Mily Balakirev (Mily Balakirev) |

Mily Balakirev

Duk wani sabon binciken da aka samu ya kasance gare shi farin ciki na gaske, jin daɗi, kuma ya tafi tare da shi, a cikin zafin rai, dukan abokansa. V. Stasov

M. Balakirev yana da matsayi na musamman: don buɗe sabon zamani a cikin kiɗan Rasha kuma ya jagoranci gabaɗayan shugabanci a ciki. Da farko, babu abin da ya annabta irin wannan makomar. Yara da matasa sun mutu daga babban birnin kasar. Balakirev ya fara nazarin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa, wanda ya gamsu da iyawar ɗanta, musamman tare da shi daga Nizhny Novgorod zuwa Moscow. Anan, wani yaro dan shekara goma ya dauki darussa da dama daga wurin shahararren malami, mai wasan piano kuma mawaki A. Dubuc. Sa'an nan kuma Nizhny, farkon mutuwar mahaifiyarsa, yana koyarwa a Cibiyar Alexander a kan kudi na manyan mutane (mahaifinsa, karamin jami'in, ya yi aure a karo na biyu, yana cikin talauci tare da babban iyali) ...

Wani muhimmin mahimmanci ga Balakirev shine saninsa da A. Ulybyshev, jami'in diflomasiyya, da kuma babban mashawarcin kiɗa, marubucin littafin tarihin WA Mozart mai girma uku. Gidansa, inda wata al'umma mai ban sha'awa ta taru, an gudanar da kide kide da wake-wake, don Balakirev ya zama ainihin makaranta na ci gaban fasaha. A nan ne ya gudanar da kungiyar kade-kade da wake-wake, a cikin shirin na wasan kwaikwayon akwai ayyuka daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai wasannin kade-kade da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da wake-wake da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da kide kike da kide kide da kide kike da kide kide da kide kide da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da kide kide da wake-wake da kide kide da wake-wake da kide-kide), wanda a cikinsa akwai ayyuka daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai wasannin kade-kade na Beethoven, a matsayin dan wasan pian, yana da dakin karatun kida mai dimbin yawa a cikin hidimarsa. Balaga yana zuwa wa matashin mawaki da wuri. Yin rajista a cikin 1853 a Faculty of Mathematics na Jami'ar Kazan, Balakirev ya bar shi bayan shekara guda don sadaukar da kansa kawai ga kiɗa. A wannan lokacin, gwaje-gwajen ƙirƙira na farko sun kasance: abubuwan piano, romances. Ganin manyan nasarorin Balakirev, Ulybyshev ya kai shi St. Petersburg kuma ya gabatar da shi ga M. Glinka. Sadarwa tare da marubucin "Ivan Susanin" da "Ruslan da Lyudmila" ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci (Glinka ba da daɗewa ba ya tafi kasashen waje), amma yana da ma'ana: amincewa da ayyukan Balakirev, babban mawaki ya ba da shawara game da ayyukan kirkire-kirkire, yayi magana game da kiɗa.

A St. Mai hazaka mai haske, marar koshi a cikin ilimi, mara gajiyar aiki, ya kasance mai kwadayin samun sabbin nasarori. Saboda haka, yana da dabi'a cewa lokacin da rayuwa ta kawo shi tare da C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, kuma daga baya tare da N. Rimsky-Korsakov da A. Borodin, Balakirev ya haɗu kuma ya jagoranci wannan ƙananan ƙungiyar kiɗa, wanda ya shiga cikin tarihin kiɗa. karkashin sunan "Mabuwayi Hannu" (wanda B. Stasov ya ba shi) da" Balakirev da'irar ".

Kowane mako mawaƙa da Stasov sun taru a Balakirev's. Sun yi magana, suna karatu da ƙarfi tare, amma sun ba da mafi yawan lokacinsu ga kiɗa. Babu wani mawaƙa na farko da ya sami ilimi na musamman: Cui injiniyan soja ne, Mussorgsky mai ritaya jami'in, Rimsky-Korsakov ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, Borodin masanin ilmin sunadarai. "A karkashin jagorancin Balakirev, iliminmu ya fara," Cui ya tuna daga baya. “Mun sake buga hannu hudu duk abin da aka rubuta a gabanmu. Duk abin da aka fuskanci mai tsanani zargi, da kuma Balakirev bincikar fasaha da kuma m al'amurran da ayyukan. An ba da ayyuka nan da nan da alhakin: don fara kai tsaye tare da wasan kwaikwayo (Borodin da Rimsky-Korsakov), Cui ya rubuta operas (" Fursunonin Caucasus ", "Ratcliffe"). An yi duk abubuwan da aka tsara a tarurrukan da'irar. Balakirev ya gyara kuma ya ba da umarni: "... mai sukar, wato masanin fasaha, ya kasance mai ban mamaki," in ji Rimsky-Korsakov.

A wannan lokaci Balakirev da kansa ya rubuta 20 romances, ciki har da Masterpieces kamar "Ku zo gare ni", "Selim's Song" (duka - 1858), "Goldfish Song" (1860). An buga dukkan labaran soyayya kuma A. Serov ya yaba sosai: “… Fresh lafiya furanni bisa tushen kidan Rasha.” An yi ayyukan ban dariya na Balakirev a wuraren kide-kide: Overture kan jigogi na waƙoƙin Rasha uku, Overture daga kiɗa zuwa bala'in Shakespeare King Lear. Ya kuma rubuta guntun piano da yawa kuma ya yi aiki akan wasan kwaikwayo.

Ayyukan kiɗa da zamantakewa na Balakirev sun haɗa da Makarantar Kiɗa na Kyauta, wanda ya shirya tare da mawaƙa mai ban mamaki da mawaki G. Lomakin. Anan, kowa zai iya shiga cikin kiɗa, yana yin kide-kide na wake-wake na makaranta. Akwai kuma waƙa, karatun kiɗa da azuzuwan solfeggio. Lomakin ne ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma Balakirev ya gudanar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, wanda ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin abokansa a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. Mawaƙin ko da yaushe yana aiki a matsayin mai bin Glinka mai aminci, kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin gargajiya na farko na kiɗan Rasha shine dogaro da waƙar jama'a a matsayin tushen kerawa. A shekara ta 1866, tarin waƙoƙin jama'a na Rasha wanda Balakirev ya tsara ya fito daga bugawa, kuma ya kwashe shekaru da yawa yana aiki a kai. Kasancewa a Caucasus (1862 da 1863) ya ba da damar sanin tarihin kiɗa na gabas, kuma godiya ga tafiya zuwa Prague (1867), inda Balakirev zai gudanar da wasan operas na Glinka, ya kuma koyi waƙoƙin jama'a na Czech. Duk waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun bayyana a cikin aikinsa: hoto mai ban mamaki a kan jigogi na waƙoƙin Rasha guda uku "shekaru 1000" (1864; a cikin 2nd edition - "Rus", 1887), "Czech Overture" (1867), fantasy na gabas ga piano. "Islamey" (1869), waka mai ban mamaki "Tamara", ya fara a 1866 kuma ya ƙare shekaru da yawa bayan haka.

Balakirev m, wasan kwaikwayo, kida da kuma zamantakewa ayyukan sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi girma mawaƙa, da kuma A. Dargomyzhsky, wanda ya zama shugaban RMS, gudanar da gayyatar Balakirev a matsayin shugaba (lokaci 1867/68 da kuma 1868/69). Yanzu kiɗan mawaƙa na "Maɗaukaki Handful" ya yi sauti a cikin kide-kide na Society, farkon wasan kwaikwayo na Borodin's First Symphony ya yi nasara.

Ya zama kamar cewa rayuwar Balakirev ta ci gaba, cewa gaba shine hawan zuwa sabon matsayi. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani duk abin da ya canza da girma: Balakirev aka cire daga gudanar da kide kide da RMO. Zaluncin abin da ya faru a fili yake. Tchaikovsky da Stasov sun nuna fushi, wadanda suka yi magana a cikin manema labarai. Balakirev ya canza duk ƙarfinsa zuwa Makarantar Kiɗa ta Kyauta, yana ƙoƙarin yin adawa da kide-kide da kide-kide na Musical Society. Amma gasa tare da masu hannu da shuni, cibiyar da aka ba da tallafi ta kasance mai ban mamaki. Daya bayan daya Balakirev yana fama da gazawa, rashin tsaro na kayansa ya koma matsananciyar bukata, kuma wannan, idan ya cancanta, don tallafawa 'yan uwansa mata bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Babu dama don kerawa. Kore don yanke ƙauna, mawakin har ma yana da tunanin kashe kansa. Ba wanda zai goyi bayansa: ’yan uwansa a cikin da’irar sun ƙaura, kowa ya shagaltu da nasa shirin. Shawarar Balakirev ta karya har abada tare da fasahar kiɗan ya kasance kamar ƙulli daga shuɗi a gare su. Bai saurari roko da lallashinsu ba, sai ya shiga Ofishin Shagon Titin Jirgin Kasa na Warsaw. Mummunan lamari wanda ya raba rayuwar mawakin zuwa lokuta guda biyu masu ban mamaki ya faru a watan Yuni 1872….

