Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus |

Heinrich Neuhaus asalin

Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus aka haife kan Afrilu 12, 1888 a Ukraine, a birnin Elisavetgrad. Iyayensa sun kasance sanannun mawaƙa-malamai a cikin birni, waɗanda suka kafa makarantar kiɗa a can. Kawun mahaifiyar Henry ƙwararren ɗan wasan pian ne na ƙasar Rasha, jagora kuma mawaki FM Blumenfeld, kuma ɗan uwansa - Karol Szymanowski, daga baya fitaccen mawakin Poland.

Hazakar yaron ta bayyana kanta tun da wuri, amma, abin ban mamaki, a lokacin yaro bai sami ilimin kida na yau da kullun ba. Ci gaban wasan pian ɗinsa ya ci gaba gabaɗaya, yana biyayya ga ƙarfin kiɗan da ke cikinsa. Neuhaus ya ce: “Lokacin da nake ɗan shekara takwas ko tara, na fara koyon piano kaɗan da farko, sai kuma daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗawa, daɗaɗa ƙwazo na ƙware wajen yin piano. Wani lokaci (wannan ya kasance daga baya kadan) Na kai ga cikakkiyar damuwa: Ba ni da lokaci don tashi, kamar yadda na riga na ji kiɗa a cikin kaina, kiɗa na, kuma kusan duk rana.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyu, Henry ya fara bayyanar da jama'a a garinsu. A cikin 1906, iyayen sun aika Heinrich da 'yar'uwarsa Natalia, kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, don yin karatu a ƙasashen waje a Berlin. Bisa shawarar FM Blumenfeld da kuma AK Glazunov mai ba da shawara shi ne shahararren mawaki Leopold Godovsky.

Duk da haka, Heinrich ya ɗauki darussa goma na sirri kawai daga Godowsky kuma ya ɓace daga fagen hangen nesa na kusan shekaru shida. "Shekarun yawo" sun fara. Neuhaus yana ɗokin sha'awar duk abin da al'adun Turai za su iya ba shi. Matashin mai wasan piano yana ba da kide-kide a biranen Jamus, Austria, Italiya, Poland. Jama'a da manema labarai sun karɓi Neuhaus da kyau. Reviews sun lura da sikelin na gwaninta da kuma bayyana bege cewa pianist a ƙarshe zai dauki wani gagarumin wuri a cikin music duniya.

"A shekara sha shida ko sha bakwai, na fara "hankali"; ikon fahimta, yin nazari a farke, na sanya duk abin da nake yi na pianism, duk tattalin arzikin pian na cikin tambaya,” in ji Neuhaus. “Na yanke shawarar cewa ban san kayan aikin ko jikina ba, kuma dole ne in sake farawa. Domin watanni (!) Na fara wasa mafi sauƙi motsa jiki da etudes, farawa da yatsu biyar, tare da manufa ɗaya kawai: don daidaita hannuna da yatsunsu gaba ɗaya zuwa dokokin maɓalli, don aiwatar da ka'idar tattalin arziki har zuwa ƙarshe, zuwa wasa "a hankali", kamar yadda aka tsara pianola a hankali; Tabbas, ainihin ma'anar kyawun sautin da nake da shi ya kasance mafi girma (Kullum ina da kunne mai kyau da bakin ciki) kuma wannan tabbas shine abu mafi mahimmanci a kowane lokaci lokacin da ni, tare da sha'awar manic, na yi ƙoƙarin cirewa kawai. "mafi kyawun sauti" daga piano, da kiɗa, zane-zane mai rai, a zahiri kulle shi a kasan kirjin kuma bai fitar da shi na dogon lokaci ba (waƙar ta ci gaba da rayuwa a waje da piano).

