransu.

Ayyukan Rubinstein a matsayin jagora sun kasance masu tsanani. Sama da 250 kide kide na RMS a Moscow, da dama kide-kide a St. Petersburg da kuma sauran birane da aka gudanar a karkashin jagorancinsa. A Moscow, a karkashin jagorancin Rubinstein, an gudanar da manyan ayyuka na oratori da symphonic: cantatas, taro na JS Bach, gyare-gyare daga oratorios na GF Handel, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera da kuma Requiem ta WA ​​Mozart, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, piano da piano. violin concertos (tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa) ta Beethoven, duk abubuwan ban dariya da kuma mafi yawan manyan ayyukan F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, overtures da rarrabuwa daga operas na R. Wagner. Rubinstein ya rinjayi samuwar makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta ƙasa. Ya ci gaba da haɗawa a cikin shirye-shiryensa ayyukan mawaƙa na Rasha - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Yawancin ayyukan Tchaikovsky an yi su ne a karon farko a ƙarƙashin sandar Rubinstein: wasan kwaikwayo na 1st-4th (na 1st an sadaukar da shi ga Rubinstein), ɗakin 1st, waƙar waƙa "Fatum", fantasy-fantasy "Romeo da Juliet", Fantasy na symphonic "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", kiɗa don tatsuniya na bazara ta AN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", da dai sauransu. Shi ne kuma darektan kida da kuma shugaba na opera wasanni a Moscow Conservatory, ciki har da na farko samarwa. opera "Eugene Onegin" (1879). Rubinstein a matsayin jagora ya bambanta ta wurin babban nufinsa, ikon da sauri ya koyi sababbin guda tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa, daidaito da filastik na motsin sa.

A matsayin malami, Rubinstein ya kawo ba kawai virtuosos ba, har ma da mawaƙa masu ilimi. Shi ne marubucin manhaja, bisa ga wanda shekaru da yawa ana gudanar da koyarwa a cikin azuzuwan piano na Moscow Conservatory. Tushen koyarwarsa shine zurfin nazarin rubutun kiɗan, fahimtar tsarin siffa na aikin da tsarin tarihi da salo da aka bayyana a ciki ta hanyar nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin harshen kiɗan. An ba da babban wuri don nuni na sirri. Daga cikin daliban Rubinstein akwai SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) da sauransu. Taneyev ya sadaukar da cantata "Yohanna na Damascus" don tunawa da malamin.

Ayyukan kiɗa da zamantakewa na Rubinstein, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakar zamantakewa na 50s da 60s, an bambanta su ta hanyar dimokiradiyya, daidaitawar ilimi. A yunƙurin sa waƙar ta isa ga masu sauraro da yawa, ya shirya abin da ake kira. wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a. A matsayin darektan Moscow Conservatory Rubinshtein samu babban ƙwararrun malamai da dalibai, da canji na Conservatory a cikin wani da gaske mafi girma ilimi ma'aikata, gama kai jagoranci (ya ba da muhimmanci ga m majalisa), ilimi na m ilimi mawaƙa (hankali ga m da kuma m da kuma m). ilimin ka'idar). Damuwa game da ƙirƙirar ma'aikatan kiɗa na gida da na koyarwa, ya jawo hankalin koyarwa, tare da Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani da sauransu, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein kuma ya jagoranci sassan kiɗa na Polytechnical (1872) da nunin All-Russian (1881). Ya yi yawa a cikin kide-kide na sadaka, a cikin 1877-78 ya yi rangadin garuruwan Rasha don goyon bayan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross.

Rubinstein shi ne marubucin piano guda (wanda aka rubuta a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa), ciki har da mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, da dai sauransu (Jurgeson ya buga), ƙungiyar makaɗa, kiɗa don wasan VP Begichev da AN Kanshin "Cat and Mouse (Orchestral). da lambobin waƙoƙi, 1861, Maly Theater, Moscow). Shi ne editan bugu na Rasha na Mendelssohn's Complete Piano Works. A karo na farko a Rasha ya buga zaɓaɓɓun romances (waƙoƙi) na Schubert da Schumann (1862).

Samun babban ma'anar aiki, amsawa, rashin sha'awa, ya ji daɗin shahara sosai a Moscow. Kowace shekara, shekaru da yawa, an gudanar da kide-kide don tunawa da Rubinstein a Moscow Conservatory da RMO. A cikin 1900s akwai da'irar Rubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova