Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya |

Ksenia Derzhinskaya

Rabin karni da suka wuce, a cikin watan Yuni na nisa 1951, Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya ya rasu. Derzhinskaya na da m galaxy na Rasha mawaƙa na farkon rabin na 20th karni, wanda art daga bisa na yau alama a gare mu kusan misali. Mutane Artist na Tarayyar Soviet, Laureate na Stalin Prize, soloist na Bolshoi Theater fiye da shekaru talatin, farfesa a Moscow Conservatory, mai riƙe da mafi girma Soviet umarni - za ka iya samun taƙaitaccen bayani game da ita a cikin kowane gida encyclopedic reference littafin. , An rubuta labarai da kasidu game da fasaharta a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kuma da farko, abin da ya dace a cikin wannan nasa ne na sanannen masanin kida na Soviet EA Grosheva, amma a zahiri an manta da wannan sunan a yau.

Da yake magana game da tsohon girma na Bolshoi, mu sau da yawa tuna ta mazan manyan zamani - Chaliapin, Sobinov, Nezhdanova, ko takwarorinsu, wanda art ya fi shahara a cikin Soviet shekaru - Obukhova, Kozlovsky, Lemeshev, Barsova, Pirogovs, Mikhailov. Dalili na wannan shi ne tabbas na wani tsari daban-daban: Derzhinskaya ya kasance mawaƙa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na ilimi, kusan ba ta rera waƙar Soviet, waƙoƙin jama'a ko tsohuwar soyayya ba, da wuya ta yi a rediyo ko a zauren kide-kide, ko da yake ta ta shahara da dabarar mai fassara ta kiɗan ɗakin gida, galibi tana mai da hankali kan aiki a gidan wasan opera, ta bar faifai kaɗan. Koyaushe fasaharta ta kasance mafi girman ma'auni, ingantaccen ilimi, ƙila ba koyaushe za a iya fahimta ga mutanen zamaninta ba, amma a lokaci guda mai sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali. Duk da haka, ko ta yaya wadannan dalilai na iya zama haƙiƙa, da alama cewa mantar da fasaha na irin wannan master ba za a iya kira adalci: Rasha al'ada mai arziki a basses, ta ba duniya da yawa fitattun mezzo-sopranos da coloratura sopranos, da kuma. mawaƙa na wani shiri mai ban mamaki a kan sikelin Derzhinsky a cikin tarihin Rasha ba su da yawa. "Golden Soprano na Bolshoi Theater" shi ne sunan da aka baiwa Ksenia Derzhinskaya ta masu sha'awar basirarta. Saboda haka, a yau mun tuna da fitaccen dan wasan Rasha, wanda fasaharsa ta yi farin ciki da babban mataki na kasar fiye da shekaru talatin.

Derzhinskaya ya zo Rasha art a wuya, m lokaci a gare shi da kuma ga makomar kasar gaba daya. Zai yiwu ta dukan m hanya ta fadi a lokacin da rayuwar Bolshoi gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma rayuwar Rasha, babu shakka, rinjayar juna, ya kasance, kamar yadda, hotuna daga mabanbanta duniya. A lokacin da ta fara aiki a matsayin mawaƙa, kuma Derzhinskaya sanya ta halarta a karon a 1913 a cikin opera na Sergievsky mutane House (ta zo zuwa ga Bolshoi shekaru biyu daga baya), Rasha da aka rayuwa a cikin wahala rayuwa na wani warai rashin lafiya. Wannan babban, guguwar duniya ta riga ta kasance a bakin kofa. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a zamanin kafin juyin juya hali, akasin haka, ya kasance haikalin fasaha da gaske - bayan shekaru da yawa na rinjaye na repertoire na biyu, kodadde shugabanci da scenography, rauni vocals, a farkon karni na 20 wannan colossus ya samu. canza bayan ganewa, ya fara rayuwa sabuwar rayuwa, kyalkyali da sababbin launuka, yana nuna duniya samfurori masu ban mamaki na mafi kyawun halitta. Rasha vocal makaranta, kuma, a sama da duka, a cikin mutum na manyan soloists na Bolshoi, kai unprecedented Heights, a kan mataki na wasan kwaikwayo, ban da riga aka ambata Chaliapin, Sobinov da Nezhdanova, Deisha-Sionitskaya da Salina. Smirnov da Alchevsky, Baklanov da Bonachich, Yermolenko-Yuzhina sun haskaka da Balanovskaya. Ya kasance zuwa irin wannan haikalin cewa matashin mawaƙin ya zo a cikin 1915 don ya haɗa makomarta da shi har abada kuma ya ɗauki matsayi mafi girma a ciki.

Shigarta a cikin rayuwar Bolshoi ya kasance mai sauri: tun lokacin da ta fara halarta a karon farko a matsayin Yaroslavna, a farkon kakar wasa ta raira waƙa da rabon zaki na manyan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na The Enchantress, wanda aka sabunta bayan an sake sabuntawa. dogon mantawa, da kuma kadan daga baya aka zaba da babban Chaliapin, wanda ya taka a karo na farko a cikin Bolshoi Verdi ta "Don Carlos" da kuma raira waƙa a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon na Sarki Philip, a kan wani ɓangare na Elizabeth na Valois.

Derzhinskaya da farko ya zo gidan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mawaƙa a cikin rawar shirin farko, ko da yake ta kasance kawai kakar wasa a bayanta a cikin kasuwancin opera. Amma ƙwarewar muryarta da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mataki nan da nan suka sanya ta a cikin na farko kuma mafi kyau. Samun duk abin da daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo a farkon ta aiki - na farko sassa, repertoire zabi daga, shugaba - wani ruhaniya uba, aboki da kuma jagoranci a cikin mutum Vyacheslav Ivanovich Suk - Derzhinskaya ya kasance da aminci a gare shi har zuwa karshen. na kwanakinta. Mafi kyawun gidajen opera a duniya, ciki har da Metropolitan New York, Paris Grand Opera da Opera na Jihar Berlin, ba su yi nasara ba don samun mawaƙin na aƙalla lokaci guda. Kawai da zarar Derzhinskaya canza ta mulki, yin a 1926 a kan mataki na Opera na Paris a daya daga cikin mafi kyau ayyuka - wani ɓangare na Fevronia gudanar Emil Cooper. Ayyukanta na ƙasashen waje kawai shine babban nasara - a cikin wasan opera Rimsky-Korsakov, wanda ba a sani ba ga masu sauraron Faransanci, mawaƙin ya nuna duk ƙwarewar muryarta, yana gudanar da isarwa ga masu sauraro masu ban sha'awa duk kyawawan kyawawan kayan gargajiya na Rashanci, kyawawan halaye. , zurfin da asali. Jaridun Parisian sun yaba da "la'alla mai ban sha'awa da sassaucin muryarta, kyakkyawar makaranta, ƙamus mara kyau, kuma mafi mahimmanci, ilhamar da ta buga wasan gabaɗaya, don haka ta kashe shi har tsawon ayyukan hudu a gare ta bai raunana ba. minti.” Shin akwai mawaƙan Rasha da yawa a yau waɗanda, waɗanda suka sami irin wannan kyakyawan suka a ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren kade-kade na duniya da kuma samun tayin da suka fi jan hankali daga manyan gidajen wasan opera na duniya, ba za su iya zama a ƙasashen yamma na aƙalla ƴan yanayi ba. ? Me yasa Derzhinskaya ya ƙi duk waɗannan shawarwari? Bayan haka, shekara ta 26, ba 37th ba, haka ma, akwai irin wannan misalai (misali mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi Theatre mezzo Faina Petrova ya yi aiki na yanayi uku a wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York Metropolitan a ƙarshen 20s). Yana da wuya a amsa wannan tambayar babu shakka. Duk da haka, a cikin ra'ayinmu, daya daga cikin dalilan ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa fasahar Derzhinskaya ta kasance mai zurfin ƙasa: ta kasance mawaƙa na Rasha kuma ta fi son raira waƙa ga masu sauraron Rasha. A cikin repertoire na Rasha ne aka fi bayyana hazakar mawaƙin, rawar da aka yi a wasan operas na Rasha ne suka fi kusanci da kyakkyawar manufa ta mawaƙa. Ksenia Derzhinskaya ta ƙirƙira dukkanin hotunan hotunan matan Rasha a cikin rayuwarta ta kirkira: Natasha a cikin Mermaid na Dargomyzhsky, Gorislava a cikin Glinka's Ruslan da Lyudmila, Masha a cikin Dubrovsky na Napravnik, Tamara a cikin Rubinstein's The Demon, Yaroslavna a cikin Borodin's Prince Igor, Kuma Nastasya Wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky, Kupava, Militris, Fevroniya da Vera Sheloga a cikin wasan operas na Rimsky-Korsakov. Wadannan ayyuka sun yi galaba a cikin aikin wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa. Amma mafi kyawun halittar Derzhinskaya, a cewar masu zamani, shine ɓangaren Lisa a cikin wasan opera na Tchaikovsky The Queen of Spades.

Ƙauna ga repertoire na Rasha da nasarar da ke tare da mawaƙa a cikinta ba ta dame shi daga cancantar ta a cikin rubutun yammacin Turai, inda ta ji dadi a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban - Italiyanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci. Irin wannan "omnivorousness", yin la'akari da dandano mai laushi, al'adun mafi girma wanda ya kasance a cikin zane-zane, da mutuncin yanayi, yana magana game da yanayin duniya na basirar muryar mawaƙa. Matakin Moscow a yau ya kusan manta game da Wagner, yana ba gidan wasan kwaikwayo Mariinsky jagora a cikin ginin "Rasha Wagneriana", yayin da kafin yakin, ana yin wasan kwaikwayo na Wagner a Bolshoi Theater. A cikin wadannan shirye-shiryen, gwanin Derzhinskaya a matsayin mawaƙin Wagnerian ya bayyana a wata hanya mai ban mamaki, wanda ya rera waka a cikin opera biyar ta Bayreuth hazaka - Tannhäuser (bangaren Elizabeth), The Nuremberg Mastersingers (Hauwa), Valkyrie (Brünnhilde), Lohengrin (Ortrud). , wasan kwaikwayo na "Tristan da Isolde" (Isolde). Derzhinskaya ba majagaba ba ne a cikin "humanization" na jarumawan Wagnerian; A gabanta, Sobinov da Nezhdanova sun riga sun kafa irin wannan al'ada tare da karatunsu mai ban sha'awa na Lohengrin, wanda suka tsarkake su daga wuce gona da iri da jarumtaka, suna cika shi da haske, kalmomi masu rai. Duk da haka, ta mayar da wannan kwarewa zuwa sassa na jaruntaka na wasan kwaikwayo na Wagner, wanda har sai lokacin da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo suka fassara su a cikin ruhun Teutonic manufa na superman. Farkon almara da lyrical - abubuwa biyu, don haka ba kamar juna ba, sun kasance daidai da nasara ga mawaƙa, ko Rimsky-Korsakov's ko operas Wagner. A cikin jarumawan Wagnerian na Derzhinskaya babu wani abu mai girma, mai ban tsoro na wucin gadi, mai girman kai, rashin jin daɗi da sanyin rai: sun kasance a raye - ƙauna da wahala, ƙiyayya da faɗa, lyrical da ɗaukaka, a cikin kalma, mutane a cikin kowane iri-iri. ji da suka mamaye su, wanda ke tattare da ƙima mara mutuwa.

A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci, Derzhinskaya ya kasance babban mashawarcin bel Canto ga jama'a, duk da haka, ba ta yarda da sha'awar sauti ba. Daga cikin jarumawan Verdi, Aida ita ce mafi kusanci ga mawaƙa, wanda kusan kusan duk rayuwarta ta kere kere ba ta rabu da ita ba. Muryar mawakiyar gaba daya ta ba ta damar rera mafi yawan sassan wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki tare da manyan bugun jini, a cikin ruhin hadisai na gaskiya. Amma Derzhinskaya ko da yaushe yayi ƙoƙari ya fita daga cikin ilimin halin mutum na kayan kiɗa, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da sake tunani na fassarori na al'ada tare da sakin farkon lyrical. Wannan shi ne yadda mai zane ya warware "ta" Aida: ba tare da rage tsananin sha'awar a cikin fina-finai masu ban mamaki ba, duk da haka ta jaddada lyricism na sashin jarumar ta, yana mai da bayyanarsa a matsayin ma'anar fassarar hoton.

Hakanan za'a iya faɗi game da Turandot na Puccini, wanda ɗan wasan farko na wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi shine Derzhinskaya (1931). Da yardar kaina nasara da tessitura hadaddun na wannan bangare, fairly cike da forte fortissimo, Derzhinskaya duk da haka kokarin isar da su dumi, musamman a wurin da gimbiya ta canji daga m villain zuwa wani m halitta.

Rayuwar mataki na Derzhinskaya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi ya yi farin ciki. Mawakiyar ba ta san kishiyoyin juna ba a kusan dukkanin ayyukanta, kodayake kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo a wadannan shekarun ta kunshi fitattun malamai. Duk da haka, babu buƙatar yin magana game da kwanciyar hankali: mai ilimin Rasha zuwa ga bargon ƙasusuwanta, Derzhinskaya shine nama da jinin wannan duniyar, wanda sabuwar gwamnati ta kawar da rashin tausayi. Halin kirki, wanda ya zama sananne musamman a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 30s bayan tashin hankali na shekarun juyin juya hali, lokacin da ainihin wanzuwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da nau'in nau'in ya faru, ya faru ne a kan bango na mummunan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kasa. A zahiri zalunci bai taɓa Bolshoi ba - Stalin yana son gidan wasan kwaikwayo na "sa" - duk da haka, ba daidai ba ne cewa mawaƙin opera yana da ma'ana sosai a wannan zamanin: lokacin da aka dakatar da kalmar, ta hanyar cikakkiyar waƙar su ne mafi kyawun mawaƙa na. Rasha ta bayyana bakin ciki da bacin rai da suka mamaye kasarsu ta haihuwa, inda suka sami amsa mai dadi a cikin zukatan masu saurare.

Muryar Derzhinskaya wani kayan aiki ne na dabara kuma na musamman, cike da nuances da chiaroscuro. Mawaƙiyar ta kafa ta ne da wuri, don haka ta fara darussan murya yayin da take karatu a gidan motsa jiki. Ba duk abin da ke tafiya daidai a kan wannan hanya ba, amma a ƙarshe Derzhinskaya ya sami malaminta, wanda ta sami kyakkyawar makaranta, wanda ya ba ta damar zama mashawarcin murya na shekaru masu yawa. Elena Teryan-Korganova, sanannen singer kanta, dalibi na Pauline Viardot da Matilda Marchesi, ya zama irin wannan malami.

Derzhinskaya ya mallaki soprano mai ƙarfi, mai haske, mai tsafta da laushi mai laushi na ƙwaƙƙwaran katako na musamman, har ma a cikin duk rajista, tare da haske, tsayi mai tashi, mai da hankali mai ban mamaki na sonorous na tsakiya da cikakken jini, bayanan ƙirji masu wadata. Wani abu na musamman na muryarta shine taushin sa da ba a saba gani ba. Muryar tana da girma, mai ban mamaki, amma mai sassauƙa, ba tare da motsi ba, wanda, haɗe tare da kewayon octaves biyu da rabi, ya ba wa mawaƙa damar yin nasarar yin nasara (kuma da kyawu a wancan) sassa na lyric-coloratura (misali, Marguerite a ciki). Gounod's Faust). Mawaƙiyar ta ƙware da dabarun rera waƙa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, don haka a cikin sassa mafi wahala, waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin son kai da magana, ko ma juriya ta zahiri kawai - irin su Brunhilde ko Turandot - ba ta fuskanci wata matsala ba. Musamman abin sha'awa shine mawaƙin mawaƙin, wanda ya dogara da ainihin numfashi, mai tsayi har ma, tare da fa'ida, waƙar Rasha zalla, da kuma ɓacin rai da piano maras misaltuwa akan babban bayanin kula - a nan mawaƙin ya kasance gwanin da ba a iya misaltawa. Samun murya mai ƙarfi, Derzhinskaya ta dabi'a duk da haka ya kasance mai basira da ruhi, wanda, kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, ya ba ta damar faruwa a cikin repertoire na ɗakin. Bugu da ƙari, wannan gefen gwaninta na singer kuma ya bayyana kanta da wuri - daga ɗakin kide-kide a 1911 ya fara aikin rera waƙa: sa'an nan kuma ta yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na marubucin Rachmaninov tare da romances. Derzhinskaya ya kasance mai mahimmanci kuma mai fassara na asali na waƙoƙin soyayya ta Tchaikovsky da Rimsky-Korsakov, mawaƙa biyu mafi kusa da ita.

Bayan barin Bolshoi gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1948, Ksenia Georgievna koyar a Moscow Conservatory, amma ba na dogon lokaci: rabo bar ta kawai 62 shekaru. Ta mutu a ranar tunawa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na asali a 1951 - shekara ta 175th ranar tunawa.

Muhimmancin fasaha na Derzhinskaya yana cikin hidimarta ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na asali, ƙasarta ta haihuwa, cikin ladabi da kwanciyar hankali. A cikin dukkan bayyanarta, a cikin dukan aikinta akwai wani abu daga Kitezhan Fevronia - a cikin fasaharta babu wani abu na waje, mai ban mamaki ga jama'a, duk abin da yake da sauƙi, bayyananne kuma wani lokacin ma a hankali. Duk da haka, shi - kamar tushen bazara wanda ba a rufe shi ba - ya kasance matashi mara iyaka da ban sha'awa.

A. Matusevich, 2001