Kayan kida |

Musical Instruments - kayan aikin da aka ƙera don fitar da tsari da daidaitawa a cikin sautin sauti ko ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaya, da hayaniya. Abubuwan da ke yin sauti da surutai marasa tsari (mallet na masu gadin dare, ƴan farauta, ƙararrawa, buguwa), ko ƙayatattun abubuwan da ke kwaikwayi waƙar tsuntsaye da kukan dabbobin da ake amfani da su wajen farauta, da kayan aikin da ke aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na musamman. dalilai na sigina, ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa ana iya amfani da su duka azaman M. da. Akwai kuma M. da. manufa mai amfani, ana amfani da shi don dalilai na al'ada (shaman tambourine, Buddhist ghan-dan da bure, Nivkh partigre); wani lokacin ana amfani da su don raka bunks. raye-raye (Est. kraatsspill, Latvia, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Wannan ya haɗa da na'urori, tare da taimakon abin da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayo. (opera) ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna haifar da tsawa, iska mai kururuwa, tsattsage bulala, da sauransu. Wasu na'urorin da ake amfani da su da sigina kuma suna iya yin kiɗa. fasaha. ayyuka, misali. kararrawa coci tare da harshen da aka dakatar da yardar kaina. Ku M. da. litas kuma sun hada da. Toshalya ko Latvia. berzstaase, wanda aka yi daga haushin birch, Mari efi daga leaf lilac, Ukrainian. lusk daga ƙaho flake, da dai sauransu; ta amfani da makamantan kayan aikin. mawaƙa da fasaha suna busar wakoki masu sarƙaƙƙiya, suna wadatar da su da sassa daban-daban da kuma abubuwan ban dariya.

Kowane M. da. yana da timbre na asali (halaye, canza launi) na sauti, takamaiman. iya aiki mai ƙarfi da takamaiman kewayon sautuna. ingancin sauti M. da. ya dogara da kayan da aka yi amfani da su don kera kayan aiki, siffar da aka ba su (watau duk bayanan girman sassa, majalisai) kuma ana iya canza su ta amfani da ƙara. na'urori (misali na bebe), rushewa. fasahar hakar sauti (misali, pizzicato, masu jituwa, da sauransu).

M. i. An yarda da shi bisa al'ada don rarraba zuwa jama'a da ƙwararru. Na farko ana yin su ne a tsakanin mutane kuma ana amfani da su a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun da fasahar kiɗan. yi. Kayan aiki iri ɗaya na iya kasancewa na ɗaya da na mutane daban-daban, masu alaƙa da ƙabilu. zumunta ko tsawon lokaci. alakar tarihi da al'adu. Don haka, a cikin Ukraine kawai akwai bandura, kuma a Jojiya - panduri da chonguri. A daya bangaren, gabas. Slavs - Rashawa, Ukrainians, Belarusians - sun kasance a baya kuma yanzu suna amfani da kayan aikin gama gari - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, pipe), zhaleika (ƙaho), bagpipe (dudu), lemun tsami, a Azerbaijan da Armenia - saz, tar, kemancha , zurnu, duduk; a Uzbekistan da Tajikistan, kusan duk kayan aikin iri ɗaya ne. Farfesa mafi rinjayen kayan aikin an ƙirƙira su ne sakamakon ingantawa da gyara nar. kayan aiki. Don haka, alal misali, a baya mai nisa, kawai Nar. kayan aiki shine violin, violin na zamani ya tashi daga mutane mafi sauƙi. sarewa, daga tsohon chalumeau – clarinet, da sauransu. Masu sana'a yawanci sun haɗa da M. da., waɗanda wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo. (opera), iska da estr. mawaƙa, da kuma tagulla da kirtani. maɓallan maɓalli (organ, piano, a da - harpsichord, clavichord). A kasashe da dama (Indiya, Iran, Turkiyya, China da dai sauransu) kusan ana yin kidan jama'a ne kawai, kuma wasan kwaikwayo da irin wadannan kayan aikin ya zama misalan kwarewa a wadannan kasashe. Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin ƙungiyar kaɗe-kaɗe na Turai musamman al'adun keyboard, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da al'adun jama'a, bisa ka'ida an rarraba su a matsayin prof. M. da.; zane-zanensu, fasaha-yi da fasaha-bayyana. an inganta fasali.

