Rikodin sauti
Rikodin sauti - za'ayi tare da taimakon kayan aikin fasaha na musamman. na'urorin gyara girgizar sauti (magana, kiɗa, hayaniya) akan mai ɗaukar sauti, yana ba ku damar kunna rikodin rikodin. Haƙiƙanin yiwuwar Z. ya bayyana daga 1688, lokacin da. Masanin kimiyya GK Schelhammer ya gano cewa sauti shine girgizar iska. Gwaje-gwajen farko na Z. sun ɗauki girgizar sauti, amma ba su tabbatar da haifuwar su ba. Jijjiga sauti yawanci ana kama shi ta hanyar membrane kuma ana watsa shi daga gare ta zuwa fil (alura), wanda ya bar alamar rawaya a kan saman soty mai motsi (T. Jung a Ingila, 1807; L. Scott a Faransa da R. Koenig a Jamus, 1857).
Na'urar Z. na farko, wanda ya ba da damar sake haifar da abin da aka rubuta, TA Edison (Amurka, 1876) ne ya haɓaka kuma, ba tare da shi ba, Ch. Cros (Faransa, 1877). An kira shi da phonograph. An yi rikodin tare da allura da aka gyara akan membrane tare da ƙaho, matsakaicin rikodi na farko shine stanole wanda aka gyara akan silinda mai juyawa, sannan kuma abin nadi na kakin zuma. Z. irin wannan, wanda ake samun alamar sauti, ko phonogram, ta hanyar amfani da injina. tasiri akan abu mai ɗaukar hoto (yanke, extrusion) ana kiransa inji.
Da farko, an yi amfani da rubutu mai zurfi (tare da tsagi mai zurfi mai canzawa), daga baya (tun 1886) an kuma yi amfani da alamar juzu'i (tare da tsagi mai zurfi mai zurfi). An yi haifuwa ta amfani da na'urar iri ɗaya. Halittu. Kasawar phonograph sun kasance marasa inganci da dangi. takaitaccen rikodi, da kuma rashin yiwuwar sake yin rikodi.
Mataki na gaba shine inji. An yi rikodin Z. akan faifai (E. Berliner, Amurka, 1888), ƙarfe na farko, sannan an lulluɓe shi da kakin zuma, kuma a ƙarshe filastik. Wannan hanyar Z. ta sa ya yiwu a ninka rikodin akan ma'auni mai girma; Fayafai masu rikodin ana kiran su rikodin gramophone ( records na gramophone ). Don wannan galvanoplastic ta hanyar samar da ƙarfe. kwafin rikodi na baya, wanda sannan aka yi amfani da shi azaman tambari wajen kera bayanan daga abin da ya dace. kayan filastik lokacin zafi.
Tun daga shekara ta 1925, an fara yin rikodi ta hanyar yin amfani da jujjuyawar sauti zuwa na'urorin lantarki, wanda aka haɓaka tare da taimakon na'urorin lantarki kuma bayan haka ya zama na'ura. sauye-sauye na abin yanka; wannan ya inganta ingancin rikodin. Ƙarin nasarorin da aka samu a wannan yanki yana da alaƙa da inganta fasahar Z., ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira. dogon wasa da sitiriyo. rikodin gramophone (duba rikodin Gramophone, Stereophony).
An buga rikodin da farko tare da taimakon gramophone da gramophone; daga 30s na 20th karni an maye gurbinsu da na'urar lantarki (electrophone, radiogram).
Mai yuwuwar inji. Z. na fim. An samar da kayan aiki don irin wannan rikodin sauti a cikin 1927 ta AF Shorin a cikin USSR ("shorinophone"), na farko don buga fim, sannan don rikodin kiɗa da magana; An sanya waƙoƙin sauti na 60 tare da nisa na fim ɗin, wanda, tare da tsawon fim na 300 m, ya sa ya yiwu a yi rikodin tsawon sa'o'i 3-8.
