Kiɗa |

Kimiyyar da ke nazarin kiɗa a matsayin nau'in fasaha na musamman. ci gaban duniya a cikin takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa da tarihi. yanayin, hali ga sauran nau'ikan fasaha. ayyuka da al'adun ruhi na al'umma gaba ɗaya, da kuma dangane da takamaiman ta. fasali da na yau da kullun na ciki, to-rymi yana ƙayyadaddun yanayi na musamman na nunin gaskiya a ciki. A cikin tsarin ilimin kimiyya na M. yana da matsayi a tsakanin al'amuran bil'adama, ko ilimin zamantakewa, wanda ya shafi dukkanin al'amuran al'umma. kasancewa da sani. M. ya kasu zuwa da yawa. daidaikun mutane, ko da yake suna da alaƙa da juna, horo, bisa ga nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan da mahimman ayyukan da suke yi, ko kuma zaɓin zaɓi na la'akari da muses. abubuwan mamaki.

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan rarrabuwa na fannonin kiɗa da na kimiyya. A cikin bourgeois na waje M. Rarraba da Ostiriya ya gabatar na kowa. da masanin kimiyya G. Adler a 1884, sa'an nan kuma ya ci gaba da shi a cikin aikinsa "Hanyar Tarihin Kiɗa" ("Methode der Musikgeschichte", 1919). Ya dogara ne akan rabe-raben duk masanan kiɗa. ilimantarwa zuwa rassa guda biyu: M. Adler na tarihi da tsari yana nufin na farkon su tarihin kiɗa ta zamani, ƙasashe, makarantu, da kuma muses. paleography, tsarin tsarin kiɗa. siffofin a cikin tsarin tarihi, kayan aiki; zuwa na biyu - nazarin da kuma tabbatar da "mafi girma dokokin" na muses. art-va, bayyana a fagen jituwa, waƙa, kari, aesthetics da kuma ilimin halin dan Adam na music, music. ilmin koyarwa da tatsuniyoyi. Babban koma baya na wannan rarrabuwa shine injina. rabuwa da tsarin tarihi da ka'idar-tsarin tsarin nazarin kiɗa. abubuwan mamaki. Idan M. na tarihi, bisa ga Adler, ya zo cikin hulɗa tare da yanayin ɗan adam (tarihin gabaɗaya, tarihin wallafe-wallafe da wasu nau'ikan fasaha, ilimin harshe, da dai sauransu), to, bayanin "mafi girma dokokin" na kiɗa yayi karatu cikin tsari. M., ya kamata a nema, a ra'ayinsa, a fannin ilimin lissafi, dabaru, ilimin lissafi. Don haka dualistic adawar masu sharadi na dabi'a, dindindin kuma mara canzawa a cikin ainihin tushen kida a matsayin fasaha da nau'o'in canza fasalin sa da ke tasowa a cikin tarihin tarihi. ci gaba.

Rarraba da Adler ya gabatar tare da wasu kari da gyare-gyare ana sake fitowa a cikin zarubs da yawa daga baya. ayyukan da aka keɓe ga tsarin kiɗan. kimiyya. Masanin tarihin kiɗan Jamus HH Dreger, yana kiyaye babban. rarraba cikin tarihin kiɗa da tsari. M., ya bambanta a matsayin mai zaman kansa. rassan “musical ethnology” (“Musikalische Völks – und Völkerkunde”), wato kiɗa. ilimin al'adu da nazarin kiɗa a wajen Turai. mutane, da muses. ilimin zamantakewa da "kiɗa da aka yi amfani da su", wanda ya haɗa da koyarwa, zargi, da "fasaha na kiɗa" (ginin kayan kida). Masanin kiɗan Jamus V. Viora ya raba M. zuwa manyan abubuwa uku. sashe: na tsari. M. ("nazarin asali"), tarihin kiɗa, kiɗa. ethnology da almara. Bugu da ƙari, yana haskaka wasu na musamman. masana'antu da ke buƙatar amfani da na tarihi da na tsari. hanyar koyo, misali. nazarin kayan aiki, tsarin sauti, rhythmics, recitative, polyphony, da dai sauransu. Mafi sassauƙa da fa'ida cikin iyaka fiye da waɗanda suka gabata, rarrabuwar Viora yana a lokaci guda eclectic da rashin daidaituwa. Rarraba masana kida. lamuran sun ginu ne a cikin sa akan Dec. ka'idoji; a wani yanayi hanya ce ta nazarin abubuwan da suka faru (na tarihi ko na tsari), a wasu kuma batun bincike ne (ƙirar jama'a, al'adun kiɗan da ba na Turai ba). Daga cikin "masana'antu na bincike" (Forschungszweige) da Viora ta lissafa, akwai wasu masu zaman kansu. ilimantarwa na kimiyya (kimiyyar kayan aiki), da matsalolin fiye ko žasa mahimmanci (misali, ethos a cikin kiɗa). Don Viora, da dai sauransu. zarub. masana kimiyya, halin adawa da ayyukan kimiyya na haƙiƙa yana da halaye. nazarin kiɗa, kimantawa na fasaha. halaye. Saboda haka, ya keɓe nazarin M. daga fagen da kansa. yana aiki a cikin ainihin asalin su, yana barin shi don kayan ado. Dangane da wannan, ya raba matsayin Adler, wanda ya rage aikin tarihin kiɗa don bayyana tsarin tsarin juyin halitta na gaba ɗaya, yana gaskanta cewa "bayyanar da kyakkyawan fasaha a cikin fasahar kiɗa" ya wuce iyakarsa. A wannan ma'ana, kimiyyar kiɗa tana samun halayen haƙiƙa, yanke daga fasahar rayuwa. aiki, daga gwagwarmayar akida da kyan gani. da m. kwatance, da takamaiman samfura. zama a gare shi kawai "tushen" (F. Spitta), abu don tabbatar da ƙarin ƙa'idar gaba ɗaya. da gine-ginen tarihi.

Marxist-Leninist kimiyya. Hanyar tana ba da tushe don haɓaka daidaituwa, cikakke, kuma a lokaci guda rarrabuwa mai sassauƙa na masana kiɗan. horo, ba da damar rufe dukkan sassan kimiyyar kiɗa a cikin haɗin kai guda ɗaya, cikakke kuma don ƙayyade na musamman. ayyuka ga kowane. Babban ka'idar wannan rarrabuwa ita ce rabon tarihi. da ma'ana. hanyoyin bincike a matsayin manyan nau'ikan kimiyya. ilimi. Koyarwar Marxism-Leninism baya adawa da waɗannan hanyoyin ga juna. Hankali hanyar ita ce, a cewar F. Engels, “ba komai bane illa nunin tsarin tarihi a cikin tsari mai ma'ana kuma daidaitaccen tsari; tunani gyara, amma gyara daidai da dokokin cewa ainihin tsari da kanta ke bayarwa, kuma kowane lokaci za a iya la'akari da wannan batu a cikin ci gaban da tsari ya kai ga cikakken balagagge, da classic form "(K. Marx da F. Engels, Soch). ., Bugu na 2, juzu'i na 13, shafi na 497). Sabanin hankali. hanyar da za ta ba ka damar mayar da hankali kan sakamakon aikin, janyewa daga duk abin da bazuwar da sakandare, tarihi. Hanyar bincike na buƙatar yin la'akari da tsarin ba kawai a cikin ainihin, ma'anar siffofi ba, amma tare da duk cikakkun bayanai da ƙetare, a cikin wannan nau'i na musamman na daban-daban wanda ya bayyana kansa a cikin wani lokaci da aka ba da kuma a cikin takamaiman yanayi. Don haka, ma'ana. Hanyar ita ce "hanyar tarihi guda ɗaya, kawai an 'yantar da shi daga nau'in tarihinsa da kuma haɗari masu haɗari" (K. Marx da F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 13, shafi 497).

Bisa ga waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyu, kimiyya. bincike a cikin mujiya. kimiyyar kiɗa ta kafa rarrabuwa zuwa tarihi. da ka'idar M. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan sassan ya haɗa da tsarin horo mafi sirri, na musamman. hali. Don haka, tare da tarihin kida na gabaɗaya, wanda yakamata ya ƙunshi kiɗan dukkan ƙasashe da al'ummomin duniya, tarihin kowane ɗan ƙasa. al'adu ko ƙungiyoyin su, sun haɗa kai a kan tushen ƙasa, kabilanci ko al'ada-tarihi. al'ummomi (misali, tarihin kiɗan Yammacin Turai, kiɗan mutanen Asiya, Latin-Amer. al'ummomin, da sauransu). Rarraba mai yiwuwa bisa ga tarihi. Lokaci (Kiɗan tsohuwar duniya, tsakiyar zamanai, ta nau'ikan nau'ikan da nau'ikan nau'ikan (tarihin Opater, da sauransu). Daga wace da'irar al'amura ko menene istorich. an zaɓi lokacin a matsayin batun binciken, zuwa wani ɗan lokaci kusurwar ra'ayi na mai binciken, fifikon ɗaya ko wani bangare na tsari, shima ya dogara. Don taimakawa. fannonin tarihin kiɗa na cikin muses ne. nazarin tushe, hanyoyin haɓaka hanyoyin mahimmanci. bincike da kuma amfani da decomp. nau'ikan tushe; tarihin kiɗan kiɗa - kimiyyar ci gaban nau'ikan rubutun kiɗan; ilimin kida - m. nazari da nazarin tarihin rubutun kiɗa. ayyuka, hanyoyin da aka mayar da su.

Theoretical M. ya rabu zuwa fannoni da dama, bi da bi, DOS. abubuwa na kiɗa: jituwa, polyphony, rhythm, awo, waƙa, kayan aiki. Mafi ci gaba, kafa a matsayin mai zaman kanta. lamuran kimiyya su ne na farko biyu kuma wani bangare na ƙarshe na waɗanda aka jera. Rhythm da ma'auni sun ragu sosai. Tsarin koyarwar waƙa, a matsayin sashe na musamman na ka'idar. M., ya fara yin tsari ne kawai a cikin 20s. Karni na 20 (Masanin kimiyya na Switzerland E. Kurt a Yamma, BV Asafiev a cikin USSR). Ana amfani da bayanan duk waɗannan fannoni na musamman a cikin ƙa'idar gaba ɗaya. horo wanda ke nazarin tsarin kiɗan. yana aiki gaba ɗaya. A cikin kasashen waje da na Rasha kafin juyin juya hali M. akwai horo na musamman da ake kira rukunan kiɗa. siffofin. An iyakance shi ga nau'in tsare-tsare na ƙira, wanda shine kawai ɓangaren kimiyyar tsarin muses. ayyuka ci gaba da owls. masu ilimin tauhidi: “… yakamata a yi nazarin sifofin abubuwan da aka tsara da kansu ba a matsayin tsare-tsare marasa tarihi ba, amma a matsayin “sifofi masu ma’ana”, wato, nazari dangane da yuwuwarsu na bayyana, dangane da waɗancan buƙatu da ayyuka na fasahar kiɗan da suka haifar da su. crystallization da kuma kara tarihi ci gaban da wadannan siffofin, dangane da daban-daban fassarori a cikin daban-daban nau'o'i, da daban-daban composers, da dai sauransu A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a bincika abun ciki na music bude up - shi ya zama mai yiwuwa a kusanci abun ciki. na aikin ta hanyar abun ciki na sigar kanta "(Mazel L., Tsarin ayyukan kiɗa, 1960, shafi 4).

Theoretical M. yana jin daɗin fifiko. hanyar bincike mai ma'ana. Nazarin wasu, tsarin ci gaba na tarihi (alal misali, tsarin jituwa na gargajiya), yana ɗaukar su azaman ingantaccen hadaddun gabaɗaya, duk sassan waɗanda ke cikin haɗin kai na yau da kullun da juna. Dep. abubuwa ba a tantance su ta tarihi ba. jerin abubuwan da suka faru, amma daidai da wurinsu da muhimmancin aiki a cikin tsarin da aka ba su. Tarihi A lokaci guda, tsarin yana nan, kamar yadda yake, a cikin hanyar "cire". Dole ne mai bincike koyaushe tuna cewa kowane tsarin muses. tunani wani mataki ne na istorich. ci gaba da dokokinsa ba za su iya samun cikakkiyar ma'ana kuma maras canzawa ba. Bugu da kari, kowane tsarin rayuwa baya zama a tsaye, amma yana ci gaba da ingantawa da sabunta kansa, tsarinsa na ciki da rabe-rabe. abubuwa suna fuskantar wasu canje-canje a cikin yanayin ci gaba. Don haka, dokokin classic. jituwa da aka samo daga nazarin kiɗan Beethoven kamar yadda mafi girma kuma mafi cikar magana suna buƙatar wasu gyare-gyare da ƙari riga lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ga aikin mawaƙa na soyayya, duk da cewa tushen tsarin ya kasance tare da su. Mancewa da ka'idojin tarihi yana haifar da cikar akidar wasu da suka taso a cikin tarihin tarihi. ci gaban siffofin da tsarin tsarin. Irin wannan akidar ta kasance a cikinsa. masanin kimiyya H. Riemann, wanda ya rage aikin ka'idar fasaha don fayyace "dokokin halitta waɗanda ke daidaitawa ko kuma ba tare da sani ba suna daidaita fasahar fasaha." Riemann ya ƙaryata game da ci gaba a cikin fasaha a matsayin tsari na gyare-gyaren ƙwararru da kuma haifuwar sabo. "Hakika manufar bincike na tarihi," in ji shi, "shi ne don ba da gudummawa ga sanin dokokin farko da aka saba da su a kowane lokaci, wanda dukkanin kwarewa da nau'o'in fasaha ke magana" (daga gabatarwa ga tarihin tarihin "Musikgeschichte a Beispielen" , Lpz., 1912).

Rarraba masana kida. ilimi a cikin tarihi. da ka'idar, ci gaba daga fifikon tarihi a cikinsu. ko ma'ana. hanya, zuwa wani matsayi na sharadi. Waɗannan hanyoyin da wuya a yi amfani da su a cikin sigar “tsarki”. Cikakken ilimin kowane abu yana buƙatar haɗuwa da hanyoyin biyu - na tarihi da ma'ana - kuma a wasu matakai na bincike ne kawai ɗaya ko ɗayansu zai iya rinjaye. Masanin ilimin kide-kide-theorist, wanda ya kafa a matsayin aikinsa don nazarin fitowar da ci gaban abubuwan kiɗa na gargajiya. jituwa ko polyphonic siffofin. haruffa daidai da yadda wannan tsari ya gudana a zahiri, a zahiri, ya wuce ka'idar kawai. bincike kuma yana hulɗa da fagen tarihi. A daya bangaren kuma, masanin tarihin waka da ke neman tantance na gaba daya, mafi yawan sifofi na kowane salo ya tilasta yin amfani da dabaru da hanyoyin bincike da ke tattare da kide-kide. M. Maɗaukaki mafi girma a cikin M., kamar yadda a cikin dukkan ilimomin da suka shafi rayuwa, ainihin gaskiyar yanayi da al'ummomi. gaskiya, za a iya samu ne kawai bisa ga kira na ma'ana. da hanyoyin tarihi. Akwai ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ba za a iya rarraba su gabaɗaya ko dai a matsayin ka'ida ko tarihi. M., saboda ba za su iya rabuwa da juna biyu na binciken ba. Irin waɗannan ba kawai manyan ayyuka ne masu matsala na nau'in gama-gari ba, har ma da wasu ayyukan nazari. ayyukan da aka sadaukar don nazari da nazarin sashen. aiki. Idan marubucin bai iyakance ga kafa tsarin tsarin tsarin gaba ɗaya ba, fasali na muses. harshen da ke cikin aikin da aka yi nazari., amma yana jawo bayanan da suka shafi lokaci da yanayin abin da ya faru, yana neman gano haɗin aikin tare da zamanin da kuma ƙayyade. fasahar akida. da stylistic kwatance, sa'an nan ya tashi, a kalla partially, bisa tarihi. bincike.

Wuri na musamman ga wasu masanan kiɗa. an ƙaddara lamuran ba hanyoyin ba. ka'idoji, amma batun bincike. Don haka, zaɓin muses. ilimin tatsuniyoyi a nasu dama. masana'antar kimiyya saboda takamaiman. siffofin kasancewar kerawa, daban-daban daga waɗancan yanayin da samfuran ke tasowa, rayuwa da yadawa. rubuta prof. karar waka. Nazarin Nar. kiɗa yana buƙatar bincike na musamman. fasahohi da ƙwarewa don sarrafa kayan (duba kiɗan kiɗan). Duk da haka, methodologically, kimiyyar Nar. kerawa ba ya saba wa tarihi. da ka'idar M., a lamba tare da duka biyu. A cikin folkloristics na owls, yanayin zuwa ga tarihi yana ƙara ƙarfi da ƙarfi. la'akari da kerawa dangane da hadaddun al'amura na fasaha. al'adun mutane ɗaya ko wani. A lokaci guda kuma, labarun kiɗa na amfani da hanyoyin nazarin tsarin, bincike da rarraba wasu. nau'ikan kiɗan gadaje suna tunani azaman ƙari ko žasa barga hadaddun gabaɗaya a cikin yanayin ma'ana ta halitta. haɗi da hulɗar abubuwan da ke tattare da shi.

Ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka yi nazari kuma suna ƙayyade rabon reshe na musamman na ka'idar M. da tarihin wasan kwaikwayo. kara.

Kiɗa yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙwararrun ilimin kimiyya. ilimin zamantakewa (duba ilimin zamantakewa na kiɗa). Har yanzu ba a gama tantance bayanan wannan fanni da iyakar ayyukansa ba. A cikin 20s. jaddada preim. halinsa na gaba ɗaya na ka'idar. AV Lunacharsky ya rubuta cewa: "... Magana mai zurfi, hanyar zamantakewa a cikin tarihin fasaha na nufin yin la'akari da fasaha a matsayin daya daga cikin bayyanar rayuwar zamantakewa" ("A kan hanyar zamantakewar zamantakewa a cikin ka'idar da tarihin kiɗa", a cikin tarin: "Batutuwa na ilimin zamantakewa na kiɗa", 1927). A cikin wannan fahimtar, ilimin zamantakewa na kiɗa shine koyaswar bayyanar dokokin tarihi. jari-hujja a cikin ci gaban kiɗa a matsayin nau'i na al'umma. sani. Batun binciken ilimin zamantakewa na zamani ya zama Ch. arr. takamaiman siffofin al'umma. kasancewar waka ta wata hanya. yanayin zamantakewa. Wannan shugabanci yana magana kai tsaye ga aikin muses. rayuwa kuma yana taimakawa wajen nemo hanyoyin magance matsalolinta bisa tushen kimiyya na hankali. tushe.

Baya ga waɗanda aka jera a sama, rassan M., suna ware wasu nau'o'in ilimin "iyaka", to-rye kawai wani yanki ne na M. ko kuma kusa da shi. Wannan kida ne. acoustics (duba. Musical Acoustics) da kiɗa. ilimin halin dan Adam, nazarin ba music kamar haka, amma ta jiki. da kuma psychophysical. abubuwan da ake bukata, hanyoyin haifuwa da fahimta. Bayanan kiɗa. ya kamata a yi la'akari da acoustics a wasu sassan ka'idar kiɗa (misali, ka'idar tsarin kiɗa da tsarin), ana amfani da su sosai wajen rikodin sauti da watsa shirye-shirye, da kuma samar da kiɗa. kayan aikin, gini conc. zaure, da dai sauransu dangane da ayyukan waka. ilimin halin dan Adam ya hada da nazarin makanikai na kerawa. tafiyar matakai, jin daɗin mai yin a lokacin taron. mataki, tsarin fahimtar kiɗa, rarraba muses. iyawa. Amma, duk da cewa duk waɗannan tambayoyin suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da muses. kimiyya, da kuma music. ilmantarwa, da kuma yin waƙa. rayuwa, ilimin halin kiɗa ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi azaman ɓangare na ilimin halin ɗan adam, da muses. an sanya acoustics zuwa fagen ilimin lissafi. Kimiyya, kuma ba ga M.

Kayan aiki na cikin nau'o'in ilimin "iyakoki", wanda yake a mahaɗin injiniyan injiniya da sauran fannonin kimiyya ko fasaha. Wannan sashe na shi, wanda ke nazarin asali da ci gaban muses. kayan kida, muhimmancin su a waka. al'ada Dec. lokuta da mutane, an haɗa su a cikin hadadden kida da tarihi. fannonin ilimi. Dr. reshen kimiyyar kayan aiki da ke magana da kera kayan kida da rabe-rabensu bisa tsarin samar da sauti da tushen sauti (organology), na bangaren waka ne. fasaha, kuma ba a zahiri M.

A wajen babban rarrabuwa akwai wasu fannoni masu mahimmancin aiki, misali. hanyar koyar da wasan don daban-daban. kayan kida, wake-wake, ka'idar kida (duba Ilimin Kiɗa), littafin kida (duba Littafin Kiɗa), da kuma batsa.

Mafi yawan ilimin kimiyyar kiɗa shine kiɗa. aesthetics (duba. Musical aesthetics), bisa ga binciken da dukan rassan ka'idar. da tarihi M. Bisa babba. tanadar kayan ado a matsayin ilimin falsafa, yana bincika takamaiman. hanyoyi da hanyoyin nuna gaskiya a cikin kiɗa, wurinsa a cikin tsarin decomp. art-in, tsarin kiɗa. hoto da hanyoyin halittarsa, rabon motsin rai da hankali, bayyanawa da hoto, da sauransu. A cikin irin wannan fahintar fahimtar kiɗa. aesthetics sun haɓaka bisa tushen falsafar Marxist-Leninist a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da sauran masu ra'ayin gurguzu. kasashe. Burzh. masana kimiyya waɗanda ke la'akari da kyan gani kawai a matsayin kimiyyar kyan gani suna iyakance matsayinsa zuwa ayyukan tantancewa.

Tushen M. ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da. Sauran masanan Girkanci sun haɓaka tsarin diatonic. frets (duba. Yanayin Girka na zamanin d), tushen koyarwar kari, a karon farko ma'anar da rarrabuwa na babban. tazara. A cikin 6 c. BC e. Pythagoras, bisa alakar lissafi tsakanin sautuna, ya kafa tsantsar sauti. gina. Aristoxenus a cikin 4th c. BC e. ya gabatar da wasu sassa na koyarwarsa ga suka da bita, yana sanya gaba a matsayin ma'auni na kimanta decomp. tazara ba cikakkiyar darajarsu ba ce, amma tsinkayen ji. Wannan shi ne tushen abin da ake kira rigima. canons da harmonicas. Muhimmiyar rawa a Dr. Girka ta taka koyarwar ethos, haɗa decomp. melodic frets da rhythmic. ilimi tare da ma'anar nau'ikan motsin rai, haruffa da halaye na ɗabi'a. Plato da Aristotle sun kafa shawarwarin su akan amfani da wasu nau'ikan kiɗan a cikin al'ummomi bisa wannan koyarwar. rayuwa da ilimin matasa.

Wasu daga cikin na kowa a zamanin da. duniyar kiɗa. Ra'ayoyi sun riga sun tashi a cikin tsoffin al'adun Mesopotamiya (Assuriya da Babila), Misira da Sin, misali. Halin Pythagoras da mabiyansa fahimtar kiɗa a matsayin alamar sararin samaniya. tsari da ke gudana a cikin yanayi da kuma cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Tuni a cikin 7th c. BC e. a cikin whale. rubutun "Guan-tzu" an ba shi ma'anar lambobi na sautunan ma'auni 5. A cikin karni na 6-5. BC e. tsarin sauti mai sauri 7 an tabbatar dashi bisa ka'ida. Koyarwar Confucius game da ilimi. ma'anar kiɗa a wasu hanyoyi yana zuwa cikin hulɗa da ra'ayoyin Plato. A cikin tsohuwar Ind. an kafa litattafai kai tsaye. alakar da ke tsakanin jihohin ruhin mutum (rasa) da wasu nau’o’i na karin wakoki, ko hanyoyin, an bayar da filla-filla dalla-dalla na karshen ta hanyar bayyana ma’anarsu.

Kiɗa-ka'idar. Abubuwan da aka gada na zamanin da sun yi tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ci gaban zamanai na tsakiya. tunani game da kiɗa a Turai. kasashe, da kuma a tsakiya da kuma Wed. Gabas A cikin rubuce-rubucen masana ilimin Larabawa con. 1st - farkon karni na 2 ya nuna ra'ayoyin wasu Hellenanci. koyarwa game da ethos, tunanin Aristoxenus da Pythagoreans a fagen nazarin tsarin sauti da tazara. A lokaci guda, da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyi na tsoho. an yi wa masana falsafa mummunar fahimta kuma an karkatar da su a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Musulunci ko Kristi. akida. A cikin kasashen tsakiyar zamanai. Turai, ka'idar kiɗa ta zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun malamai. horon saki daga aiki. Mafi girman iko na tsakiyar zamanai a fagen kiɗa. Kimiyya Boethius (ƙarni 5-6) ya tabbatar da fifikon ka’idar a kan aiki a cikin kiɗa, yana kwatanta dangantakar da ke tsakanin su da “fificin hankali akan jiki.” Batun Tsakiyar Zamani. Ka'idodin kiɗa sun kasance masu hankali ne kawai. hasashe bisa ilimin lissafi. da cosmological. kwatance. Tare da ilimin lissafi, lissafi da ilmin taurari, an haɗa kiɗa a cikin manyan, kimiyyar "mafi girma". A cewar Hukbald, "jitu 'yar lissafi ce", kuma Marchetto na Padua na cikin aphorism "dokokin duniya su ne dokokin kiɗa." Wasu Tsakanin Zamani. masu ilimin tauhidi (Cassiodorus, karni na 5; Isidore na Seville, karni na 7) sun dogara kai tsaye ga rukunan Pythagorean na lambobi a matsayin tushen sararin duniya.

A cikin juzu'in tsira na ka'idar Alcuin (ƙarni na 8) shine farkon wanda ya tsara tsarin 8 diatonic. frets (4 ingantacce da 4 plagal), dangane da wani ɗan gyaggyarawa wani Girkanci. tsarin modal (duba hanyoyin zamani). Mafi mahimmanci ga ci gaban coci-mawaƙa. Art-va a zamanin Marigayi Tsakiyar Tsakiya ya sami gyara na rubuce-rubucen kiɗa, wanda Guido d'Arezzo ya yi a cikin rabin 1st. 11 c. Hanyar waƙa ya haɓaka bisa ga hexachords tare da zane-zane na syllabic na matakai sun kasance ginshiƙan tsarin ƙaddamarwa (duba Solmization), wanda aka adana a cikin ilimin ilmantarwa. yi har yau. Guido shine farkon tsakiyar zamanai. masu ilimin kimiyya sun kawo ka'idar kiɗa kusa da ainihin bukatun muses. ayyuka. Bisa ga furcin Franco na Cologne (ƙarni na 13), “Boethius ne ya ƙirƙira ka’idar, aikin na Guido ne.”

Ci gaban polyphony yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike mai zurfi game da yanayin tazara, ingantaccen ma'anar rhythmic. tsawon lokaci da kafa tsarin haɗin kai na haɗin kai. Irl Masanin falsafa kuma masanin ilimin fasaha John Scotus Eriugena (ƙarni na 9) a karon farko ya yi magana game da tambayar lokaci guda. hade biyu melodic Lines. Johannes Garlandia da Franco na Cologne sun bayyana ƙa'idodin gabobin jiki, haɓaka koyaswar mensur (duba bayanin Mensural). Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sababbin abubuwa shine amincewa da na uku a matsayin rashin daidaituwa a cikin ayyukan Franco na Cologne, Marchetto na Padua, Walter Odington.

Ya bayyana lafiya. 1320 a Faransa, rubutun "Ars nova" (wanda aka danganta ga Philippe de Vitry) ya ba da sunansa ga sabon shugabanci a cikin kiɗan da ke da alaƙa da motsi na Renaissance na farko. A cikin wannan aikin, kashi uku da na shida a ƙarshe an halatta su a matsayin tsaka-tsaki na baƙaƙe, an gane halaccin amfani da chromaticisms (musica falsa), kuma an kare sabbin nau'ikan sautin polyphony bisa sabanin motsin muryoyin sabanin gabobin jiki. Shahararren masanin ka'idar Italiya. Ars nova Marchetto na Padua ya ɗauki kunnen "mafi kyawun alƙali a cikin kiɗa", yana mai da hankali ga al'ada na duk kayan ado. canons. Johannes de Groheo (marigayi 13th - farkon ƙarni na 14) ya soki koyarwar Boethius kuma ya gane kiɗan da ba na duniya ba daidai da majami'a. kara. Faɗin tsarin ƙa'idodin polyphonic. An ba da wasiƙar a cikin rubuce-rubucen I. Tinktoris, wanda ya dogara ga Ch. arr. a kan aikin mawaƙa na Netherlands. makarantu. A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin ayyukan duk waɗannan masu ilimin tauhidi, sun ci gaba da wasa da ma'anar. rawar da abubuwan da ke cikin tsakiyar zamanai. scholastics, to-rye fiye da yanke hukunci a cikin Renaissance.

Ma'anar tunani na Renaissance ya zo kusa da fahimtar tushen jituwa na tonal. Sabbin ra'ayoyi da abubuwan lura suna ƙunshe a cikin ayyukan abokin Leonardo da Vinci, Italiyanci. mawaki kuma masanin ka'idar F. Gaffori. Swiss. Masanin ka'idar Glarean a cikin rubutun "Dodecachordon" (1547) ya soki. nazari da bita na tsakiyar zamanai. koyaswar halaye, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin yanayin Ionian (manyan) da Aeolian (ƙananan). J. Zarlino ya dauki wani mataki na gaba, wanda ke hade da kambi. Polyphonic 16th century School Ya ayyana nau'ikan triads guda biyu dangane da matsayin manyan na uku a cikinsu, don haka ya samar da abubuwan da ake bukata don kafa tunanin manya da kanana ba kawai a cikin wakoki ba, har ma a cikin jituwa. jirage. Muhimman ayyukan Tsarlino - "Fundamentals of Harmony" ("Le istitutioni harmoniche", 1558) da "Hujjoji masu jituwa" ("Dimostrationi harmoniche", 1571) suma sun ƙunshi m. umarnin game da fasahar polyphonic. haruffa, dangantaka tsakanin rubutu da kiɗa. Abokin hamayyarsa shine V. Galilei, marubucin polemic. ta rubuta “Tattaunawa akan tsofaffi da sababbin kiɗa” (“Dialogo… della musica antica e della moderna”, 1581). Da yake kira ga al'adar kiɗa na tsoho, Galileo ya ƙi yin magana da yawa a matsayin relic na "tsakiyar ƙarni. dabbanci” ya kare salon wok. monodies tare da raka. Kimiyya darajar ayyukansa ta'allaka ne a gabatar da tambaya na embodiment na intonations na mutum magana a cikin music. Rubuce-rubucen Galili sun yi aiki a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ƙa’idar sabon “salon farin ciki” (stile concitato), wanda aka bayyana a farkon Italiyanci. opera a karni na 17 Daga kayan ado na kusa da shi. matsayi J. Doni ya rubuta "Maganin nau'i da nau'in kiɗa" ("Trattato de' Generi e de' Modi della Musica", 1635).

A cikin karni na 17 An ƙirƙiri yawan ayyukan encyclopedic. nau'in, rufe kewayon kiɗa-ka'idar., Acoustic. da matsalolin kwalliya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da "Harkokin Duniya" ("Harmonie universelle", aya 1-2, 1636-37) na M. Mersenne da "Ƙirƙirar Kiɗa na Duniya" ("Musurgia universalis", t. 1-2, 1650) na A. Kircher. . Tasirin falsafar rationalist na R. Descartes, to-ry kansa shine marubucin ka'idar. Tude "Tsarin Kiɗa" ("Compendium musicae", 1618; wanda aka keɓe ga ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na hanyoyi da tazara), an haɗa su a cikin su tare da abubuwan Kristi waɗanda ba su wanzu ba tukuna. cosmogony. Mawallafin waɗannan ayyukan sun bayyana ikon kiɗa don haifar da lalata. motsin zuciyarmu daga mahangar ka'idar tasiri (duba ka'idar tasiri). "Na'urar kiɗa" ("Syntagma musicum", t. 1-3, 1615-19) M. Pretorius yana da sha'awa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko na ba da tarihi. bayyani na ci gaban osn. abubuwa na kiɗa. Kwarewa mai daidaituwa., Tsare-tsare. gabatar da tarihin kiɗa daga lokatai na Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa farkon. Karni na 17 shine "Bayyana Tarihi na Fasahar Waƙa da Kiɗa" ("Historische Beschreibung der edelen Sing-und Kling-Kunst", 1690) na VK Prince.

Mataki mafi mahimmanci a cikin samuwar M. a matsayin mai zaman kanta. ilimin kimiyya shine zamanin wayewa. A cikin karni na 18 M. ya sami 'yanci gaba daya daga alaƙa da tiyoloji, ƙayyadaddun ɗabi'a da kyawawan halaye. hasashe na falsafa, zama bisa wani takamaiman kimiyya. bincike. Ra'ayoyi za su haskaka. Falsafa da kyawawan halaye sun yi tasiri mai amfani ga ci gaban kimiyya. tunanin kiɗa da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar warware muhimman batutuwan kiɗa. ka'idar da aiki. Dangane da wannan, ayyukan mawallafin encyclopedists na Faransa JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot, M. d'Alembert, waɗanda suka yi la'akari da kiɗa a matsayin kwaikwayo na yanayi, la'akari da sauƙi da yanayin yanayin yanayin mutum a matsayin babban halayensa. hankula. Rousseau shi ne marubucin labarin kiɗa a cikin Encyclopedia, wanda daga baya ya haɗa a cikin ƙamus na kiɗan da ya buga (Dictionnaire de musique, 1768). Ka'idar kwaikwayo daga kusurwoyi daban-daban na ra'ayi an bayyana a cikin ayyukan Morelle "On Expression in Music" ("De l'expression en musique", 1759), M. Chabanon "Observations on Music and Metaphysics of Arts" (" Observations sur la musique et principalement sur la métaphisique de l'art, 1779), B. Lasepeda “The Poetics of Music” (“La poétique de la musique”, v. 1-2, 1785). Trends kama da ra'ayoyin Faransanci. encyclopedists, ya bayyana a cikin muses. aesthetics na Ingila da Jamus. Mafi girman kiɗan Jamus masanin kimiyya kuma marubuci I. Mattheson ya tunkari Rousseau wajen fahimtar waƙa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren kiɗan; ya ba da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hukunce-hukunce game da kiɗa zuwa yanayi, dandano da ji. Marubucin Ingilishi D. Brown, wanda ya ci gaba daga ra'ayin Rousseau na mutum mai sauƙi, "na halitta", kai tsaye kusa da yanayi, ya ga mabuɗin ci gaban kiɗa na gaba a cikin maido da asalinsa. kusanci da wakoki. kalma.

A fagen ka'idar kiɗa, ayyukan JF Rameau akan jituwa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa (na farkon su shine Treatise on Harmony (Traité de l'harmonie, 1722)). Bayan kafa ka'idar jujjuya waƙa da kasancewar abubuwa uku. Ayyukan tonal (tonic, rinjaye da rinjaye), Rameau ya aza harsashi ga classic. rukunan jituwa. d'Alembert ne ya haɓaka ra'ayinsa a cikin aikinsa "Theoretical and practic abubuwa na kiɗa bisa ga ka'idodin Rameau" ("Elements de musique théorique et pratique, suivant les principes de m. Rameau", 1752), fassara a kai. kasa. F. Marpurg. Tambayoyin jituwa da aka jawo a bene na 2. Karni na 18 hankali pl. masu ilimin tauhidi, to-rye sun nemi nemo kimiyya mai ma'ana. bayanin abubuwan al'ajabi da aka lura a cikin aikin mawaƙa na al'ada da pre-classical zamanin. A cikin sanannen littafin II Fuchs "Mataki zuwa Parnassus" ("Gradus ad Parnassum", 1725) da "Treatise on Counterpoint" (1774) na G. Martini, an ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani da tsarin tsarin bayanai na asali akan polyphony. .

A cikin karni na 18 abubuwa na farko sun bayyana. yana aiki akan tarihin kiɗa, bisa ga almara da anecdotal. bayanai, amma akan sha'awar mahimmanci. nazari da ɗaukar hoto na ingantattun kayan aiki. "Tarihin Kiɗa" Italiyanci. mai bincike J. Martini ("Storia della musica", v. 1-3, 1757-81), wanda a cikin abin da aka kawo nunin zuwa farkon zamanai na tsakiya, bai riga ya sami 'yanci daga tasirin Almasihu ba.- tiyoloji. wakilci. Ƙarin daidaiton kimiyya. Halaye sune manyan ayyuka na Turanci C. Burney (vols. 1-4, 1776-89) da J. Hawkins (vols. 1-5, 1776), cike da wayewa. ra'ayin ci gaba; Abubuwan da suka faru a baya suna kimantawa ta hanyar marubuta ta fuskar ci gaba na ado. manufa na yanzu. Mawallafin "Babban Tarihin Kiɗa" akan shi. kasa. ("Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik", Bd 1-2, 1788-1801) A Forkel ya ga aikin gano ci gaban muses. da'awar daga " asali tushe" zuwa "mafi girman kamala". Hasashen masu bincike na karni na 18. ya fi iyakance ga kiɗa na Yammacin Turai. kasashe; Faransanci na gaskiya. Masanin kimiyya JB Laborde a cikin "Essay on old and new music" ("Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne", v. 1-4, 1780) kuma yana nufin fasahar da ba na Turai ba. mutane. M. Herbert a cikin bugunsa na Tsakiyar Zamani. rubuce-rubuce (1784) sun nuna farkon bugu na kayan tarihi akan tarihin kiɗa. Na farko mai tsanani yana aiki akan kiɗa. Lexicographies sun kasance "Kamus na Kiɗa" ("Dictionnaire de musique", 1703) na S. Brossard, "Kamusical Dictionary, ko Musical Library" ("Musikalisches Lexicon oder Musikalische Bibliothek", 1732) na IG Walter, "Foundations of the Triumphals" ("Grundlage der Ehrenpforten", 1740) Matteson.

A cikin karni na 19, tare da tarihin tarihi da yawa sun bayyana ayyukan da suka dace. bincike game da mawaƙa, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka sha'awar ɗabi'a da kerawa. bayyanar fitattun masu yin fasaha. Babban aikin farko na irin wannan shine A cikin littafin Forkel "A kan Rayuwa, Fasaha da Ayyuka na JS Bach" ("Lber JS Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke", 1802). Classic the monographs of J. Baini on Palestrina (vols. 1-2, 1828), O. Jan on Mozart (vols. 1-4, 1856-59), KF Krisander on Handel (vols. 1-3, 1858) samu. mahimmanci -67), F. Spitta akan Bach (vols. 1-2, 1873-80). Ƙimar waɗannan ayyukan an ƙaddara ta farko ta ɗimbin bayanai da abubuwan tarihin da ke ƙunshe a cikinsu. abu.

Ganowa da tara sabbin bayanai da yawa sun ba da damar yin cikakken bayani da faɗaɗa cikakken hoto na ci gaban kiɗan. AV Ambros ya rubuta a cikin 1862: "Ruhun tattarawa da bincike ya ba da gudummawa ga tara sabbin abubuwa kusan kowace rana, kuma yana da matukar jaraba don ƙoƙarin kawo tsari ga abubuwan da ke akwai kuma a haɗa su gabaɗaya gabaɗaya" ("Geschichte der"). Musik”, Bd 1, 1862, 1887). Ƙoƙarin yin cikakken ɗaukar hoto muz.-na tarihi. An gudanar da tsari tare da decomp. hanyoyin hanya. Idan aikin RG Kizewetter tare da sifa mai taken "Tarihin Yammacin Turai ko Waƙar Mu Yanzu" ("Geschichte der europdisch-abendländischen oder unserer heutigen Musik", 1834) ya ƙunshi ƙarin amsawa, zai haskaka. ra'ayoyi game da tarihi a matsayin tsari na ci gaba da ci gaba da hawan hawan, sannan shugaban Faransanci. da Belg. M. a tsakiya. Karni na 19 FJ Fetis yana gani a cikin "rukunan ci gaba" DOS. cikas ga ingantaccen fahimtar da'awar. Ayyukansa masu ban sha'awa The Universal Biography of Musicians and General Bibliography of Music (Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, v. 1-8, 1837-44) da Babban Tarihin Kiɗa (Histoire générale de la musique depuis les). temps les plus anciens jusqu'а nos jours”, aya 1-5, 1869-76) wakiltar babban tushen bincike. daraja. A lokaci guda kuma, matsayi na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na marubucin, wanda ya sami nasa kayan ado, ya bayyana a cikin su. manufa a baya da kuma la'akari da ci gaban da music a matsayin m tsari na canza decomp. ka'idodin ƙirar sauti. An bayyana akasin yanayin a cikin Tarihin Kiɗa na F. Brendel a Italiya, Jamus da Faransa… dangane da mafi mahimmancin abubuwan al'ajabi na rayuwar ruhaniya ta gama gari. Irin wannan faffadan al'adu da tarihi iri ɗaya ne na Ambros, kodayake rawar kiɗa a cikin tarihin gabaɗaya. tsari da aka yi la'akari da shi daga ra'ayi na romantic-idealistic. ra'ayoyi game da "ruhu na mutane". Yawan juzu'insa "Tarihin Kiɗa" ("Geschichte der Musik", Bd 1852-1, 4-1862) na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wurare a cikin kiɗa. tarihin tarihi na karni na 78.

Babban hankali ga matsalolin hanyoyin kida-tarihi. bincike ya nuna a farkon karni na 19 da 20. G. Kretschmar, G. Adler, X. Riemann. Kretzschmar ya jaddada mahimmancin tarihin kiɗa don yanke hukunci mai ƙima, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙwaƙwalwar kida da aka yi amfani da ita daga hangen nesa." Wani abin da ake buƙata don fahimtar fasaha ta gaskiya, cikakkiyar fahimta. abubuwan mamaki, ya yi la'akari da ilimin zamanin da istorich. yanayin da wani lamari na musamman ya taso. Ya bambanta da shi, Adler ya jaddada bayanin cikakken ka'idodin juyin halitta na ci gaban kiɗa, yana sa gaba a matsayin tushe. salon ra'ayi na kida-tarihi. Amma wannan ra'ayi da shi ya fassara a bisa ka'ida. Canje-canje da canje-canje. salo ne, bisa ga Adler, kwayoyin halitta. tsari mai zaman kansa ba tare da wani dalili ba a wajensa. Makamantan abstract-naturalistic. fahimtar tarihin kiɗa ya sami matsananciyar magana a cikin Riemann, wanda a zahiri ya ƙaryata game da ci gaban kiɗa, la'akari da juyin halitta na muses. kara a matsayin bayyanar da dokoki na gaba ɗaya maras canzawa.

Wuri na musamman a cikin app. tarihin kida fara. Karni na 20 ya mamaye aikin R. Rolland. Da yake la’akari da waƙa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin rayuwar ruhaniya ta ’yan Adam, yana ganin ya zama dole a yi nazarinsa a dangantaka ta kud da kud da tattalin arziki da siyasa. da tarihin al'adun mutane. "Komai yana da alaƙa da juna," in ji Rolland, "kowane juyin juya halin siyasa yana samun ci gaba a cikin juyin juya halin fasaha, kuma rayuwar al'umma wata halitta ce inda komai ke hulɗa da juna: abubuwan tattalin arziki da abubuwan fasaha." "Kowane nau'i na kiɗa yana hade da wani nau'i na al'umma kuma yana ba mu damar fahimtar shi sosai" (Rollan R., Sobranie musikistoricheskih soobshcheniya, juzu'i 4, 1938, shafi 8, 10). Ayyukan da Rolland ya gabatar don tarihin kiɗa za a iya magance su akai-akai bisa tsarin tarihin. son abin duniya.

A cikin bene na 2. Ƙarni na 19 na buɗe aikin akan kimiyya-mahimmanci. buga abubuwan tarihi na kiɗa na baya. Sh. E. Kusmaker ya buga a 1864-76 adadin Tsakanin Zamani. rubuce-rubucen kan kiɗa. A cikin 1861-71, a ƙarƙashin hannun. F. Krizander, an fara buga jerin jerin "Monuments of Musical Art" ("Denkmäler der Tonkunst"), wanda ya ci gaba daga 1900 a ƙarƙashin sunan. "Abun tarihi na fasahar kiɗan Jamus" ("Denkäler deutscher Tonkunst"). A cikin 1894, ed. Adler ya fara buga babban littafin "Monuments of Musical Art in Austria" ("Denkmäler der Tonkunst a Österreich"). A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara buga jerin wallafe-wallafen "Masters of Music of the Renaissance Faransa" ("Les maоtres musiciens de la renaissance française") a ƙarƙashin hannun. A. Gwani. O. Chilesotti a Italiya da aka buga a 1883-1915 9 vols. "Libraries of musical rarities" ("Biblioteca di rarita musicali"), wanda a ciki aka ba da samfurori na kiɗan lute na ƙarni na 16-18. An kafa wallafe-wallafe iri ɗaya a wasu ƙasashe da dama. Tare da wannan, ana gudanar da bugu da yawa na ayyukan manyan litattafai. masters: Bach (59 vols., 1851-1900), Handel (100 vols., 1859-94), Mozart (24 jerin, 1876-86).

A cikin ci gaban music lexicography yana nufin. kiɗa ya taka rawa. ƙamus J. Grove (1879-90) da X. Riemann (1882), wanda babban kimiyya ya bambanta. matakin, fadi da nau'ikan bayanan da suke bayar da rahoto. Dukkan ayyukan biyu an sake buga su sau da yawa a cikin kari kuma an sake fasalin su. A cikin 1900-04, ƙamus na Bio-Bibliographic Dictionary of Sources mai girma 10 game da Mawaƙa da Masana Kiɗa… .

A dangane da fadi da ci gaban music. ilimi a cikin karni na 19. da yawa an halicce su. alawus-alawus ga fannonin ka'idoji daban-daban. Irin waɗannan ayyuka ne akan jituwa ta S. Catel (1802), FJ Fetis (1844), FE Richter (1863), M. Hauptmann (1868), akan polyphony - L. Cherubini (1835), IGG Bellerman (1868). Mai zaman kansa. rukunan kiɗa ya zama reshe na ka'idar kiɗa. siffofin. Babban aikin tsarin farko na farko a wannan yanki shine "Kwarewa a Jagorar Haɗaɗɗen" X. Koch ("Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition", Tl 1-3, 1782-93). Daga baya, irin waɗannan ayyukan A. Reich da AB Marx sun bayyana. Samun Ch. arr. manufofin ilimi, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da fa'ida mai fa'ida. generalizations kuma bisa ga salo. ka'idoji na gargajiya. zamani Dep. sabbin tunani da matsayi masu alaƙa da wasu lokuta (misali, ainihin ka'idar rarraba mawaƙa ta Katel).

Wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ci gaban Turai. ka'idar M. yana da alaƙa da ayyukan X. Riemann, masanin kimiyyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana kimiyya. abubuwan sha'awa, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga raguwa. sassan ka'idar kiɗa. Riemann ya gabatar kuma ya tabbatar da manufar jituwa. ayyuka, ba da sabon rarrabuwa na maɗaukaki cikin sharuddan kasancewarsu na ɗaya ko wata ƙungiya mai aiki, ya bayyana ƙayyadaddun ƙima na daidaitawa. A cikin nazarin nau'ikan kiɗa, ya ci gaba ba kawai daga zane-zane zalla ba. lokuta (wuri na sassa, dangantakar su gaba ɗaya da juna), amma kuma daga dalili-jigo. haɗi. Duk da haka, wuce kima categoricalness, wanda Riemann ya bayyana kimiyya. ra'ayoyi, ya ba da adadin ka'idarsa. tanadin koyarwa. hali. Dangane da ka'idodin tsari da dokokin gargajiya. salon waka, ya dangana musu cikakkiyar ma'ana ta duniya, kuma tare da ma'auni na wannan salon ya kusanci kidan kowane zamani da al'umma. Koyarwar Riemann na mita da kari yana da rauni musamman a wannan ma'ana. An gabatar da makarantar haɗin kai mai aiki a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19th da 20th. Hakanan ta ayyukan E. Prout da FO Gevart.

A cikin karni na 20 M. a ƙarshe ya haɓaka kuma ya sami karɓuwa a matsayin mai zaman kansa. kimiyyar da ke magance matsaloli na musamman kuma yana da hanyoyin bincike na kansa. M. an haɗa shi a cikin tsarin ilimi mafi girma a cikin 'yan Adam, a yawancin ƙasashe na Turai da Amurka a manyan takalman Jawo an halicce su na musamman sassan ko a cikin ku M. Kunna kimiyya. ayyuka a fagen kiɗa suna ba da gudummawa ga yawa. masanin kida. game-va da ƙungiyoyi, to-rye wani lokacin suna da nasu. latsa sassan, buga jerin shirye-shirye da bincike. wallafe-wallafe. A cikin 1899 Intern. kungiyar mawaka, wacce ta kafa aikin hada kan masana kida Dec. kasashe. A cikin 1914, dangane da barkewar yakin duniya na farko, ta daina ayyukanta. A shekara ta 1, an ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru daga kasashe fiye da 1927 (ciki har da USSR).

Babban ikon yin aiki a cikin yankin na M. a cikin karni na 20. ya karu sosai, matsalolinsa sun fadada, sabon bincike ya bayyana. masana'antu da kwatance. Abin da ake kira. kwatanta. M., yana da aikin nazarin kiɗa. al'adun da ba na Turai ba. mutane. An haɓaka mahimman ka'idodin wannan jagorar a farkon. Ƙarni na 20 masana kimiyyar Jamus K. Stumpf, EM Hornbostel, K. Sachs, R. Lachman, V. Viora na cikin manyan wakilansa. Hanyoyin kwatanta. M., wanda ya dogara ne akan binciken abubuwa iri ɗaya a cikin suit-ve decomp. al'ummomin duniya, daga baya aka yi suka kuma an gano sunan horon ba daidai ba ne. A cikin 40s. an gabatar da manufar "ethnomusicology". Sabanin kwatanta. M., wannan horon yana neman nazarin kiɗa. al'adu al'umma gaba daya, a cikin jimillar dukkan bangarorin.

Masana kimiyya Zap. Turai da Amurka sun sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a cikin nazarin Gabas. al'adun kiɗa. Idan a cikin karni na 19 da za'ayi kawai dabam, fiye ko žasa episodic. balaguron balaguro zuwa wannan yanki (misali, ayyukan RG Kizevetter, da kuma F. Salvador-Daniel, memba na ƙungiyar Paris Commune akan kiɗan Larabci), sannan a cikin ƙarni na 20. kiɗa Orientalism ya zama mai zaman kansa. ilimin kimiyya. Capital yana aiki akan kiɗan Larabawa. G. Farmer ne ya kirkiro kasashe da Iran, bisa ga al'ada. Waƙar Indiya - A. Daniel, kiɗan Indonesiya - J. Kunst. Amma tare da yalwar ingantaccen kimiyya. bayanai, waɗannan ayyukan galibi suna da rauni a cikin jagora da hanyoyin. ka'idoji. Don haka, a cikin ayyukan Danielou, akwai halin kiyaye al'adu. al'adun gabas da rashin kima na zamani. hanyoyin ci gaban su.

A farkon. Karni na 20 JB Thibaut da O. Fleischer sun aza harsashi na zamani. music Byzantine karatu. Nasarorin da suka dace a wannan yanki suna da alaƙa da binciken H. Tilliard, K. Høeg, da E. Welles.

Wani faffadan wallafe-wallafe kan tarihin kiɗa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan abubuwan ban mamaki da raguwa. zamanin - daga tsohuwar gabas. al'adu da dadadden tarihi zuwa zamaninmu. Daidai da iri-iri iri-iri na kiɗa-na tarihi ne. aiki: wannan shi ne monographic. bincike sadaukar don fitaccen m. adadi ko kiɗa. nau'ikan nau'ikan, da sake dubawa na gabaɗaya na haɓaka kiɗan ta ƙasa, zamanin, salo. lokuta. A cikin tarihin kiɗa, Western-Turai. Kusan babu "fararen wurare" da lacunae, masu shakku, rubuce-rubuce amma an tabbatar da gaskiyar da aka bari a tsakanin mutane. Zuwa mafi mahimmancin masana kiɗa-masana tarihi na karni na 20. na: G. Abert, A. Shering, A. Einstein a Jamus; JG Prodomme, A. Prunier, R. Rolland, J. Tiersot a Faransa; OE Deutsch, E. Shenk a Austria; A. Bonaventure, A. Della Corte, F. Torrefranca a Italiya; E. Blom, E. Dent a Ingila; P. Lang, G. Rees a Amurka, da sauransu. Masanin kida. Makarantu sun haɓaka a cikin Czechoslovakia, Poland da sauran ƙasashen Gabas. Turai. Wanda ya kafa Czech M. na zamani shine O. Gostinskiy, magajinsa sune manyan masana kimiyya kamar V. Gelfert, Z. Needly. A shugaban makaranta na Polish musicologists ne A. Khybinsky da Z. Jachymetsky. Ayyukan waɗannan masana kimiyya sun aza harsashi ga tsarin bincike mai zurfi na nazarin al'adun kiɗa na ƙasa. Tattaunawar tatsuniyoyi sun sami fa'ida a waɗannan ƙasashe. Ayuba. Masanin ilimin ƙabilanci na Poland OG Kolberg ya ƙirƙiri wani babban aiki wanda ke kwatanta gadaje. al'adu, waƙoƙi, raye-raye ("Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposüb zycia, mowa, podania, przyslowia, obrzedy, gusla, zabawy, piesni, muzyka i tance", t. 1-33, 1865-90). Ya kuma mallaki tarin bunks na Poland mai juzu'i 23. waƙoƙi. Mahimmanci ga kiɗa. Folkloristics na South Slavs. mutane suna da ayyukan FK Kukhach. A. Pann da T. Brediceanu sun aza harsashin tsarin tsari. tattara da bincike rum. labarun kiɗa. A farkon. Ana aike da tarin ilimin kimiyya na ƙarni na 20. ayyukan B. Bartok, to-ry da aka gano a baya wanda ba a san shi ba na Hung. da rum. nar. kiɗa, ya ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga ci gaban hanyoyin. tushe na tarihin kiɗan.

Ya zama tartsatsi a cikin karni na 20. aiki a kan buga Monuments na kiɗa. al'ada. Yawancin nau'ikan wallafe-wallafe (bugu na facsimile na tsoffin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen, tantance bayanai a cikin abubuwan da ba na hankali da na haila ba, gyarawa da sarrafa su, yin la'akari da buƙatun cikar zamani) ba wai kawai ya ba da damar rufe abubuwa da yawa ta sabuwar hanya ba. tare da cikar cikawa da aminci. lokutan tarihi na ci gaban kiɗa, amma kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga maido da ayyukan da aka manta da yawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan opera. Fadada sararin samaniyar tarihi na zamani mai sauraro yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da nasarorin tarihi. M. da ayyukan bugu mai zurfi a fagen kiɗa.

Manya-manyan ayyuka na gama gari akan tarihin kiɗa a cikin karni na 20, a matsayin mai mulkin, ƙungiyoyin masana kimiyya ne suka rubuta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda girman girma na abu, wanda mai bincike ɗaya ba zai iya rufe shi ba, da kuma haɓakar ƙwarewa. Bayan buga ta Riemann na Handbuch der Musikgeschichte (Bd 1, Tl 1-2, Bd 2, Tl 1-3, 1904-13) da kuma buga Tarihin Kiɗa (Histoire de la musique”, v. 1- 3, 1913-19) J. Combarier a Zarub. masanin kida. babu wasu manyan ayyuka na asali akan tarihin waƙa da marubuci ɗaya ya rubuta. Ta hanya mafi yawa. ayyukan gama gari a wannan yanki sune "Tarihin Kiɗa na Oxford" ("Tarihin Kiɗa na Oxford", v. 1-6, 1 ed. 1901-1905), "Jagora zuwa Tarihin kiɗa" (1924) ed. G. Adler, jerin littattafai a ƙarƙashin taken gabaɗaya. "Jagora zuwa Kimiyyar Kiɗa" ("Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft"), wanda aka buga ed. E. Buecken a cikin 1927-34, "The Norton History of Music" ("The Norton History of Music"), wanda aka buga a Amurka tun 1940. A cikin ayyukan kiɗa na karni na 20. X. Mersman, G. Werner, P. Koller, X. Stuckenschmidt, W. Austin da sauransu sun yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar tsarin kiɗan a tarihi. ci gaba a zamanin da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da zamani. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan suna fama da rashin tarihin tarihi na gaske, rashin son zuciya a cikin zaɓi da ɗaukar kayan aiki. Kare matsayin K.-l. daya daga cikin jagororin kirkire-kirkire, mawallafansu wani lokaci gaba daya sun ware wasu muhimman abubuwa da halaye na zamani daga fagen hangen nesansu. kiɗa. Muhimmiyar tasiri akan adadin zarub. masu bincike sun ba da ra'ayi na T. Adorno, wanda a cikin littafin Falsafa na New Music (Philosophie der neuen Musik, 1949) da sauran ayyuka suna shelar hanyar sabuwar makarantar Viennese a matsayin hanyar gaskiya kawai don ci gaban muses. kara a cikin karni na 20.

Yawan bayanai da kayan da aka tara a duk yankuna na Moscow sun ba da damar ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan littattafai masu mahimmanci. tarin, irin su "Encyclopedia of Music of the Paris Conservatory" ("Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du conservatoire", pt. 1, v. 1-5, pt. 2, v. 1-6, 1913-31) ed. A. Lavignac da L. de La Laurencie da "Kiɗa a da da yanzu" ("Musik a cikin Geschichte und Gegenwart", Bd 1-14, 1949-68, an buga kari tun 1970), ed. P. Blume.

Tare da nasarorin da ba za a iya jayayya ba a cikin ci gaban na musamman. matsalolin tarihin kiɗa, fadada nazarin tushe. tushe, gano sabbin, abubuwan da ba a san su ba a baya a cikin zamani. zarub. labari. M. tare da kaifi na musamman an nuna su ma nek-ry musu. dabi'u: rauni na gama-gari, rashin faffadan ra'ayoyin al'adu da tarihi, alakar da ta dace da tushe. Hatsarin gyare-gyare, makanta da ƙwaƙƙwaran fuka-fuki kuma suna nuni da mafi zurfin hangen nesa na wakilan yammacin Turai. M. Ko a farkon karni na 20. V. Gurlitt ya ce karuwar sabbin wallafe-wallafe da kuma binciken tushe. tarurrukan ba za su iya rufe “talauci na ikon tunani mai ƙirƙira ba.” A babban taro na 10 na Intern. Society of Musicology (1967) F. Blume ya tayar da tambaya game da ƙwararrun ƙwarewa da "neopositivism" a matsayin barazanar bayyanar cututtuka na zamani. M. na tarihi, game da "keɓancewa na ci gaba na tarihin kiɗa daga tarihin gabaɗaya." A cikin ci gaban matsalolin hanyoyin dabarun tarihin kiɗa bayan G. Adler, G. Krechmar, A. Schering, ba a sami wani sabon sakamako mai mahimmanci ba. Rabe-raben bisa ga lokutan salo da aka yarda da su a cikin manyan ingantattun ayyuka akan tarihin kiɗan bh shiri ne na yau da kullun na waje, wanda baya nuna ɗaukacin bambance-bambancen tarihin kiɗan. tsari. Tarin bayanai sau da yawa yakan zama ƙarshen kansa kuma ba ya ƙarƙashin ayyukan babban kimiyya. oda.

Gabaɗaya shugabanci na ka'idar ci gaba. M. a karni na 20. halin da ake da shi na shawo kan akidar Riemannian da kusancin kerawa mai rai. aikin zamani. Ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa akan jituwa, wanda babban abu. ka'idodin ka'idar aiki ana fassara su da yawa kuma cikin 'yanci, don kwatanta hanyoyin jituwa. Haruffa sun zana kan samfurori daga kiɗan con. 19- roqo. Karni na 20 Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na wannan nau'in shine "Treatise on Harmony" ("Traité d'harmonie", t. 1-3, 1928-30) na C. Keklen.

Wani sabon ci gaba a cikin ci gaban tunanin tunani game da kiɗa shine ayyukan E. Kurt, daga cikinsu akwai Mahimman Bayanan Linear Counterpoint (Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, 1917) da Romantic Harmony da Rikicinsa a Wagner's Tristan (Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in Wagner's "Tristan", 1920). Kurt ya fito ne daga fahimtar kiɗa a matsayin bayyanar wani nau'i na musamman na "psychic. makamashi”, yana mai jaddada kuzarinsa, bangaren tsari. Kurt ne ya buge mafi mahimmanci. bugu zuwa dogmatism da metaphysical classicism. ka'idar kiɗa. A lokaci guda na son rai-manufa. yanayin ra'ayi na Kurt yana kai shi zuwa ga wani abu mai ban mamaki kuma ainihin ra'ayi na motsi a cikin kiɗa a matsayin wani abu mai cin gashin kansa kuma mai zaman kansa daga ainihin abun ciki na alama-motsi.

Da yawa daga cikin manyan mawakan karni na 20, marubutan ayyukan ka'idar, wanda ba kawai bayyanawa da tabbatar da kerawa ba. da ƙa'idodin ado, amma sun fi takamaiman. tambayoyin kiɗa. fasaha. A cikin "The Doctrine of Harmony" ("Harmonielehre", 1911) na A. Schoenberg, an gabatar da sabon kallo a kan ma'anar ma'anar ra'ayi da rashin fahimta, fa'idar ka'ida ta huɗu na gina ƙididdiga akan ka'ida ta uku ita ce. tabbatar, kodayake marubucin har yanzu bai bar ƙasa na tonal jituwa a nan. Sabuwar, faɗaɗa fahimtar tonality yana bayyana ta P. Hindemith a cikin "Unterweisung in Tonsatz" ("Unterweisung in Tonsatz", 1st, theoretical, part, 1937). Jerin laccoci na A. Webern, wanda aka buga bayan mutuwa a ƙarƙashin taken. "Hanyoyin sababbin kiɗa" ("Wege zur neuen Musik", 1960), ya ƙunshi ƙa'idodi da ƙayatarwa. Tabbatar da ka'idodin dodecaphony da serialism. Bayanin fasaha. Tushen dodecaphony an sadaukar da shi ga ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe akan decomp. harsuna (ayyukan R. Leibovitz, H. Jelinek, H. Eimert da sauransu).

A cikin 50-70s. a Yammacin Turai da Amer. M. hanyar abin da ake kira. nazari na tsari. Manufar tsarin sauti, wanda zai iya nuna duk wani tabbataccen haɗin kai na abubuwa, ya maye gurbin muses a cikin wannan tsarin. bincike na manyan nau'ikan gargajiya. rukunan siffofin. Saboda haka, daban-daban. "Ma'auni" na sararin sauti da lokaci (tsawo, tsawon lokaci, ƙarfi, canza launin sauti) an ƙayyade. "Tsarin tsarin". Irin wannan bincike yana rage ra'ayin nau'in muses. samfur. zuwa saitin ƙididdigewa zalla, alaƙar lamba. Ka'idodin nazarin tsari sun haɓaka ta Ch. arr. masu ilimin kida. avant-garde bisa serial da wasu nau'ikan kiɗan bayan-serial. Ƙoƙarin yin amfani da wannan hanyar zuwa samfurori bisa ka'idodin tunanin tonal bai ba da sakamako mai kyau ba. sakamako. Binciken tsari na iya taimakawa wajen fayyace wasu dokoki masu ma'ana a cikin kiɗa, amma gabaɗaya ya ɓoye daga ma'anar ma'anar abubuwan fasaha. siffofin da takamaiman tarihi da salo. haɗi.

A cikin karni na 20th makarantun ilimin kide-kide sun fara samun tsari a cikin ƙasashen Lat. Amurka, Asiya da Afirka. Hankalinsu ya shafi al'amuran kasa. al'adun kiɗa. LE Correa di Azevedo shine marubucin manyan ayyuka akan br. nar. kuma Prof. kiɗa, a cikin 1943 ya ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Nazarin Folklore a Nat. makarantar kiɗa. Daya daga cikin shahararrun wakilan Argent. M. - K. Vega, wanda ya buga mafi kyawun tarin bunks. wakoki bisa nasu. rubuce-rubuce. A Japan, farawa daga con. Karni na 19 ɗimbin tarin sharhin kimiyya na Nar. da kuma classic. kiɗa, ya haifar da babban bincike. lita bisa ga bambanci. matsalolin tarihi da ka'idar Japan. kiɗa. Yana nufin an kai ga nasara ind. M. a fagen karatun nat. al'adun kiɗa. Daga cikin fitattun wakilansa akwai N. Menon. A cikin 50-60s. ayyukan yawon shakatawa ya tsananta. masana harkar kida; muhimmancin gaske ga karatun Nar. yawon shakatawa. kiɗa da tarihinsa. ayyukan AA Saigun da sauransu sun dade. Kwamitin kiɗa. Bincike a Majalisar Arts, Adabi da Kimiyyar zamantakewa. Manyan mawaka ne suka fito. masana kimiyya a wasu kasashen Negro Africa: K. Nketiya (Ghana), A. Yuba (Nigeria).

A cikin Rasha, M. ya fara samun tsari a cikin con. Karni na 17 ya riga ya wanzu a cikin karni na 15. jagororin don nazarin rubutun ƙugiya, abin da ake kira. ABCs (duba. Musical ABC), suna da ƙima da aka yi amfani da su zalla kuma basu ƙunshi bayanai kan ka'idar kiɗan da ta dace ba. Sai kawai a cikin ayyukan magoya bayan sassan suna rera IT Korenev (Musikiya, 60s na karni na 17) da NP Diletsky (Musikiya Grammar, 70s na karni na 17) an yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar rationalistic jituwa da cikakkiyar koyaswar kiɗa. A cikin karni na 18 na Rasha tunanin kiɗa ya kuɓuta daga addini. dogaro da kuma tabo batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi samuwa da ci gaban 'yan Adam. al'adun kiɗa. Amma M. bai riga ya zama mai cin gashin kansa ba a wannan karni. reshe na kimiyyar art-ve. Lambar ta ƙunshi. maganganun game da alakar da ke tsakanin kiɗa da waƙa, game da yanayin muses. nau'ikan suna kunshe a cikin samarwa. wadanda suka kafa Rasha lit. classicism MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov. Lomonosov ya mallaki zane na musamman "Wasiƙar game da aikin da kiɗa ke samarwa a cikin zuciyar ɗan adam." A cikin mujallolin da IA ​​Krylov ya buga da wallafe-wallafensa. abokai a cikin con. Karni na 18, an soki tsauraran ƙa'idodin gargajiya na gargajiya, ra'ayin yiwuwar ƙirƙirar Rus. nat. operas bisa ga kerawa jama'a. Maganar waƙa akan waƙar Lyric ko Ode (1811-15) ta GR Derzhavin. sassan sun keɓe ga opera, nau'ikan waƙa, cantata. Duk manyan wakilan Rasha. karni na 18. - daga VK Trediakovsky zuwa AN Radishchev - ya nuna sha'awar Nar mai zurfi. waka. A cikin alhamis na ƙarshe. 18th karni na farko da aka buga tarin na Rasha. nar. waƙoƙi tare da bayanin kula na kiɗa na VF Trutovsky, NA Lvov da I. Prach. Labarin NA Lvov “Akan Waƙar Jama’ar Rasha”, wanda aka buga a matsayin gabatarwa a cikin 2nd na waɗannan tarin, ya nuna farkon Rashanci. labarun kiɗa. Zuwa karni na 18 kuma ya shafi haihuwar ƙasashen uba. tarihin kiɗa. Kyakkyawan tushen bayanai game da Rashanci. rayuwar kiɗa ta fara. da ser. Ƙarni na 18 shine cikakken aikin tarihin tarihi na J. Shtelin "Labarai game da Kiɗa a Rasha" (1770). A cikin 1778 an buga shi cikin Faransanci. kasa. Littafin AM Beloselsky "A kan Kiɗa a Italiya", wanda ya haifar da yawan martani a ƙasashen waje. A Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, an ɓullo da wasu tambayoyi na ka'idar kiɗa a cikin ilimin lissafi da acoustics. da fannin lissafi. Ayyukan Turai L. Euler "Kwarewar Sabuwar Ka'idar Kiɗa da Aka Tsaya akan Tushen Dokokin Jituwa" (wanda aka buga a 1739) ya sami karɓuwa. J. Sarti ya ba da shawarar sabon cokali mai yatsa, wanda Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta amince da shi a cikin 1796 kuma kusan gaba ɗaya ya zo daidai da wanda aka karɓa a cikin 1885 a matsayin na duniya. misali.

A cikin karni na 19 na ci gaban kiɗa da kimiyya. tunani a cikin yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da gwagwarmayar hanyoyin ci gaba na ƙasashen uban. karar kiɗan, kariya da tabbatar da kerawansa. da kyawawan halaye. Dangane da wannan lokacin, yana da wuya a zana layi mai haske tsakanin M. da muses. suka. Matsalolin mahimmancin mahimmanci na ka'idar. kuma an tsara tsare-tsare masu kyau da kuma yanke hukunci a fagen ayyukan jarida, galibi cikin rikice-rikice na ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi. contractions. Dangane da bayyanar operas ta MI Glinka a cikin 30s da 40s. a cikin labarin VF Odoevsky, NA Melgunov, da sauran masu sukar, a karon farko, tambayoyi game da asalin kiɗan, game da bambance-bambancen halayen, sun fara tattaunawa sosai. fasali na makarantar kiɗa na Rasha da dangantakarta da sauran nat. makarantu (Italiyanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci). Kimiyya mai mahimmanci. Labarun VP Botkin “Kiɗa na Italiyanci da Jamusanci”, “Akan Muhimmancin Ƙaƙwalwar Sabuwar Makarantar Piano” ( sadaukarwa ga F. Chopin) suna da matuƙar mahimmanci. Ana ƙirƙira sassan sassan. manyan monographs. aikin bincike. irin su: "Sabon Biography of Mozart" (1843) na AD Ulybyshev, "Bethoven and His Three Styles" (1852) na V. Lenz. Duk waɗannan ayyukan biyu sun sami karɓuwa a ƙasashen waje.

Wani sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban Rasha. M. ya ƙaddara ayyukan AN Serov, VV Stasov, GA Larosh, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 50s da 60s. karni na 19 Serov ya fara gabatar da kalmar musicology. A cikin labarin shirin "Music, Musical Science, Musical Pedagogics" (1864), ya sharply sukar da dogmatism na kasashen waje. masu ilimin kididdiga da ke neman kafa dokokin kiɗan da ba za a iya girgiza su ba, "madawwama" na kiɗa, kuma suna jayayya cewa tushen ilimin kiɗa a matsayin kimiyya ya kamata ya zama nazarin tarihi. tsarin ci gaba na kiɗa. harshe da nau'ikan kiɗa. kerawa. Laroche yana kare irin wannan ra'ayin a cikin labarin "Hanyar Tarihi na Koyar da Ka'idar Kiɗa" (1872-73), ko da yake aestheticism. Matsayin marubucin ya kai shi ga fassarar gefe guda na manufar tarihi a matsayin maganin "rashin fahimta" na zamani. Abin da Serov da Laroche suka yi shi ne cewa sun yi ƙoƙari su yi la'akari da muses. al'amura a cikin faffadan tarihin tarihi, yin amfani da kwatankwacin kamanceceniya iri-iri daga fagen waka da kuma fannonin fasaha masu alaka. kerawa. Dukansu masu sukar sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga tambayar asalin da ci gaban Rus. Makarantun kiɗa ("Mermaid" Opera ta AS Dargomyzhsky ta Serov, "Glinka da muhimmancinta a cikin tarihin kiɗa" na Laroche, da dai sauransu). A cikin zane-zane na nazari "Kwarewar zargi na fasaha na kiɗa na MI Glinka", "Thematism of the overture" Leonore "," Beethoven's Tara Symphony "Serov ya nemi gano abubuwan da ke cikin kida na kida a kan jigo. bincike. Stasov, wanda ya bayyana a cikin jarida a matsayin mai farfagandar sabon Rus. art-va, mai gwagwarmaya don ci gaban manufofin gaskiya da kabilanci, a lokaci guda ya kafa harsashin tsari. tattarawa da buga kayan tattara bayanai game da Rashanci. mawaƙa, shine marubucin farkon cikakken tarihin rayuwar MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin.

A cikin halittar kafofin. tushe don tarihin Rasha. kiɗa, musamman na farkon, lokacin kafin Glinka, ayyukan HP Findeisen ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Yawancin kayan aikin da ba a san su ba a cikin Rashanci. kiɗa - daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa karni na 19. - An buga shi a cikin Jaridar Kiɗa ta Rasha, osn. Findeisen a cikin 1894, da kuma a cikin tarin "Musical Antiquity", wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan sa. a cikin 1903-11. Findeisen ya mallaki wallafe-wallafen farko na haruffan Glinka, Dargomyzhsky da sauran Rus. mawaƙa. Yawancin abubuwa masu mahimmanci da karatu a cikin Rashanci. an buga waƙa a cikin mujallar. "Musical Contemporary", wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan. AN Rimsky-Korsakov a cikin 1915-17; gwani. An sadaukar da al'amurran wannan mujallar ga Mussorgsky, Scriabin, Taneyev. Daga ayyukan gama-gari na kafin juyin juya hali. shekaru a cikin tarihin kiɗa, mafi girma a cikin girma shine "Tarihin Ci Gaban Kiɗa na Rasha" (vols. 1-2, 1910-12) MM Ivanov, amma amsawa. son zuciya ga hukunce-hukuncen marubucin na nufin. digiri yana rage darajar gaskiya mai amfani da ke cikin wannan aikin. abu. Ayyukan AS Famintsyn "Buffoons a Rasha" (1889), "Gusli. Rasha jama'a kayan kida" (1890), "Domra da kuma related kida na Rasha mutane" (1891), NI Privalova "Beep, wani tsohon Rasha music kayan aiki" (1904), "Musical iska kida na mutanen Rasha" (1908). , da sauransu. .samar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci don haskaka kiɗan da ba a sani ba a cikin Dr. Russia. An ba da rahoton sabbin bayanai a cikin maƙalar SK Bulich a cikin Rashanci. wok. kiɗa 18 da farkon. Ƙarni na 19 Daga cikin ayyukan monographic game da litattafai na Rasha. Ana bambanta kiɗa ta hanyar cikar bayanai da kuma yawan abubuwan da aka rubuta na "The Life of PI Tchaikovsky" (vols. 1-3, 1900-02), wanda ɗan'uwan mawaki MI Tchaikovsky ya rubuta. A cikin 1900s ya zama batun kimiyya. nazarin aikin mawaƙa na matasa tsara: AK Lyadov, SI Taneeva, AK Glazunov, AN Skryabin, SV Rakhmaninov, da dama m biographical ayyukan da aka kishin Crimea. da kuma nazarin ayyukan VG Karatygin, GP Prokofiev, AV Ossovsky, Yu. D. Engel, wanda ya fara aiki a matsayin BV Asafiev.

Masana'antu na musamman kafin juyin juya hali. tarihi M. ayyuka ne akan sauran Rashanci. kiɗan coci. Da yawa ban sha'awa la'akari da zato game da wannan gefen uban. E. Bolkhovitinov ya bayyana al'adun kiɗa a farkon. Karni na 19 A cikin 40s. akwai wallafe-wallafen ND Gorchakov, VM Undolsky, IV Sakharov, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa daga ka'idar. rubuce-rubuce da sauran kayan aikin da suka shafi mawaƙa. da'awar - da Rasha. VF Odoevsky a cikin 60s. aka buga da yawa. bincike. zane-zane bisa ga sauran Rashanci. kiɗa, a cikin wace majami'u. ana kwatanta waƙa da Nar. waka. A lokaci guda kuma, DV Razumovsky ya kirkiro aikin "Church rera waƙa a Rasha" (batu 1-3, 1867-69). A cikin ƙarin ci gaban tambayoyi Rus. Ikilisiya SV Smolensky, II Voznesensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga waƙa. Duk da haka, a yawancin waɗannan ayyukan, Ikilisiya. Ana yin la'akari da waƙa a cikin keɓewa, a cikin keɓancewa daga manyan hanyoyin ci gaban Rasha. zane-zane. al'adu, wanda wani lokaci yakan haifar da wani bangare guda, wanda tarihi ya gaza tabbatar da kammalawa.

An ba da hankali sosai ga manyan mutanen Rasha. kiɗa na karni na 19 nazarin waƙoƙin jama'a. Tunani masu daraja akan fasaha. Yanayin Rasha. nar. waƙoƙi, halayen halayensa na waƙarsa. sito, da muhimmancinsa ga mawaki kerawa na cikin fitattun masters na uban. litattafan kiɗa. VF Odoevsky ya lura cewa a cikin ayyukansa akan Nar. Glinka ya ba da shawarar waƙar da yawa. A cikin labarin Stasov, Laroche da sauran manyan wakilan Rasha. music m tunani haduwa dauke da. balaguro zuwa yankin kerawa. Taru zuwa ser. Ƙarni na 19 rikodin waƙoƙin abin duniya da lura da wanzuwar sa na buƙatar kimiyya. generalizations da systematizations. Serov's labarin "Rasha jama'a song a matsayin batun kimiyya" (1869-71) wani gwaninta na zargi. fahimta da kimanta duk wannan kayan tare da ma'anar. matsayi na ka'idar. Marubucin yayi ƙoƙari ya zayyana babban da'irar ayyuka da hanyoyin ci gaban muses. almara a matsayin kimiyya na musamman. fannonin ilimi. Koyaya, bayyana adadin ingantattun abubuwan lura da la'akari da tsarin gaba ɗaya. domin, Serov bi da kuskure ra'ayi tartsatsi a wancan lokacin cewa tushen na Rasha. Waƙar waƙar jama'a ta ta'allaka ne da sauran Girkanci. damuwa tsarin. Wannan ra'ayi, wanda ya samo asali a karni na 18. ƙarƙashin rinjayar ra'ayoyin classicism, ya karbi matsanancin magana a cikin ayyukan Yu. K. Arnold ("Theory of Old Russian Church and Folk Singing", 1880, da dai sauransu). Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci nasarorin da uba. da kiɗa. ilimin tatsuniyoyi a cikin rabi na biyu. Karni na 2 shine bude nar na Rasha. polyphony (Yu. N. Melgunov, HE Palchikov). HM Lopatin a cikin gabatarwar tarin, wanda shi ya buga tare da VP Prokunin (19), ya bayyana bambancin yanayin Nar. wakokin kade-kade. A cikin 1889s. na tsarin farawa. almara karatu. al'adar waka. A farkon karni na 60 da na 19. EE Lineva ya fara amfani da Nar don yin rikodi. wakokin phonograph. Wannan ya ba da damar kafawa da gyara wasu fasalulluka na sautin su mai rai, waɗanda ke da wahalar ji ta kunne. Music-ethnographic. hukumar a Moscow. un-te, wanda aka kirkira a cikin 20, ya zama babba. cibiyar nazari da farfagandar Nar. waƙoƙi a farkon karni na 1902; tare da masu binciken almara (AA Maslov, NA Yanchuk, da sauransu), manyan mawaƙa (Rimsky-Korsakov, Taneyev, Lyadov, Grechaninov) sun shiga cikin aikinsa.

Ko da yake mayar da hankali ga mafi Rashanci. masanan kida 19 da farko. Karni na 20 akwai tambayoyi game da ƙasashen uban. al'adun kiɗa, duk da haka, sun nemi sanin halayensu ga mafi mahimmancin al'amuran zarub. kiɗan na yanzu. Kaifi da yawa da basira. jawabai kan aikin yammacin turai. mawaƙa, halaye otd. samfur. samu a cikin labarin Serov, Laroche, Tchaikovsky, da sauran masu suka da marubuta game da kiɗa. A shafukan jaridun lokaci-lokaci. buga kasidun da aka buga na shahararriyar yanayi, tarihin tarihi. kayan aiki, fassarar ayyukan kasashen waje. marubuta. Daga cikin ayyukan asali masu zaman kansu ne. Littattafan kimiyya na HP Khristianovich "Haruffa game da Chopin, Schubert da Schumann" (1876), RV Genika "Shuman da aikin piano" (1907), VV Paskhalov "Chopin da Yaren mutanen Poland Music" (1916-17) suna da matukar muhimmanci. ). Daya daga cikin majagaba na Rasha music AF Khristianovich bayyana a Oriental karatu, wanda aikin a kan bunk nasa ne. kiɗan Aljeriya, wanda aka buga a ƙasashen waje ("Esquisse historique de la musique arabe aux temps anciens...", 1863). Gabaɗaya sake dubawa na tarihin kiɗa na PD Perepelitsyn, AS Razmadze, da LA Sakketi suna da yanayin haɗawa. A 1908, da Musical Theoretical Library Society da aka kafa a Moscow, wanda ya kafa daya daga cikin ayyuka don bunkasa tambayoyi na gargajiya music. gado da ƙirƙirar kimiyya. tarin wallafe-wallafe akan tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa. MV Ivanov-Boretsky da VA Bulychev sun ba da babbar gudummawa wajen aiwatar da wannan aikin.

Peru mafi yawan mawaƙa na Rasha suna cikin ayyukan ta hanyar diff. kiɗa-ka'idar. horo: Glinka's "Notes on Instrumentation" da aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin umarninsa ta Serov (ed. 1856), Tchaikovsky's da Rimsky-Korsakov's jituwa litattafan (1872 da 1885), Rimsky-Korsakov's "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (ed. gani a 1913 MO. ). Waɗannan ayyukan sun samo asali ne ta hanyar buƙatun aikin koyarwa, amma kuma sun tsara wasu muhimman tanadi na ƙa'idar. da tsari na ado. Mathematical SI Taneyev's monumental aiki "Mobile counterpoint na m rubuce-rubuce" (ed. 1909) an bambanta da jituwa da cikar ra'ayi. Bugu da ƙari, shi ne littafin da aka buga (1929) "Koyarwa game da Canon". Taneyev kuma ya bayyana zurfin tunani da jawabai game da tambayoyi na nau'i, daidaitawa, da dai sauransu Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin zuciya da asali na Rus. shekarun tunanin kide-kide kafin juyin juya hali shine ka'idar modal rhythm na BL Yavorsky, DOS. abubuwan da aka tanadar da shi wanda ya fara gabatar da shi a cikin aikin "Tsarin Maganar Kiɗa" (sashe na 1-3, 1908).

A cikin con. 19- roqo. Ƙarni na 20 da dama daga cikin mutanen Rasha suna haɓaka aiki don nazarin yanayin su. al'adun kiɗa, masu ban sha'awa da masu bincike na asali sun zo gaba. Wanda ya kafa Ukrainian M. shine NV Lysenko, wanda ya kirkiro ayyuka masu mahimmanci akan Nar. kayan kida na Ukraine, game da masu magana da Ukrainian. nar. kerawa - kobzars da ayyukansu. A cikin 1888, an buga wata takarda mai ma'ana. Ayyukan PP Sokalsky "Rasha Folk Music Great Rashanci da Little Rasha", a cikin abin da m, ko da yake fama da wani schematism, an bayar da hoton ci gaban halaye a cikin song art na Gabas. daukaka. mutane. A cikin 1900s ayyukan farko na daya daga cikin fitattun masu bincike na shahara sun bayyana. labarin waka FM Kolessa. A farkon karni na 19 da na 20. Komitas ya aza harsashin ginin Arm. labarin labarun kimiyya. DI Arakishvili, tare da tarin tarin tatsuniyoyi. aikin da aka buga a cikin 1900s. bincike na asali game da kaya. nar. waka da kasancewarta. VD Korganov, wanda ya lashe shahara biography. yana aiki akan Mozart, Beethoven, Verdi, shima ya tabo a cikin ayyukansa Dec. tambayoyin kiɗa. al'adu na Caucasus. A. Yuryan da E. Melngailis sune farkon manyan masu tarawa da masu bincike na Letts. nar. waƙoƙi.

Musicology a cikin USSR. Mai girma Oct. gurguzu. juyin juya halin Musulunci ya haifar da yanayin ci gaban kimiyya mai fa'ida. ayyuka a fagen kiɗa a tsakanin dukkan al'ummomin Tarayyar Soviet. A karon farko a kasar Soviet M. ya sami amincewa a matsayin mai zaman kansa. horo. An kirkiro ƙwararrun cibiyoyin kimiyya waɗanda ke haɓaka matsalolin Dec. nau'ikan fasaha, gami da kiɗa. A 1921 a Petrograd a kan tushen kimiyya. ɗakin karatu a kan fasaha na VP Zubov, wanda ya wanzu tun 1912, an kafa Cibiyar Tarihin Tarihi ta Rasha tare da sashen tarihin kiɗa (bayan jerin sake tsarawa an mayar da shi sashen bincike na kimiyya na Cibiyar Leningrad). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Kiɗa da Cinematography) . A cikin wannan shekarar, an kirkiro Ma'aikatar Jiha a Moscow. Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kiɗa (HYMN) da Jiha. makarantar kimiyyar fasaha. Kimiyya (GAKhN). Babban masanin tarihin fasahar zamani mafi girma na nau'in hadaddun - Ying t na tarihin fasaha, H.-i. a cikin ku tare da na musamman Akwai sassan kiɗa a yawancin jamhuriyar Tarayyar. M. a matsayin sana'a an haɗa shi a cikin tsarin kiɗa mafi girma. ilimi, a cikin masana'antu, da sauran muses. jami'o'i akwai sassan ka'idar da tarihin kiɗa, to-rye ne bincike. aiki daidai yankunan.