Fitowar M. da. na zamanin da ne. Wasu daga cikinsu, misali. ƙahoni da manyan sarewa da aka yi da kashi, masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun gano a lokacin tona matsugunan mutane na zamanin Paleolithic. a cikin Monuments na Neolithic. zamanin akwai ganguna mai gefe ɗaya, da iska (kamar shawl ko chalumeau), xylophones na farko da sarewa tare da ramuka. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun bayyana daga baya fiye da sauran. M. i. - mafi saukin garayu, masu siffar lu'u-lu'u da sifar tanbur, amma wasu mutane kuma sun san su tun kafin BC. e. Akwai hasashe daban-daban na asalin M. da. An ɗauka cewa asalin waɗannan kayan aikin sigina ne kuma sun kasance ta wata hanya ko wata alaƙa da tsarin aiki na ɗan adam na farko. Duk da haka, kamar yadda shaida ta kayan tarihi na archaeological, riga a farkon mataki na ci gaban al'ummar bil'adama, akwai kayan aikin da suka yi kawai na kiɗa da kayan ado. aiki: sarewa tare da ramukan wasa, yana ba ku damar cire sauti na tsayi daban-daban na daidaitaccen ma'auni (wanda ke nuna fitowar tsarin kiɗa mai ma'ana), kirtani. kayan aikin da suka dace kawai don yin kiɗa, Dec. nau'ikan castanets tare da raye-raye guda da na rukuni, da sauransu. Tare da taimakon busa don kiɗa. wasan kwaikwayon na iya amfani da bututun sigina da ƙahoni.

Juyin Halitta na M. da., wadatar kayan aikin ya tafi kai tsaye. dangane da gaba ɗaya ci gaban ɗan adam, da al'adu, music, yi. da'awar da dabarun samarwa. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu M. da., saboda nau'ikan ƙirar su, sun sauko mana a cikin asalinsu (alal misali, castanets na Uzbek - Kayrak), wasu an inganta su, wasu M. da. da kyawawan buƙatun, sun faɗi cikin rashin amfani kuma an maye gurbinsu da sababbi. Lamba da iri-iri na M. da. kara karuwa. Musanya. fasaha, yayin haɓakawa, ana buƙatar hanyoyin da suka dace na magana, da ƙarin kayan kida na ci gaba, bi da bi, sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da haɓaka kiɗan. kerawa da aiki. kara. Duk da haka, ba koyaushe matakin bambancin da fasaha ba. Jihohin M. da. zai iya zama ma'auni na matakin kiɗan. al'ada. Wasu mutane, sun fi son wok. music, halitta M. da. a cikin ƙayyadaddun adadi kuma yayi amfani da su Ch. arr. a matsayin rakiyar mawaka. waka. Irin wannan, misali, kaya. chonguri da panduri, ko kuma su kadai, a zahiri, kurai a cikin Bashkirs da khomis a cikin Yakut. Haka nan kuma fasahar wasan kurai da khomy da kide-kiden da ake yi a kansu sun kai ga cikar kamala a tsakanin wadannan al'ummomi.

Mafi mahimmancin haɗin M. da. tare da ƙirƙira da aiki, za a iya gano zaɓin su da inganta su a fagen prof. kiɗa (a cikin kiɗan jama'a, waɗannan hanyoyin suna ci gaba da sannu a hankali, kuma kayan kida ba su canzawa ko kaɗan sun canza tsawon ƙarni). Saboda haka, a cikin 15-16 ƙarni. Fidel (viels) tare da m sauti an maye gurbinsu da m-sauti, matte timbre, "aristocratic" viols. A cikin 17-18 ƙarni. dangane da ci gaban homophonic harmonic. salo da fitowar kiɗan da ke buƙatar sauye-sauye daban-daban, an maye gurbin viola da violin da danginta, waɗanda ke da sauti mai haske, bayyananne da damar yin wasa mai kyau. A lokaci guda tare da violas, mai laushi, amma "marasa rai" a cikin sauti, sarewa mai tsayi ya fada cikin rashin amfani, yana ba da hanya zuwa ga busa mai jujjuyawa da fasaha ta wayar hannu. A lokaci guda, an daina amfani da kiɗan Turai a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da ayyukan makaɗa. lute da nau'o'insa - theorbo da chitarron (arch-lute), kuma a cikin kiɗa na gida an maye gurbin lute da vihuela, sannan guitar. Da con. Karni na 18 sabon M. kuma ya maye gurbin garaya. - piano.

Farfesa Kiɗa, bisa la'akari da rikitaccen tsarin su, ya dogara da kiɗan jama'a a cikin ci gabanta akan yanayin ainihin ilimin kimiyya da fasaha na samarwa - kasancewar muses. masana'antu da tsire-tsire tare da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gwaji da ƙwararrun masu yin kayan aiki. Iyakar abin da ya keɓance shine kayan aikin violin. iyalai masu buƙatar samarwa mutum ɗaya. Violins, cellos, bass biyu sun inganta bisa ga samfuran jama'a ta shahararrun mashahuran Brescia da Cremonese na ƙarni na 16-18. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, da sauransu) sun kasance marasa fin karfinsu. Mafi girman ci gaban prof. M. i. ya faru a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Halittar da T. Böhm na sabon zane na sarewa tare da tsarin bawul (samfurin farko ya bayyana a cikin 1832) ya faɗaɗa damar ƙirƙirar mawaƙa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na solo. An sami juyin juya hali na gaske ta bayyanar a farkon karni na 19. injin bawul a cikin kayan aikin tagulla. Godiya ga wannan, sun juya daga abin da ake kira. na halitta M. da. (tare da ƙayyadaddun adadin sautuna kuma saboda haka iyakance iyakoki) zuwa chromatic, iyawa, kamar iskar itace, na sake yin kowane kiɗa. Tushen stylist. canji a cikin kiɗan kowane nau'i na kayan kidan madannai masu kirtani ya faru tare da zuwan piano guduma, wanda ya maye gurbin harpsichord da clavichord. Tare da kirkiro wutar lantarki da rediyo, gina kayan kiɗan lantarki ya zama mai yiwuwa.

A ɗan ƙarami (saboda suturar mutum ɗaya) sun dogara da matakin fasaha. M. i. Duk da haka, ko da a nan, ba tare da isassun ci gaban sana'a da kuma masana'antu samar, ba shi yiwuwa a taro-samar harmonicas, inganta "Andreev" balalaikas da domras (Rasha), tamburash kida (Czechoslovakia da Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary da Romania), da dai sauransu. Ci gaban mutane. M. i. ya dogara kai tsaye ga yanayin zamantakewar al'umma. A cikin USSR, godiya ga ci gaban nat. art-va, kazalika da ci gaban gabaɗaya a cikin tattalin arziki da al'adun manyan bunks. talakawa a cikin jumhuriya da yankuna masu cin gashin kansu sun fara haifar da yawa. ciki ƙungiyoyi, an fara aiki akan farfaɗowa, sake ginawa da haɓaka bunks. M. da., zayyana iyalansu don yin gungu-gungu da wasan kade-kade, to-rogo ba su sani ba a da. mutane. Mai ƙarfi ba kawai a cikin prof. kuma ku yi-da-kanku. solo da gama kai, amma kuma a cikin jama'a. rayuwar waka irin M. da. ingantaccen tsarin, kamar bandura a Ukraine, kuge a Belarus, kankles da birbin a Lithuania, nau'ikan kannels a Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab da chang a Uzbekistan, dombra a Kazakhstan, da sauransu.

Dangane da fadada repertoire na masu son. kuma Prof. ensembles da kade-kade, shigar da kiɗa a ciki. litattafansu da kuma Productions na zamani composers (ciki har da manyan siffofin), kazalika da general Yunƙurin a cikin m al'adu na jama'ar Tarayyar Soviet, wasan kwaikwayo, ensembles da makada na mutane. kayan aikin sun fara amfani da taro da prof. M. i. - guitar, button accordion, accordion, violin, clarinet, da kuma a cikin otd. lokuta - sarewa, ƙaho da trombone.

Nau'in nau'in nau'in M. da ke akwai a duniya da. babba. Tsarin tsarin M. da., an haɗa su zuwa ƙungiyoyi bisa ga c.-l. fasali fasali. Tsofaffin tsarin rarrabuwa sune Indiyawa da Sinanci; na farko ya rarraba M. da. bisa ga hanyar motsa jiki na sauti, na biyu - bisa ga nau'in kayan da aka yi daga kayan aiki. Yawancin lokaci ana karɓa don rarraba M. da. zuwa kungiyoyi 3: iska, kirtani da percussion. Ƙungiyoyi, bi da bi, sun kasu kashi-kashi: iska – zuwa itace da tagulla, da kuma kirtani – zuwa fizge da ruku’u. Tushen sauti na kayan aikin iska shine ginshiƙin iska da aka rufe a cikin tashar ganga, kayan kirtani - kirtani mai shimfiɗa; Ƙungiya ta kaɗa ta ƙunshi kayan kida waɗanda ake yin sauti ta hanyar bugu. Zuwa ga prof. ruhi. Kayayyakin katako sun haɗa da sarewa, oboe, clarinet, bassoon da nau'ikan su (piccolo sarewa, ƙaho na Ingilishi, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), da kuma dangin saxophones da sarisophones. Duk da cewa wasu na'urorin (na zamani sarewa da piccolo sarewa, saxophones, sarusophones) an yi su da karfe, yayin da wasu (clarinet, oboe) a wasu lokuta ana yin su da filastik, sun yi daidai da iskar itace dangane da fitar da sauti da halayen kida na gaba ɗaya. Daga cikin kayan aikin jama'a na wannan rukunin akwai Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira da Luddu, Latvia. ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. Ƙungiya na kayan aikin iska na tagulla (ana kiran su embouchure ko bakin magana) sun haɗa da ƙaho, ƙaho, trombone, tuba, da kayan ruhu. ƙungiyar makaɗa (byugelhorns da flugelhorns), daga nar. - Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Ukrainian (Hutsul) trembita, Mold. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Vladimir ƙaho. Duk da cewa kusan dukkansu katako ne, amma ta fuskar yadda ake fitar da sautin da halayensa, ba su da bambanci da na tagulla. Rukunin rukunonin igiyoyi masu tsinke sun ƙunshi garaya, guitar, mandolin, Kazakh. domin, Turkm. dutar, rus. gusli da iri ɗaya na est. Kannel, Latvia. kowa, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. Wadanda aka rusuna sun hada da violin da danginsa (viola, cello, bass biyu), Azeri. kamanka, sarki. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. Ƙungiya mai kaɗa ta ƙunshi yawa kuma daban-daban M. da. tare da membrane na fata (timpani, ganguna, tambourines) ko kuma an yi shi da kayan da ke da ikon yin sautin kanta ( kuge, gong, triangle, xylophone, castanets, da sauransu). Sunan allo na harpsichord, pianoforte (babban piano, piano madaidaiciya), gabo, harmonium, da sauransu.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen kayan aikin kimiyya ana amfani da ƙarin hadaddun, amma kuma ƙarin ingantattun tsarin rarrabawa (duba. ƙarin cikakkun bayanai a cikin Art. Kayan aiki), yana ba da damar ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da cikakkun bayanai game da ainihin kowane nau'in M. da. Mafi shahara shine tsarin, wanda F. Gevaart ("Nouveau traité d'instrumentation", P. - Brux., 1885) sannan V. Маийоном ("Bayyana da nazari na kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi na Royal Conservatory of Music a Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). Siffofin ma'anar rarrabuwa a cikin tsarin sune tushen sauti da kuma hanyar da ake fitar da shi; kara gradation M. da. da aka samar daidai da fasalin ƙirar su. Babban ka'idodin rarraba Gevaart da Mayon, a cikin ma'ana. digiri da aka karɓa da kuma ci gaba sosai daga baya ta E. Hornbostel da kuma K. Sachs ("Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), ana amfani da su a cikin Sov. kayan aiki (ba tare da wuce kima murkushe kayan aiki cikin nau'ikan da iri ba). Dangane da tsarin da aka karɓa a cikin USSR, M. da. An raba su bisa ga tushen sauti zuwa ƙungiyoyi 4: iska (aerophones), kirtani (chordophones), membrane (membranophones) da kuma sautin kai (idiophones ko autophones). Tushen sauti na Membrane shine shimfiɗaɗɗen fata ko mafitsara na dabba, mai sautin kai - abu mai damuwa na ciki wanda aka yi na'urar ko sashin sautinsa. Dangane da hanyar fitar da sauti, an raba kayan aikin iska zuwa sarewa, redi, bakin baki da maɓallan sarewa. Sarewa sun haɗa da kowane nau'in sarewa: mai siffar ocarina, mai tsayi (na'urar tana riƙe da matsayi mai tsayi) da juzu'i (na'urar tana riƙe da wuri mai juyawa). Ocarinoid - waɗannan su ne duk nau'ikan whistles na jijiyoyin jini da ocarina; An raba masu tsayi zuwa buɗewa, wanda duka ƙarshen gangar jikin a buɗe suke (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), busawa (block-flyer, Belarushiyanci. bututu, Rasha sopel, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), nau'in sarewa kwanon rufi da yawa (gr. larchemi ko soinari, mold. yawancin, Svyril na Ukrainian, kuim-chipsan na mutanen Komi); daga cikin shahararrun zamani transverse. Prof. sarewa, Uzbek-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. An raba kayan aikin Reed zuwa kayan kida tare da harshe kyauta (Mari lyshtash daga ganyen ceri tsuntsu, Adjarian sapratsuna daga ganyen goro, Ukrainian. luska daga ƙaho otschen, Latvia. birzstaase a cikin nau'i na farantin haushi na Birch), tare da harshe guda ɗaya (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. bagpipe, bagpipe ko bagpipe, est. roopill, lit. birbin), tare da harshe mai bugun biyu (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. da hannu. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. kakaki, burat. bishkur), tare da zamewar reshe (duk nau'ikan harmonicas da harmonium; waɗannan kayan aikin suna da sauti da gaske, watau. domin suna da harshen da kansa, amma bisa ga al'ada an rarraba su a matsayin kayan aikin iska). Baki sun ƙunshi kayan kida, waɗanda abin da ke motsa motsin ginshiƙi na iska shine leɓun mai yin wasan, wanda aka makala a bakin (baki) na ganga kuma, saboda haka, tashin hankali (prof. kayan aikin jan karfe, jama'a - ƙahoni, ƙahoni da bututu).