Tare da na'urar Magnetic rikodin yana samun aikace-aikace mai faɗi. Rikodi na Magnetic da haifuwar sa sun dogara ne akan amfani da ragowar maganadisu a cikin wani abu na ferromagnetic da ke motsawa a madadin filin maganadisu. Tare da igiyoyin sauti na maganadisu, ana juyar da girgizar sauti zuwa igiyoyin lantarki. Na ƙarshe, bayan haɓakawa, ana ciyar da su zuwa kan rikodin rikodi, sandunan da ke haifar da filin maganadisu mai daɗaɗɗa akan mai ɗaukar maganadisu mai motsi, yana samar da saura mai waƙar maganadisu, daidai da sautin da aka yi rikodin. Lokacin da irin wannan matsakaicin rikodi ya wuce kan mai sake sautin sauti, canjin wutar lantarki yana haifar da iskar sa. ƙarfin lantarki ya canza bayan haɓakawa zuwa girgizar sauti mai kama da waɗanda aka yi rikodin.
Kwarewar farko ta rikodin maganadisu ta koma 1888 (O. Smith, Amurka), amma na'urorin rikodin maganadisu da suka dace da samarwa da yawa an halicce su ne kawai a tsakiyar. 30s karni na 20 Ana kiran su masu rikodin kaset. Ana rubuta su akan tef na musamman da aka lulluɓe a gefe ɗaya tare da Layer na foda daga wani abu mai iya yin maganadisu da riƙe kaddarorin maganadisu (iron oxide, magnesite) ko (a cikin ƙira mai ɗaukuwa) akan wata siririyar waya da aka yi da alloy na maganadisu. Ana iya kunna rikodin rikodi akai-akai, amma kuma ana iya goge shi.
Magnetic Z. yana ba ku damar samun rakodi masu inganci sosai, gami da. da stereophonic, sake rubuta su, a sa su su decomp. canje-canje, amfani da shigar da dama daban-daban. rikodin (amfani da su a cikin ayyukan da ake kira kiɗan lantarki), da sauransu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana yin rikodin rikodin lambobi da farko akan tef ɗin maganadisu.
Na gani, ko na hoto, Z., ch. arr. a cinematography. Tare da gefen fim ɗin na gani. Wannan hanyar tana gyara waƙar sauti, wanda a kanta ake buga girgizar sauti a cikin nau'in juzu'i mai yawa (matakin baƙar fata na Layer na hotuna) ko kuma a cikin nau'in jujjuyawar faɗin ɓangaren waƙar. A lokacin sake kunnawa, hasken haske yana wucewa ta hanyar waƙar sauti, wanda ya faɗo a kan photocell ko photoresistance; Sauye-sauye a cikin haskensa yana canzawa zuwa lantarki. vibrations, da kuma na karshen cikin sauti vibration. A lokacin da Magnetic Z. bai riga ya fara amfani da shi ba, na gani. An kuma yi amfani da Z. don gyara kayan ado. yana aiki a rediyo.
Wani nau'i na musamman na Z. - Z. akan fim tare da yin amfani da sauti-na gani. modulator dangane da tasirin Kerr. An gudanar da irin wannan Z. a cikin 1927 a cikin USSR ta PG Tager.
References: Furduev VV, Electroacoustics, M.-L., 1948; Parfentiev A., Physics da fasahar rikodin sauti na fim, M., 1948; Shorin AF, Yadda allon ya zama mai magana, M., 1949; Okhotnikov VD, A cikin duniyar sautin daskararre, M.-L., 1951; Burgov VA, Mahimman bayanai na rikodin sauti da haifuwa, M., 1954; Glukhov VI da Kurakin AT, Fasahar yin sautin fim, M., 1960; Dreyzen IG, Electroacoustics da watsa shirye-shiryen sauti, M., 1961; Panfilov N., Sauti a cikin fim, M., 1963, 1968; Apollonova LP da Shumova ND, Mai rikodin sauti na injiniya, M.-L., 1964; Volkov-Lannit LF, The Art of Imprint Sound, M., 1964; Korolkov VG, Wutar lantarki na masu rikodin tef, M., 1969; Melik-Stepanyan AM, Kayan aikin rikodin sauti, L., 1972; Meerzon B. Ya., Tushen na electroacoustics da maganadisu rikodin sauti, M., 1973. Duba kuma lit. Ƙarƙashin labaran Gramophone, rikodin Gramophone, Rikodi na tef, Stereophony, Electrophone.
LS Termin, 1982.