Tun 1912, Neuhaus ya sake fara karatu tare da Godowsky a Makarantar Masters a Vienna Academy of Music and Performing Arts, wanda ya kammala karatunsa da haske a 1914. A cikin rayuwarsa, Neuhaus ya tuna da malaminsa da jin daɗi sosai, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malamai. "Babban virtuoso pianists na zamanin Rubinstein." Barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko ya faranta wa mawaƙa rai: “A yayin taron gangami, dole ne in tafi a zaman sirri mai sauƙi. Haɗa sunana na ƙarshe tare da difloma daga Kwalejin Vienna bai yi kyau ba. Sai muka tsai da shawara a majalisar iyali cewa ina bukatan samun difloma daga Makarantar Conservatory ta Rasha. Bayan matsaloli daban-daban (duk da haka ina jin warin aikin soja, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka sake shi da "farar tikitin"), na tafi Petrograd, a cikin bazara na 1915 na ci nasara a dukan jarrabawa a ɗakin ajiyar kuma na sami difloma da lakabin " free artist”. Wata safiya mai kyau a FM Blumenfeld, wayar ta buga: darektan reshen Tiflis na IRMO Sh.D. Nikolaev tare da shawara cewa na zo daga kaka na wannan shekara don koyarwa a Tiflis. Ba tare da tunani sau biyu ba, na yarda. Saboda haka, daga Oktoba 1916, a karon farko, na gaba ɗaya “a hukumance” (tun da na fara aiki a wata hukuma) ta bi tafarkin malamin kiɗa na Rasha da mai wasan piano.

Bayan wani lokacin rani na ɗan lokaci a Timoshovka tare da Shimanovskys, wani ɓangare a Elisavetgrad, sai na isa Tiflis a watan Oktoba, inda nan da nan na fara aiki a ɗakin ɗakin karatu na gaba, wanda a lokacin ake kira Makarantar Musical na Reshen Tiflis da Ƙungiyar Kiɗa na Rasha.

Daliban sun kasance mafi rauni, yawancinsu a zamaninmu da wuya a yarda su shiga makarantar kiɗan yanki. Ban da ƴan kaɗan, aikina shine “aiki mai wahala” da na ɗanɗana a Elisavetgrad. Amma wani kyakkyawan birni, kudu, wasu abokai masu jin daɗi, da sauransu sun ba ni lada don wahala ta ƙwararru. Ba da da ewa na fara yin kide-kide na solo, a cikin kade-kade na kade-kade da kade-kade tare da abokin aikina Evgeny Mikhailovich Guzikov mawaƙin violin.

Daga Oktoba 1919 zuwa Oktoba 1922 ni farfesa ne a Kyiv Conservatory. Duk da nauyin koyarwa mai nauyi, tsawon shekaru na ba da kide-kide da yawa tare da shirye-shirye iri-iri (daga Bach zuwa Prokofiev da Shimanovsky). BL Yavorsky da FM Blumenfeld sannan kuma suna koyarwa a Kyiv Conservatory. A watan Oktoba, FM Blumenfeld da ni, bisa ga buƙatar Commissar Jama'a AV Lunacharsky, an tura shi zuwa Moscow Conservatory. Yavorsky ya ƙaura zuwa Moscow 'yan watanni kafin mu. Ta haka ne aka fara "lokacin Moscow na ayyukan kiɗa na."

Saboda haka, a cikin kaka na 1922 Neuhaus zauna a Moscow. Yana wasa a cikin solo da na kade-kade, yana yin tare da Beethoven Quartet. Da farko tare da N. Blinder, sannan tare da M. Polyakin, mawaƙin yana ba da hawan keke na maraice na sonata. Shirye-shiryen kide-kide nasa, kuma a baya sun bambanta, sun haɗa da ayyukan marubuta iri-iri, nau'o'i da salo iri-iri.