Ƙungiyar kirtani ta ƙunshi kayan tsiro, ruku'u da kaɗe-kaɗe. Da farko, ana fitar da sautin ta hanyar zazzage zaren da alƙalami, yatsa, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, garaya, guitar, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); a kan masu ruku'u - ko dai tare da baka (kayan aikin dangin violin, kamani na Armeniya, chuniri Georgian, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), ko motar gogayya (layar dabaran), da kuma kan kaɗa - ta hanyar bugawa. kirtani tare da guduma ko sanduna (clavichord, fp., kuge, Armenian da Jojiyanci santur ko santuri).

Ƙungiyar membran ta ƙunshi kayan aiki tare da murfi mai tsauri, wanda suke buga da hannu, mallet, ko yin sauti ta hanyar juzu'i (tamburi, timpani, ganguna, bugay na Ukrainian da Mold. thump). Har ila yau, membrane ya haɗa da mirlitons - kayan kida tare da membrane, wanda ke ƙarawa da kuma canza muryar mawaƙa a cikin wani katako na musamman (Ukrainian Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana Sea otters, wani tsefe na yau da kullum a nannade cikin takarda nama don combing gashi). An rarraba rukuni na kayan kiɗan kai da yawa zuwa fashe (vargan a cikin duk gyare-gyaren sa), bugun (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, kuge, triangle, orc. karrarawa, Lithuanian jingulis, Kabardino-Balkarian da Adyghe pkhachich), gogayya. (Est. kraatspill da pingipill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

Ƙungiyoyi na musamman kayan aikin inji da na lantarki. A kan injina, ana yin wasan ne ta hanyar amfani da injin iska ko lantarki, jujjuyawar igiyar da hannu, ana raba na'urorin lantarki zuwa na'urar daidaitawa (na'urori na yau da kullun da ke da na'urar ƙara sauti) da na lantarki, tushen sautin su shine. girgiza wutar lantarki (duba kayan kiɗan lantarki).