Ko da yake Balakirev bai yi aiki na dogon lokaci a ofishin ba, komawarsa zuwa kiɗa ya daɗe kuma yana da wahala a ciki. Yana samun abin rayuwa ta hanyar darussan piano, amma ba ya tsara kansa, yana zaune a keɓe da kaɗaici. Sai kawai a ƙarshen 70s. ya fara nunawa tare da abokai. Amma wannan mutum ne daban. Sha'awar da kuzari mai ban sha'awa na mutumin da ya raba - ko da yake ba koyaushe ba - ra'ayoyin ci gaba na 60s, an maye gurbinsu da tsattsauran ra'ayi, masu tsoron Allah da siyasa, hukunce-hukuncen gefe guda. Waraka bayan gogaggen rikicin bai zo ba. Balakirev ya sake zama shugaban makarantar kiɗan da ya bari, yana aiki akan kammala Tamara (bisa waƙar wannan sunan Lermontov), ​​wanda aka fara aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin marubucin a cikin bazara na 1883. Sabbin, yawanci piano guda, sabbin bugu sun bayyana (Overture a kan jigon Mutanen Espanya Maris, waƙar waƙa "Rus"). A tsakiyar 90s. An kirkiro soyayya 10. Balakirev ya tsara sosai sannu a hankali. Ee, an fara a cikin 60s. Na farko Symphony da aka kammala kawai bayan fiye da shekaru 30 (1897), a cikin biyu Piano Concerto yi ciki a lokaci guda, mawaki ya rubuta kawai 2 ƙungiyoyi (cikakken S. Lyapunov), aiki a kan na biyu Symphony mika for 8 shekaru (1900). 08-1903). A cikin 04-1883. jerin kyawawan soyayya sun bayyana. Duk da bala'in da ya fuskanta, nisa daga tsoffin abokansa, rawar Balakirev a cikin rayuwar kiɗa yana da mahimmanci. A cikin 94-1876. ya kasance manajan Kotun Chapel kuma, tare da haɗin gwiwar Rimsky-Korsakov, wanda ba a san shi ba ya canza ilimin kiɗa a can, yana sanya shi a kan sana'a. Dalibai mafi hazaka na ɗakin sujada sun kafa da'irar kiɗa a kusa da shugabansu. Balakirev kuma shi ne cibiyar da ake kira Weimar Circle, wanda ya sadu da Academician A. Pypik a 1904-XNUMX; A nan ya yi da dukan shirye-shiryen kide kide. Wasiƙar Balakirev tare da mawakan kida na ƙasashen waje suna da yawa kuma suna da ma'ana: tare da mawaƙin Faransanci kuma marubuci L. Bourgault-Ducudray da mai sukar M. Calvocoressi, tare da ɗan wasan kida da jama'a na Czech B. Kalensky.

Balakirev's symphonic music yana ƙara samun suna. Yana sauti ba kawai a babban birnin kasar ba, har ma a cikin biranen lardunan Rasha, an yi nasara a kasashen waje - a Brussels, Paris, Copenhagen, Munich, Heidelberg, Berlin. Dan kasar Sipaniya R. Vines ne ke buga piano sonata, “Islamea” sanannen I. Hoffman ne ya yi. Shahararrun waƙar Balakirev, amincewar da ya yi a ƙasashen waje a matsayin shugaban kiɗan Rasha, kamar yadda yake, ya rama mummunan ɓarna daga al'ada a ƙasarsa.

Balakirev's al'adun kirkire-kirkire kadan ne, amma yana da wadata a cikin binciken fasaha wanda ya tara kidan Rasha a rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. Tamara ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyuka na bangaranci irin na ƙasa da kuma waƙa ta musamman. A cikin soyayyar Balakirev, akwai dabaru da yawa da binciken rubutu waɗanda suka haifar da kiɗan murya na waje - a cikin rubutun kayan aikin Rimsky-Korsakov, a cikin waƙoƙin opera na Borodin.

Tarin waƙoƙin jama'a na Rasha ba kawai ya buɗe sabon mataki a cikin al'adun gargajiya na kiɗa ba, har ma ya wadatar da wasan opera na Rasha da kiɗan kiɗan tare da kyawawan jigogi masu yawa. Balakirev ya kasance mai kyau editan kiɗa: duk farkon abubuwan Mussorgsky, Borodin da Rimsky-Korsakov sun ratsa hannunsa. Ya shirya don buga maki na biyu operas ta Glinka (tare da Rimsky-Korsakov), da kuma abubuwan da F. Chopin ya tsara. Balakirev ya rayu mai girma rayuwa, a cikin abin da akwai biyu m m ups da kuma m cin nasara, amma a kan dukan shi ne rayuwa na gaskiya m artist.

E. Gordeeva