"Wane ne a cikin shekaru ashirin da talatin ya saurari waɗannan jawabai na Neuhaus," in ji Ya.I. Milstein, - ya sami wani abu don rayuwa wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi a cikin kalmomi ba. Neuhaus zai iya yin wasa fiye ko žasa da nasara (bai taba zama dan wasan pianist ba - wani bangare saboda karuwar jin dadi, canji mai mahimmanci a cikin yanayi, wani ɓangare saboda mahimmancin ƙa'idar haɓakawa, ikon lokacin). Amma koyaushe yana jan hankalinsa, ya zaburar da shi kuma ya zaburar da shi game da wasansa. Ya kasance ko da yaushe daban-daban kuma a lokaci guda daya artist-mahalicci: ga alama cewa bai yi music, amma a nan, a kan mataki, ya halitta shi. Babu wani abu na wucin gadi, na tsari, da aka kwafi a wasansa. Ya mallaki hankali mai ban mamaki da tsabta ta ruhaniya, tunanin da ba ya ƙarewa, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ya san yadda za a ji da kuma bayyana duk abin da ke ɓoye, a ɓoye (bari mu tuna, alal misali, ƙaunarsa ga maƙasudin aikin: "kana buƙatar shiga cikin yanayi). - bayan haka, yana cikin wannan, da kyar ake iya gane shi kuma yana iya dacewa da bayanin kida, jigon ra'ayin, duka hoton ... "). Ya mallaki mafi kyawun launukan sauti don isar da mafi ƙanƙantar yanayin ji, waɗancan sauye-sauyen yanayi waɗanda ba za su iya isa ga yawancin masu wasan kwaikwayo ba. Ya yi biyayya ga abin da ya yi kuma ya sake ƙirƙira shi. Ya ba da kansa gaba ɗaya don jin da a wasu lokuta yakan zama kamar mara iyaka a cikinsa. Kuma a lokaci guda, ya kasance mai tsauri ga kansa, yana sukar kowane dalla-dalla na aikin. Shi da kansa ya taba yarda cewa "mai yin wani abu ne mai rikitarwa kuma mai sabani", cewa "yana son abin da yake aikatawa, kuma yana sukar shi, kuma yana yi masa biyayya kwata-kwata, kuma ya sake yin aiki da shi ta hanyarsa", cewa "a wasu lokuta, da shi. ba daidai ba ne cewa mai sukar mai tsaurin ra'ayi tare da sha'awar shari'a ya mamaye ransa, "amma" a cikin mafi kyawun lokacin yana jin cewa aikin da ake yi, kamar nasa ne, kuma yana zubar da hawaye na farin ciki, jin dadi da ƙauna. shi.

Ƙirƙirar haɓakar haɓakar ɗan wasan pian ɗin da sauri ya sami sauƙaƙa sosai ta hanyar abokan hulɗa da manyan mawakan Moscow - K. Igumnov, B. Yavorsky, N. Myaskovsky, S. Feinberg da sauransu. Babban mahimmanci ga Neuhaus sun kasance tarurruka akai-akai tare da mawaƙa na Moscow, masu fasaha, da marubuta. Daga cikinsu akwai B. Pasternak, R. Falk, A. Gabrichevsky, V. Asmus, N. Wilmont, I. Andronikov.

A cikin talifi na “Heinrich Neuhaus” da aka buga a shekara ta 1937, V. Delson ya rubuta: “Akwai mutanen da sana’arsu ba ta da bambanci da rayuwarsu. Waɗannan masu sha'awar aikinsu ne, mutane masu himma wajen ƙirƙira, kuma tafarkin rayuwarsu ci gaba ne mai ƙona ƙirƙira. Irin wannan ne Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus.

Haka ne, kuma wasan Neuhaus iri ɗaya ne kamar yadda yake - hadari, mai aiki, kuma a lokaci guda ya tsara kuma yayi tunani zuwa sauti na ƙarshe. Kuma a piano, abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin Neuhaus suna da alama suna "cima" tsarin aikinsa, kuma ba tare da haquri ba, kalmomin ban mamaki sun fashe a cikin wasansa, da komai (daidai komai, kuma ba kawai lokaci ba!) A cikin wannan wasan shine ba tare da katsewa cikin sauri ba, cike da girman kai da jajircewa "yunƙuri," kamar yadda I. Andronikov ya faɗi daidai sau ɗaya.

A 1922, wani taron ya faru, wanda ya ƙaddara dukan nan gaba m rabo na Neuhaus: ya zama farfesa a Moscow Conservatory. Shekaru arba'in da biyu, aikinsa na koyarwa ya ci gaba a wannan jami'a mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya ba da sakamako mai ban mamaki kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa ya ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawar fahimtar makarantar piano na Soviet a duk duniya. A 1935-1937, Neuhaus ya zama darektan Moscow Conservatory. A cikin 1936-1941 kuma daga 1944 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1964, ya kasance shugaban Sashen Piano na Musamman.

Sai kawai a cikin mummunan shekaru na Babban Patriotic War, an tilasta masa dakatar da ayyukan koyarwa. Genrikh Gustavovich ya rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa: “A Yuli 1942, an tura ni zuwa Sverdlovsk in yi aiki a Ural da Kyiv (an ɗauke ni na ɗan lokaci zuwa Sverdlovsk). – Na zauna a can har zuwa Oktoba 1944, lokacin da aka mayar da ni Moscow, zuwa ga Conservatory. A lokacin da na zauna a Urals (ban da aikin koyarwa mai kuzari), na ba da kide-kide da yawa a Sverdlovsk kanta da sauran biranen: Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Kirov, Sarapul, Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Perm.

Farkon soyayya na mawaƙin mawaƙin ya kuma bayyana a cikin tsarin koyarwarsa. A cikin darussansa, duniyar fantasy mai fuka-fuki ta yi mulki, ta 'yantar da sojojin kirkire-kirkire na matasan pianists.

Tun daga shekara ta 1932, ɗaliban Neuhaus da yawa sun sami kyaututtuka a mafi yawan wakilai na ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da gasar piano na duniya - a Warsaw da Vienna, Brussels da Paris, Leipzig da Moscow.

Makarantar Neuhaus reshe ne mai ƙarfi na ƙirar piano na zamani. Abin da masu fasaha daban-daban suka fito daga karkashin reshe - Svyatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak, Evgeny Malinin, Stanislav Neigauz, Vladimir Krainev, Alexei Lyubimov. Tun 1935, Neuhaus a kai a kai ya bayyana a cikin manema labarai tare da articles a kan Topical al'amurran da suka shafi ci gaban da m art, da kuma nazarin kide kide da Soviet da kuma kasashen waje mawaƙa. A cikin 1958, an buga littafinsa "A kan Art of Piano Playing" a Muzgiz. Bayanan kula na malami", wanda aka sake buga shi akai-akai a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

"A cikin tarihin al'adun pian na Rasha, Heinrich Gustavovich Neuhaus wani abu ne da ba kasafai ba," in ji Ya.I. Milstein. - Sunansa yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin tsoro na tunani, tashin hankali mai zafi, haɓaka mai ban mamaki kuma a lokaci guda amincin yanayi. Duk wanda ya dandana karfin iyawarsa, yana da wuya a manta da wasansa na gaske da aka yi masa wahayi, wanda ya ba mutane farin ciki, farin ciki da haske. Duk abin da ke waje ya koma baya kafin kyakkyawa da mahimmancin gwaninta na ciki. Babu komai a fili, samfuri da tambari a cikin wannan wasan. Ta kasance cike da rayuwa, rashin jin daɗi, abin burgewa ba kawai tare da bayyananniyar tunani da tabbatarwa ba, har ma da ainihin ji, filastik na ban mamaki da sauƙi na hotunan kiɗa. Neuhaus ya taka leda sosai da gaske, a zahiri, a sauƙaƙe, kuma a lokaci guda mai matuƙar sha'awa, da sha'awa, rashin son kai. Ƙunƙarar ruhi, haɓakar ƙirƙira, konewar motsin rai sun kasance mahimmin halaye na yanayin fasaharsa. Shekaru da yawa sun shuɗe, abubuwa da yawa sun tsufa, sun ɓace, sun lalace, amma fasaharsa, fasahar mawaƙa-mawaƙi, ta kasance matashi, mai ɗaci da zaburarwa.