References: Famintsin A. S., Gusli - kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Rasha, St. Petersburg, 1890; nasa, Domra da sauran kayan kida na mutanen Rasha, St. Petersburg, 1891; Privalov N. I., Kayan kida masu siffa ta Tanbur na mutanen Rasha, “Tallafi na St. Petersburg Society of Musical Meeting", 1905, No. 4-6, 1906, no. 2; nasa, Kayan aikin iska na kiɗa na mutanen Rasha, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1907-08; Maslov A., Kwatanta bayanin kayan kida da aka adana a cikin Dashkovo Ethnographic Museum a Moscow, a cikin Hukunce-hukuncen Hukumar Kiɗa da Kabilanci na Society of Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers, vol. 2, M., 1911; Rindeizen N., Rubuce-rubuce kan tarihin kiɗa a Rasha…, vol. 1, a'a. 2, M.-L., 1928; Privalau N., Kayan kida na jama'a na Belarus a cikin littafin: Cibiyar Al'adun Belarusian. Bayanan kula na Sashen Harkokin Dan Adam, littafi. 4. Abubuwan da Sashen Nazarin Ethnography, Vol. 1, Mensk, 1928; Uspensky V., Belyaev V., Turkmen music ..., M., 1928; Khotkevich R., Kayan kida na mutanen Ukrainian, Kharkiv, 1930; Zaks K., Kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na zamani, trans. daga Jamus., M.-L., 1932; Belyaev V., Kayan kida na Uzbekistan, M., 1933; nasa, Folk Musical Instruments na Azerbaijan, a cikin tarin: Art of the Azerbaijan people, M.-L., 1938; Novoselsky A., Littafin game da harmonica, M.-L., 1936; Arakishvili D., Bayani da auna kayan kida na jama'a, Tb., 1940 (a kan kaya. magana.); Agazhanov A., kayan kida na jama'ar Rasha, M.-L., 1949; Rogal-Levitsky D. R., Orchestra na zamani, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; nasa, Tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar makaɗa, M., 1961; Lisenko M. V., Kayan kida na jama'a a Ukraine, Kipv, 1955; Gizatov B., Kazakh State Orchestra na Folk Instruments. Kurmangazy, A.-A., 1957; Vinogradov V. S., Kiɗan jama'a na Kyrgyzstan, P., 1958; Zhinovich I., Ƙungiyar Orchestra ta Jihar Belarus, Minsk, 1958; Nikiforv P. N., Kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Mari, Yoshkar-Ola, 1959; (Рaliulis S.), Lietuviu liaudies instrumentine muzika, Vilnius, 1959; Struve B. A., Tsarin samuwar violas da violins, M., 1959; Modr A., ​​kayan kida, trans. daga Czech., M., 1959; Nyurnberg N., Symphony Orchestra da kayan aikinta, L.-M., 1959; Blagodatov G., Harmonica na Rasha, L., 1960; nasa, Musical Instruments na Mutanen Siberiya, a cikin littafin: Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Anthropology da Ethnography na USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 18, Moscow, 1968; Vyzgo T., Petrosyants A., Uzbek Orchestra na kayan kida na jama'a, Tash., 1962; Sokolov V. F., W. AT. Andreev da ƙungiyar makaɗarsa, L., 1962; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments na Jama'ar Tarayyar Soviet, M., 1963, 1975; Raev A. M., Altai kayan kida na jama'a, Gorno-Altaisk, 1963; Eichhorn A., Kayayyakin kiɗa da ƙabilanci (trans. tare da shi. ed. AT. M. Belyaev), Tash., 1963 (Labaran kiɗa a Uzbekistan); Aksenov A. N., Tuvan jama'a music. Kayan aiki da bincike, M., 1964; Baron L. S., Kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Moldavia, Kish., 1964; Smirnov B., Art na 'yan wasan ƙaho na Vladimir, M., 1965; nasa, kiɗan gargajiya na Mongolian, M., 1971; Tritus M. L., Al'adun kiɗa na Kalmyk ASSR, M., 1965; Gumenyuk A., Kayan kida na jama'ar Yukren, Kipv, 1967; Mirek A., Daga tarihin accordion da button accordion, M., 1967; Khashba I. M., Abkhaz kayan kida na jama'a, Sukhumi, 1967; Levin S. Ya., A kan kayan kida na mutanen Adyghe, a cikin: Bayanan kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, Adabi da Tarihi Adyghe, vol. 7, Maikop, 1968; nasa, Kayan aikin iska a cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa, L., 1973; Richugin P., kiɗan jama'a na Argentina. M., 1971; Mahillon V. Сh., Kasidar Bayani da nazari na kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi na Royal Conservatory of Music a Brussels, c. 1-5, Gand, 1893-1922; Saсhs C., Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente, В., 1913, sake bugawa, Hildesheim, 1962 (ANGL. ed., N. Y., (1964)); его же, Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde, Lpz., 1920, 1930, sake bugawa, (Lpz., 1966); его же, Ruhu da zama na kayan kida, В., 1928, sake bugawa, Hilvcrsum, 1965; Bugu da kari, The History of Museal kayan kida, N. Y., (1940); Вaines A., Kayan aikin Woodwind da tarihin su, N. Y., (1963); Bachmann W., Farkon Wasan Kayan Kayan Kirtani, Lpz., 1964; Buchner A., ​​Kayayyakin Kiɗa na Ƙasashen, Prague, 1968; его же, Daga Glockenspiel zuwa Pianola, (Prague, 1959); Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis, Stockh., 1969. Duba kuma kunna.

K.A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin