Sonata-cyclic form |

Sonata-cyclic form - nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i. Ƙayyadaddun S. – cf yana cikin manyan fasahar akida. hadin kan gaba daya. Kowane bangare na S. – cf yana yin wasan kwaikwayo na musamman. aiki, yana bayyana wani gefen ra'ayi ɗaya. Sabili da haka, lokacin da aikin ya keɓe daga gaba ɗaya, sassansa sun rasa fiye da sassan sake zagayowar wani nau'in - suite. Sashi na farko na S. – cf, a matsayin mai mulkin, an rubuta shi a sigar sonata (saboda haka sunan).

Zagayen sonata, wanda kuma ake kira sonata-symphony, ya samu tsari a ƙarni na 16-18. Tsohon preclassical na samfuran har yanzu ba su nuna bambance-bambance masu kyau daga ɗakin da sauran nau'ikan cyclic ba. siffofin - partitas, toccatas, concerto grosso. Koyaushe sun dogara ne akan bambancin rates, nau'ikan motsi na sashen. sassa (saboda haka sunayen Faransanci don sassan sake zagayowar - motsi - "motsi"). Matsakaicin ɗan lokaci na sassa biyu na farko a hankali-sauri ko (da wuya) saurin-sauri yawanci ana maimaita shi tare da ma fi girma girma na bambancinsu a cikin sassa biyu na biyu; Hakanan an ƙirƙiri zagayowar ɓangarori 3 tare da ma'aunin ɗan lokaci mai sauri-slow-sauri (ko jinkirin-sauri-slow) .

Ya bambanta da suite, wanda ya ƙunshi Ch. arr. daga wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye, sassan sonata ba su kasance cikin jiki kai tsaye na c.-l. nau'ikan rawa; Fugue kuma ya yiwu a cikin sonata. Koyaya, wannan bambance-bambancen sabani ne kuma ba zai iya zama madaidaicin ma'auni ba.

Zagayen sonata ya rabu a fili daga sauran masu zagayawa. siffofi ne kawai a cikin ayyukan gargajiya na Viennese da magabatansu nan da nan - FE Bach, mawaƙa na makarantar Mannheim. Classic sonata-symphony sake zagayowar ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu (wani lokaci uku ko ma biyu); bambanta da yawa. nau'insa ya danganta da nau'ikan masu yin wasan. An yi nufin sonata don ɗaya ko biyu, a cikin tsohuwar kiɗa da masu yin uku (trio-sonata), uku don uku, quartet don huɗu, quintet don biyar, sextet don shida, septet don bakwai, octet don takwas. masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da sauransu; duk waɗannan nau'ikan suna haɗuwa da ra'ayi na nau'in ɗakin, ɗakin kiɗa. Siphony yana yin wasan kwaikwayo. makada. Waƙar tana yawanci don kayan kida na solo (ko biyu ko uku) tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Kashi na farko na sonata-symphony. sake zagayowar - sonata allegro - fasaharsa ta alama. tsakiya. Halin kida na wannan bangare na iya zama daban-daban - fara'a, wasan kwaikwayo, ban mamaki, jaruntaka, da dai sauransu, amma ana nuna shi ta hanyar aiki da tasiri. Halin gaba ɗaya da aka bayyana a kashi na farko yana ƙayyade tsarin tunanin dukan zagayowar. Kashi na biyu yana jinkirin - waƙa. tsakiya. tsakiyar waƙar farin ciki, magana mai alaƙa da nasa. kwarewar mutum. Tushen tushen wannan bangare shine waka, aria, chorale. Yana amfani da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri. Rondo shine mafi ƙarancin kowa, nau'in sonata ba tare da haɓakawa ba, nau'in bambance-bambancen suna da yawa. Kashi na uku yana maida hankali ga hotuna na waje, rayuwar yau da kullum, abubuwan rawa. Ga J. Haydn da WA Mozart, wannan minti ne. L. Beethoven, ta amfani da minuet, daga sonata na 2 don piano. tare da shi, yana gabatar da scherzo (wani lokaci kuma ana samunsa a cikin quartets Haydn). scherzo, wanda ke cike da fara wasa, yawanci ana bambanta shi ta hanyar motsi na roba, sauyawa mara tsammani, da bambance-bambancen wayo. Siffar minuet da scherzo wani hadadden sashi ne 3 tare da uku. Ƙarshen zagayowar, maido da halayen kidan kashi na farko, sau da yawa yakan sake haifar da shi a cikin yanayin da ya fi dacewa da jama'a. A gare shi, motsi mai farin ciki, ƙirƙirar ruɗi na aikin taro shine na hali. Siffofin da ake samu a wasan karshe sune rondo, sonata, rondo-sonata, da kuma bambancin.

Abubuwan da aka kwatanta za a iya kiran su karkace-rufe. Wani sabon nau'in ra'ayi ya sami tsari a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven na 5 (1808). Ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo tare da sautin jaruntaka na nasara - wannan ba komawa ga halin kiɗa na motsi na farko ba ne, amma burin ci gaban duk sassan sake zagayowar. Saboda haka, irin wannan abun da ke ciki za a iya kira linearly striving. A zamanin bayan Beethoven, wannan nau'in zagayowar ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa. Wata sabuwar kalma ta Beethoven ya fada a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 9th (1824), a karshenta ya gabatar da kungiyar mawaka. G. Berlioz a cikin shirinsa na "Fantastic Symphony" (1830) shi ne na farko da ya fara amfani da leitteme - "jigo-halayen", gyare-gyaren da aka haɗa da shirin wallafe-wallafe.

A nan gaba, mutane da yawa mafita S.-ts. f. Daga cikin sababbin hanyoyin fasaha masu mahimmanci shine yin amfani da babban jigo-dena abin da ke tattare da ainihin mahimmanci. fasaha. ra'ayoyi da jan zaren da ke ratsawa gabaɗayan zagayowar ko sassanta guda ɗaya (PI Tchaikovsky, 5th symphony, 1888, AN Skryabin, 3rd symphony, 1903), haɗa dukkan sassa zuwa ɗaya ci gaba da buɗewa gabaɗaya, a ci gaba da zagayowar, zuwa cikin nau'i-nau'i mai ban sha'awa (Scriabin Symphony iri ɗaya).

G. Mahler yana amfani da wok har ma da ko'ina a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. farkon (soloist, mawaƙa), da kuma 8th symphony (1907) da "Song of the Earth" (1908) an rubuta su a cikin roba. nau'in symphony-cantata, wanda sauran mawaƙa ke amfani da su. P. Hindemith a cikin 1921 ya haifar da samfur. karkashin sunan "Chamber Music" don ƙananan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sunan "music" ya zama nadi na daya daga cikin nau'in sake zagayowar sonata. Nau'in wasan kide-kide na makada, yana farfadowa a cikin karni na 20. al'adar preclassical, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan S. - cf ("Concerto a cikin tsohon salon" na Reger, 1912, Krenek's Concerti grossi, 1921 da 1924, da sauransu). Akwai kuma da yawa na keɓaɓɓu da na roba. Bambance-bambancen wannan nau'i, ba su dace da tsarin aiki ba.

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VP Bobrovsky