Lissafin Soviet, wanda ke tasowa bisa tsarin tsarin Marxist-Leninist, yana taka rawa sosai wajen gina ƙungiyoyin gurguzu. al'adun kiɗa, yana taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin aiki na gaggawa. ayyukan da aka gabatar ta rayuwa, suna shiga cikin aikin a kan kayan ado. ilimin mutane. A lokaci guda kuma, masu ilimin kide-kide na owls suna haɓaka mafi mahimmancin matsalolin ka'idar da tarihin kiɗa, suna warware su a cikin sabuwar hanya ta hasken babban. tanadi na yare. da kuma jari-hujja na tarihi. A cikin ayyukan 20s da 30s. an tabka kura-kurai na zamantakewa. oda, wanda ya samo asali daga fassarar madaidaici da tsari na haɗin da'awar-va tare da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. tushe. Cin nasara da waɗannan kurakurai da kuma ƙarfafa matsayi na methodological na owls. M. ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan AV Lunacharsky a matsayin mawaƙa. marubuci. Da yake sukar "ɗaukar ƙa'idar da ba ta daɗe ba" na masu ɓarna na Marxism, ya ba da a cikin kiɗansa da tarihi. zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo misalai ne na shigar da hankali cikin jigon zamantakewa na Dec. al'amuran kiɗa. Shiri mai fa'ida kuma mai fa'ida don haɓaka mujiya. BV Asafiev ne ya gabatar da M. a cikin rahoton "Kiɗa na Rasha na Zamani da Ayyukan Tarihi" (1925). Da yake magana game da buƙatar haɗa manyan matsalolin hanyoyin da bincike mai zurfi, Asafiev musamman ya jaddada cewa ilimin kiɗa ya kamata ya kula da buƙatun rayuwa kuma ya zama mai haɓakawa da jagoranci na muses. ayyuka. Masanin kimiyya mai hangen nesa, ya wadatar da ayyukansa na lalata. wuraren tarihi da ka'idar M., suna jagorantar ɗayan manyan mujiya. masanin kida. makarantu. Ya mallaki ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa akan Rashanci. da zarub. al'adun gargajiya da kiɗa na ƙarni na 20, waɗanda aka bambanta da sabo na abubuwan lura da dabarar ƙayatarwa. bincike. Asafiev shine farkon wanda ya bayyana mahimmancin aikin Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Stravinsky da sauran mawaƙa. Cin galaba a kan dabi'un dabi'un da suka dace da shi a farkon shekarunsa. kurakurai, ya zo ga halittar jari-hujja. ka'idar innation, wanda ke taimakawa wajen bayyana takamaiman tsari don nuna gaskiya a cikin kiɗa. Wannan ka'idar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin ka'idar kiɗan Marxist. da kyawawan tunani.

A cikin 20s. da dama theoretical Concepts cewa da'awar zama na duniya (ka'idar Metrotectonism ta GE Konyus, ka'idar Multi-tushen halaye da kuma consonances ta NA Garbuzov), ko da yake sun bayyana kawai wasu musamman al'amurran da tsara da kuma jituwa. alamu a cikin kiɗa. Tattaunawa game da waɗannan ka'idodin sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar mujiya. ka'idar M. Tattaunawa game da ka'idar modal rhythm (1930) ta sami ma'auni mai faɗi musamman. Ya soki abubuwan da suka saba wa juna, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wannan ka'idar tare da ware abubuwan da suke da amfani, wadanda zasu iya wadatar da mujiya. kimiyyar kiɗa. Daya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na mujiya. ka'idar M. shine haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin bincike, yana taimakawa bayyana abubuwan akida da siffa na muses. samfur. Ayyukan LA Mazel da VA Zukkerman sun kasance masu mahimmanci a wannan yanki. Bisa ga ka'idodin Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, sun haɓaka hanyar da ake kira. cikakken bincike, bincika nau'in muses. samfur. a matsayin tsarin tsari na kowa zai bayyana. yana nufin cewa hidima don aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun. ƙunshi. niyya. An ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban wannan hanya ta hanyar SS Skrebkov, VV Protopov, I. Ya. Ryzhkin, da kuma VP Bobrovsky. A lokaci guda ana haɓaka ta rassan ka'idoji. M. Ayyukan GL Catoire "Tsarin ka'idar jituwa" (sashe na 1-2, 1924-25), bisa ka'idodin makarantar aiki, ya ba da sabon, fassarar asali na wasu sassa. Dep. Ana ci gaba da samar da wannan makaranta a cikin ayyukan IV Sposobina, SV Evseev da sauransu. ci gaba. Ka'idar ayyuka masu canzawa ta Yu. N. Tyulin yana ba da mabuɗin fahimtar mutane da yawa. sabon jituwa. abubuwan mamaki a cikin kiɗa na karni na 20. Tambayoyi na ayyukan zamani na SS Skrebkov, Yu. N. Kholopov da sauran marubuta kuma sun sadaukar da jituwa. A cikin babban birnin kasar aiki LA Mazel "Matsalolin gargajiya jituwa" (1972), hada msar tambayar. fannin bincike tare da tarihi da kyawawan dabi'u, an rufe juyin halittar jituwa. tunani tun karni na 18.

SS Bogatyrev ya haɓaka kuma ya ƙara wasu fannoni na koyarwar SI Taneyev akan madaidaicin wayar hannu.

BV Protopov ya ƙirƙira jerin ayyuka akan tarihin polyphony. Tambayoyin polyphony tare da dec. An rufe bangarorin a cikin ayyukan AN Dmitriev, SV Evseev, SS Skrebkov.

A musamman shugabanci a cikin owls. M. su ne ayyukan NA Garbuzov da kimiyya. makarantun da suka tsaya a kan ka'idar ka'idar kiɗa da kiɗa. Ka'idar yankin yanayi na ji da Garbuzov ya haɓaka (duba. Zone) yana da mahimmanci don warware wasu kida-ka'idar. matsaloli. Wannan shugabanci kuma yana cikin hulɗa da yanki na muses. ilimin halin dan Adam, wanda aka gabatar a cikin owls. kimiyyar kiɗa ta hanyar nazarin EA Maltseva, BM Teplov, EV Nazaykinsky da sauransu.

Ci gaban kiɗa-tarihi. kimiyya a cikin 20s. Rapmov-proletkult nihilistic yana da rikitarwa kuma ya jinkirta. yanayin gado. Sukar wadannan dabi'un a cikin takardu da dama na jam'iyya da jawaban da manyan jam'iyya da gwamnati suka yi sun taimaka wa mujiya. tarihi M. a sarari ya ayyana ayyukansu da hanyoyin. ka'idoji. Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba a karon farko ya sami fadi da tsari. aikin hali a kan nazarin ƙasashen uba. gado. Ayyukan Asafiev "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), "Rasha Music daga Farkon 1930th Century" (18) da kuma monoographic sake zagayowar. kasidu da bincike kan aikin fitattun masters na Rus. kiɗan gargajiya sun ayyana wani sabon mataki a wannan fanni, kodayake ba duk abin da ke cikin su ba ne da ba za a iya jayayya ba kuma wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana daga baya marubucin ya gyara su kuma ya sake gyara wani bangare. A kan yunƙurin kuma a hannu. Asafiev, an gudanar da jerin karatun a cikin Rashanci. kiɗan karni na 1927, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Sat. "Kiɗa da kiɗa na tsohuwar Rasha" (1928). A cikin 29-1922, an buga ainihin aikin HP Findeisen "Kasidu akan Tarihin Kiɗa a Rasha daga Tsohuwar Zamani zuwa Ƙarshen Ƙarni na 1" na HP. Yawan bincike mai mahimmanci da tarihin tarihi. An buga kayan a cikin tarin "Orpheus" (3, edited by AV Ossovsky), "Musical Chronicle" (fitowa 1922-25, editan AN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1-4), "Tarihi na Rasha Music a Bincike da Materials" (vols. 1924-27, edita ta KA Kuznetsov, XNUMX-XNUMX). Bambance-bambance. ɓangarorin kiɗan Rashanci na VV Yakovlev, bisa ga cikakken nazarin tushen asali, sun sadaukar da al'adu. Godiya ga rubuce-rubucen tunani da ƙwaƙƙwaran aikin da PA Lamm ya yi ya yi nasarar mayar da ainihin rubutun marubucin Mussorgsky, yana ba da sabon haske game da aikin wannan mawaki.

Nazarin tarihin Rashanci. An ci gaba da gudanar da kida sosai a cikin lokaci na gaba. Inganta sabon kimiyya. sojojin sun ba da gudummawa ga fadada gaban bincike, suna rufe decomp. zamanin da kuma bambancin kewayon abubuwan mamaki na Rasha. kiɗan da suka gabata. An ƙirƙiri manyan litattafai. aiki a kan classics na Rasha. kiɗa (BV Asafiev game da Glinka, MS Pekelis game da Dargomyzhsky, NV Tumanina game da Tchaikovsky, AN Sohora game da Borodino, GN Khubov game da Mussorgsky, AA Solovtsov game da Korsakov, LA Barenboim game da AG Rubinstein, da dai sauransu), tarin (a cikin 2 vols. game da Glazunov. , a cikin 3 vols. game da Balakirev, da dai sauransu), wallafe-wallafen tunani irin su "Tarihin rayuwa da aiki". An ci gaba da neman sabbin kayayyaki cikin harshen Rashanci. kiɗan zamanin pre-Glinka. Ayyukan BV Dobrokhotov, BS Steinpress, AS Rozanov da sauransu an gabatar da su a cikin kimiyya. amfani da wasu abubuwan da ba a san su ba a baya sun ba da gudummawar dawowa rayuwar samfuran da aka manta da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Ainihin ayyukan TN Livanova "Rasha m al'adu na 1th karni" (vols. 2-1952, 53-3), AA Gozenpud "Russian opera wasan kwaikwayo na 1969th karni" (72 littattafai, 17-1). Ayyukan MV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin nazarin kiɗan da aka rubuta. al'adun zamanin d Rasha. Musanya. Al'adu na karni na 3 sun sami sabon ɗaukar hoto a cikin ayyukan TN Livanova, SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov. Labarun Ayyukan AD Alekseev da VI Muzalevsky ( kiɗan piano), VA Vasina-Grossman da OE Levasheva (waɗanda ke cikin ɗakin murya), AS Rabinovich (opera na zamanin pre-Glinka) sun keɓe ga nau'ikan , AA Gozenpud (zagayen littattafai). game da Rasha operatic music), IM Yampolsky (violin art), LS Ginzburg (cello art), LN Raaben (chamber instr. Ƙungiyar), da dai sauransu The ci gaban music-m. da kuma kyakkyawan tunani a Rasha an rufe shi a cikin ayyukan Yu. A. Kremlev "Tunanin Rashawa game da kiɗa" (vols. 1954-60, 1-1) da TN Livanova "Suka da opera a Rasha" (mujalladi na 2, fitowa ta 2-3; v. 4, fitowa ta 1966-73, 1- 1; v. 1, fitowa ta 3, tare da VV Protopopov). Yana nufin akwai nasarori a cikin buga littattafai na kayan aiki da tushe a cikin Rashanci. kiɗa. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai yawa Tarihin kiɗa na Rasha a cikin Samfurin Kiɗa (vols. 1-1940, 52st ed., 18-19) yana gabatar da wasu ayyukan da ba a san su ba. 1972 da farkon ƙarni na 18th Tun da XNUMX, an buga jerin jerin "Monuments of Art Musical Art" na Rasha, wanda aikin ya kasance mai tsari. ci gaba da buga rubutun al'adun Rus. kiɗa daga zamanin da har zuwa ƙarshe. Babban bincike na karni na XNUMX. da textological. aiki kafin buga ilimi. tattara ayyukan Glinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky (a cikin m part, ban da tattara ayyukan Mussorgsky, duk sun kammala).

Godiya ga yawancin sabbin abubuwan da aka gano da kuma samar da kayan da aka tara a zahiri. bayanai, zurfafa nazari da bincike m mamaki tarihi rus. kiɗa ya sami sabon haske. Tatsuniya game da lardi da koma bayanta, wadanda suka taso a zamanin kafin juyin juya halin Musulunci, ya wargaje. lokaci. Wadannan nasarori na owls. tarihi M. yayi aiki a matsayin tushen ayyukan gama kai akan tarihin Rashanci. music, ed. MS Pekelis (vol. 1-2, 1940), NV Tumanina (juzu'i na 1-3, 1957-60), AI Kandinsky (juzu'i na 1, 1972), "Tarihin Kiɗa na Rasha" Yu. V. Keldysh (sashe na 1-3, 1947-54). Ayyukan da aka jera an yi su ne don amfani a cikin koyarwar jami'a. yi aiki azaman littattafan karatu ko uch. fa'ida, amma wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙunshi da bincike. abu.

A cikin 40s. akwai yunƙurin farko na gabatar da mujiya da suka wuce. kiɗa ita ce hanyar ci gaba a cikin cikakken tarihi. hangen nesa, nazari da tantance duk nasarorin da gazawarsa. A wasu ayyuka akan tarihin mujiya. mugun tasiri na aqida ya shafi kida. shigarwa, wanda ya haifar da kuskure, karkatacciyar kimanta ma'anar. m mamaki da belittling da overall nasarorin na owls. al'adun kiɗa. Bisa la'akari da yanke shawara na 20th Congress na CPSU da kuma bayyana a cikin kashi na biyu. 2s m kerawa. tattaunawa, an sake bitar waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen da ba daidai ba, an sami ƙarin ra'ayi mai ma'ana akan hanyoyin samuwar da ci gaban owls. kiɗa a matsayin fasahar gurguzu. gaskiya. A cikin 50-1956, an buga Tarihin kiɗan Soviet na Rasha (vols. 63-1), wanda ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Cibiyar Tarihi ta Arts ta kirkira. Shi ne aikin farko na asali na tarihi akan tarihin mujiya. kiɗa, halin da yawa, faɗin ɗaukar hoto na kayan aiki da cikakkiyar gabatarwa. Ci gaban nau'ikan mujiya. kiɗa Ayyukan VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky (opera), AN Sohor (waƙar), da sauransu sun sadaukar da kai ga kerawa. An rubuta ayyuka masu yawa na monographic. bincike, mahimmanci da tarihin rayuwa. da kasidu na nazari akan ayyukan fitattun mujiya. mawaƙa. Daga cikin su akwai ayyukan IV Livanova game da Myaskovsky, GN Khubov game da Khachaturian, AN Sohor game da Sviridov da sauransu.

A mafi yawan jamhuriyar Tarayyar, an kafa jami'o'in masanan kida, masu tasowa batutuwan da suka shafi nazarin dec. nat. al'adu. A 1922, wani tarihi muqala a kan ci gaban Ukrainian. music by NA Grinchenko. Ya kuma mallaki litattafai da dama. kasidu game da tsofaffin mawaƙa na Ukrainian. A cikin 1925, an buga ɗan littafin tarihi. kayan rubutu. music by DI Arakishvili. Littattafai masu yawa akan tarihin nat. al'adun kiɗa na USSR, wanda ke rufe decomp. matakan samuwarsu da ci gabansu. Wannan shi ne sakamakon bincike mai zurfi. aiki pl. masana kimiyya da kungiyoyin kimiyya. Halittu. gudunmawa ga nazarin kiɗa na mutanen Tarayyar Soviet, duka Soviet da kuma kafin juyin juya hali. lokuta an gabatar da su ta hanyar LB Arkhimovich, NM Gordeychuk, VD Dovzhenko, A. Ya. Shreer-Tkachenko (Ukraine), VG Donadze, AG Tsulukidze, GZ Chkhikvadze, G Sh. Ordzhonikidze (Georgia), RA Atayan, G. Sh. Geodakyan, GG Tigranov, AI Shaverdyan (Armenia), EA Abasova, KA Kasimov (Azerbaijan), Ya. Ya. Vitolin (Latvia), Yu. K. Gaudrimas (Lithuania), FM Karomatov, TS Vyzgo (Uzbekistan), AK Zhubanov, BG Erzakovich (Kazakhstan), da dai sauransu Ta hanyar yunƙurin da yawa Ƙungiyar marubuta, ciki har da masu kida daga dukan jamhuriyar Tarayyar, sun haifar da aikin asali " Tarihin Kiɗa na Jama'ar Tarayyar Soviet daga 1917 "(5 vols., 1970-74), wanda aka yi ƙoƙari don gabatar da ci gaban ƙasashen duniya. mujiya. kiɗa a matsayin tsari mai rikitarwa guda ɗaya dangane da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙarfi da zurfafa dangantaka tsakanin ɓarnawar fasaha. al'ummar kasar.

Mujiya. M. ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tambayoyi a ƙasashen waje. tarihin kiɗa. A cikin wannan yanki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kimiyya. da pedagogical ayyukan MV Ivanov-Boretsky da KA Kuznetsov, masana kimiyya na babban al'adu da ilimi, wanda ya halitta da yawa. makarantun bincike. Daga con. 20s mawallafa masu haske na II Sollertinsky sun bayyana, inda aka zana hotuna masu haske na yawan mutanen Yammacin Turai. mawaƙa - daga na gargajiya. masters na karni na 18 zuwa Mahler da R. Strauss. Daban-daban music-tarihi. matsalolin sun bayyana a cikin ayyukan MS Druskin, VD Konen, TN Livanova, VE Ferman. Ƙirƙirar manyan ƙasashen waje. mawaƙa sadaukar da yawa. binciken monoographic, tsakanin to-rykh a sikelin da kimiyya. Ayyukan AA Alschwang akan Beethoven, DV Zhitomirsky akan Schumann, VD Konen akan Monteverdi, Yu. A. Kremlev akan Debussy, OE Levasheva akan Grieg, da Ya. I. Milshtein akan Liszt, IV Nestyev game da Bartok, Yu. N. Khokhlova game da Schubert, AA Khokhlovkina game da Berlioz. Babban abin da ya faru na kimiyya shi ne buga littafin zane na Beethoven da aka adana a Moscow, wanda NL Fishman ya shirya kuma aka buga tare da cikakken nazarinsa. bincike. Sha'awa a cikin matsalolin kiɗa na karni na 20 yana girma, tarin tarin tarin, karatu da litattafai sun sadaukar da shi, ciki har da ayyukan MS Druskin, IV Nestyev, GM Schneerson, BM Yarustovsky. Musamman hankali ga owls. masanan kiɗa suna ba da kiɗa. al'adun gurguzu. kasashe. IF Belza ne ya ƙirƙira ayyukan babban birni akan tarihin Czech da kiɗan Poland. IM Martynov, LV Polyakova, da sauransu kuma suna aiki a wannan yanki. Daga cikin ayyukan gabaɗaya kan tarihin ƙasashen waje. kiɗa yana bambanta da nisa na ra'ayin, yalwa da iri-iri na kayan "Tarihin Al'adun Kiɗa" na RI Gruber (vol. 1, sashi na 1-2, juzu'i. 2, sashi na 1-2, 1941-59), wanda marubucin ya nemi ya haskaka tsarin duniya na ci gaban muses. kara daga matsayi na Markisanci (bayani da aka kawo zuwa karni na 16).

A kan tarihi mai fadi Kayan yana dogara ne akan ayyuka akan ka'idar decomp. nau'o'i. Tambayoyi na wasan kwaikwayo na opera an haɓaka su a cikin littattafai da labarai na VE Ferman, MS Druskin, BM Yarustovsky. A cikin nazarin VA Vasina-Grossman, an yi la'akari da matsalolin dangantaka tsakanin kiɗa da waƙa. kalmomi akan kayan dakin wok. kerawa. A cikin aikin VD Konen "Theater da Symphony" (1968), an gano tasirin kiɗan operatic akan samuwar jigogi da ka'idodin ka'idojin kiɗa na gargajiya. wasan kwaikwayo.

Fitowa da haɓakar sabuwar ƙasa. makarantu a cikin kiɗa na jama'ar USSR sun ƙaddara babban sha'awar al'adun gargajiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tushen asali da ƙarfin su. Yi aiki akan tattarawa da karatun bunks. Ƙirƙirar ƙanƙara ta sami fa'ida a cikin duk mujiya. jumhuriya. An tayar da sabbin labaran tarihin, an gano al'adu a karon farko, wanda kusan ba a san shi ba har zuwa Oktoba. juyin juya hali. A. AT. Zataevich, marubuci. aiki zuwa-rogo ya fara a cikin 20s., Ya juya ya zama majagaba a cikin tsari. tattara da rikodin Kazakh. Na music. Kayan aikin V. A. Uspensky da kuma E. E. Romanovskaya sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga nazarin Uzbek. da Turkmen. labarin almara. C. A. Malikyan, wanda ya buga a cikin 1931 mafi kyawun bayanan Arm. Nar waƙoƙin da Komitas yayi a farkon. Karni na 20, ya ci gaba da aiki a wannan yanki kuma ya yi sabbin rikodi fiye da dubu. An ba da sakamako mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar tattara labarai. da bincike. aiki G. Z. Chkhikvadze in Jojiya, Ya. Churlyonite a Lithuania, X. Zaune a Estonia, B. G. Erzakovich a Kazakhstan, G. DA. Tsytovich a Belarus da sauransu. Zuwa mafi mahimmancin sabbin wallafe-wallafen Rus. tatsuniyoyi sun haɗa da babban tarin A. M. Listopadov "Wakokin Don Cossacks" (vol. 1-5, 1949-54). A cikin layi daya tare da tarin sababbin kayan aiki, ana gudanar da aiki akan kimiyyar su, ka'idar. fahimta. Abin da ya fi mayar da hankali kan tarihin mujiya tambayoyi ne da suka shafi nazarin alamomi da asalin nat. peculiarities na jama'ar kiɗa, juyin halittar nau'ikan a cikin takamaiman yanayin zamantakewa da na yau da kullun, samuwar abubuwa na muses. harshen. Tarihi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan. kuma masanin ilimin zamantakewa. Al'amura. A matsayin daya daga cikin tsakiya kuma mafi mahimmanci, matsalar hulɗar decomp. nat. al'adu. A cikin aikin A. D. Kastalsky "Features na jama'a-Rasha m tsarin" (1923) da kuma "tushen na jama'a polyphony" (buga posthumously, ed. AT. M. Belyaeva, 1948) ya taƙaita sakamakon bincikensa na dogon lokaci game da jituwa. al'amuran da suka taso daga polygonal. guba. wasan kwaikwayon waƙoƙin Nar na Rasha sakamakon daɗaɗɗen hanyoyinsa na jagorancin murya. Da doki. Shekaru 20 na tarihin ƙanƙara na Rasha sun haɓaka tare da hanyar bambancin. nazarin salon yanki. An gabatar da wannan jagorar a cikin ayyukan E. AT. Gippius da Z. AT. Ewald, a nan gaba F. A. Rubtsova A. AT. Rudneva da sauransu. Batun nazari na musamman shine waƙar aiki, wanda aka keɓe ga binciken E. AT. Gippius, L. L. Christiansen da sauransu. Ƙirƙirar aiki akan zamani. owls almara - Rashanci (T. AT. Popov), Belarushiyanci (L. C. Mukharinskaya) da sauransu. Fitaccen ɗan Ukrainian. Masanin kide-kide-folklorist K. AT. Kvitka baya a cikin 20s. gabatar da kuma tabbatar da hanyar kwatanta. nazarin labarun labarun. mutane. Wannan hanya tana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban tarihi. matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da haɓaka nau'ikan waƙa da nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙa. tunani. Bayan Kvitka, an samu nasarar amfani da shi a cikin ayyukan V. L. Goshovsky a Ukraine, F. A. Rubtsov a cikin RSFSR. Manyan kimar kimiyya suna gabaɗaya ka'idar. aikin W. Gadzhibekov "Tsarin Azerbaijan Folk Music" (1945), X. C. Kushnarev "Tambayoyi na tarihi da ka'idar Armeniya monodic music" (1958). A yawancin ayyukan V. M. Belyaev yana haskaka ta Nar. kerawa misc. kasa na Tarayyar Soviet, ci gaba da general theoretical. matsalolin kiɗa. labarin almara; ya ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga nazarin kiɗan. al'adu ranar Laraba. Asia Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu bincike na kiɗan mutanen tsakiyar Asiya (shap. ar. Kyrgyzstan) V. C. Vinogradov, wanda kuma ya mallaki ayyuka da yawa akan kiɗan zarub. al'ummar Asiya da Afirka. Kwararre. ayyuka sun sadaukar da Nar. kayan aikin kankara, to-rye nazarin owls. masu bincike a kusa dangane da m. da yi. aiki, tare da al'adu da tsarin rayuwa na kasashe daban-daban. Arziki da bambancin kiɗa. multinational Toolkit. Ƙasar Soviets suna nunawa a cikin aikin asali na "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the People of the USSR" (1963), wanda aka halicce shi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mashahuran mujiya. kwararre a fannin kayan aiki K.

A fagen ka'ida da tarihin yin kida. Ayyuka masu mahimmanci sune ayyukan BA Struve (kayan baka) da GM Kogan (fp.). Bambance-bambance. batutuwan kiɗa. Ayyukan AD Alekseev, LA Barenboim, LS Ginzburg, Ya. I. Milshtein, AA Nikolaev, LN Raaben, SI Savshinsky, IM Yampolsky da sauransu. Muhimmin ka'idar. Ana bayyana tanadi a cikin ayyukan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana AB Goldenweiser, GG Neuhaus, SE Feinberg, suna taƙaita ayyukan ƙirƙira. da gogewa na ilmantarwa.

Babban mahimmanci a cikin USSR an haɗa shi da aiki a fagen kiɗa. littafin tarihin (duba Littafin Kiɗa) da ƙamus. A cikin juyin juya hali na farko A Rasha, irin waɗannan ayyukan ba su da yawa kuma an halicce su ne kawai ta mutane (NM Lisovsky, HP Findeisen). Bayan Oktoba juyin juya halin mus.-bibliographic. aiki ya zama mafi tsari. hali, dogaro da kuɗaɗen littattafai mafi girma da ɗakunan ajiya na kiɗa da tarin tarin kayan tarihi. A cikin 20s da 30s. ayyuka masu daraja da dama a fagen kiɗa. Littafin da aka halitta ZF Savyolova, AN Rimsky-Korsakov, da sauransu. Amma wannan aikin ya shahara sosai tun daga shekarun 50s. Akwai muhimman ayyuka kamar "Musical Bibliography of the Russian Periodical Press of 1960th Century" na TN Livanova (wanda aka buga a daban-daban bugu tun 1), biobibliographic. ƙamus "Wane ne ya rubuta game da kiɗa" ta GB Bernandt da IM Yampolsky (vols. 2-1971, 74-XNUMX). Yana nufin gudunmawa ga ci gaban owls. HH Grigorovich, AN Dolzhansky, GB Koltypina, SL Uspenskaya, BS Steinpress, da sauransu sun ba da gudummawar littattafan kida da ƙamus.

A cikin 60-70s. hankali pl. mujiya. Masana kida sun ja hankalin masu ilimin zamantakewa. matsaloli, da dama ayyuka a kan al'amurran da suka shafi na music bayyana. ilimin zamantakewa (AN Sohora da sauransu), an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a fagen ilimin zamantakewa na musamman. bincike.

Marxist-Leninist kimiyya. ra'ayin kiɗa yana samun nasarar haɓakawa a cikin duk masu ra'ayin gurguzu. kasashe. Masana ilimin kida na waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙirƙira ayyuka masu mahimmanci a ranar Dec. tambayoyi na ka'idar da tarihin kiɗa, kiɗa. kayan ado. Daga cikin fitattun wakilan M. gurguzu. kasashe - B. Sabolci, J. Maroti, J. Uyfalushshi (Hungary), Z. Lissa, Y. Khominsky (Poland), A. Sykhra, J. Ratsek (Czechoslovakia), V. Cosma, O. Cosma (Romania), E. Mayer, G. Knepler (GDR), V. Krystev, S. Stoyanov, D. Hristov (Bulgaria), J. Andrejs, S. Djurich-Kline, D. Cvetko (Yugoslavia) da sauransu. ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da sadarwa ta kut-da-kut na masana kiɗan gurguzu. kasashe, musayar gogewa na yau da kullun, tarukan haɗin gwiwa da tattaunawa kan ka'idojin yanayi. tambayoyi.

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Yu.V. Keldysh