Joseph Haydn |

Joseph Haydan

Wannan kida ce ta gaske! Wannan shi ne abin da ya kamata a ji dadin, wannan shi ne abin da ya kamata a tsotse a cikin duk wanda ke son noma jin daɗin kiɗan lafiya, dandano mai kyau. A. Serov

Hanyar kirkira ta J. Haydn - babban mawallafin Australiya, babban zamani na WA ​​Mozart da L. Beethoven - ya kasance kimanin shekaru hamsin, ya ketare iyakar tarihin 1760-XNUMXth ƙarni, ya rufe dukkan matakai na ci gaban Viennese. makarantar gargajiya - daga farkonta a cikin XNUMX -s. har zuwa babban ranar aikin Beethoven a farkon sabon karni. Ƙarfin tsarin ƙirƙira, wadatar hasashe, sabon fahimta, jituwa da ma'anar rayuwa an kiyaye su a cikin fasahar Haydn har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun rayuwarsa.

Dan mai yin karusai, Haydn ya gano wata fasaha ta kida da ba kasafai ba. Yana da shekaru shida, ya ƙaura zuwa Hainburg, ya rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na coci, ya koyi wasan violin da garaya, kuma daga 1740 ya zauna a Vienna, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa a ɗakin sujada na St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna Cathedral). ). Duk da haka, a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa kawai muryar yaron ta kasance mai daraja - tsabta mai tsabta mai wuyar gaske, sun ba shi amana da wasan kwaikwayo na solo; kuma sha’awar mawakin ta farka tun yana kuruciya ba a lura da ita ba. Lokacin da muryar ta fara karye, an tilasta Haydn ya bar ɗakin sujada. Shekaru na farko na rayuwa mai zaman kanta a Vienna sun kasance masu wahala musamman - yana cikin talauci, yunwa, yawo ba tare da mafaka na dindindin ba; lokaci-lokaci kawai sun sami damar samun darussa na sirri ko kuma suna buga violin a cikin tarin tafiye-tafiye. Duk da haka, duk da rikice-rikice na kaddara, Haydn ya ci gaba da kasancewa a bayyane, abin ban dariya wanda bai taɓa cin amana shi ba, da kuma muhimmancin burinsa na sana'a - yana nazarin aikin FE Bach, yana nazarin kansa, ya saba da ayyukan. daga cikin manyan masana ka'idar Jamusanci, suna ɗaukar darussan haɗin gwiwa daga N. Porpora, shahararren marubucin wasan opera na Italiya kuma malami.

A cikin 1759 Haydn ya sami wurin Kapellmeister daga Count I. Mortsin. Ayyukan kayan aiki na farko (symphonies, quartets, clavier sonatas) an rubuta su don ɗakin sujada na kotu. Lokacin da a cikin 1761 Mortsin ya wargaza ɗakin sujada, Haydn ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da P. Esterhazy, mafi arziƙin Hungarian kuma majiɓincin fasaha. Ayyukan mataimakin-kapellmeister, da kuma bayan shekaru 5 na sarki-kapellmeister, sun haɗa da ba kawai kiɗa ba. Haydn dole ne ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje, kiyaye tsari a cikin ɗakin sujada, kula da amincin bayanan kula da kayan aiki, da sauransu. Duk ayyukan Haydn mallakar Esterhazy ne; mawaƙin ba shi da ikon rubuta waƙar da wasu mutane suka ba da izini, ba zai iya barin kayan sarki kyauta ba. (Haydn ya rayu a kan Esterhazy's Estates - Eisenstadt da Estergaz, wani lokaci yana ziyartar Vienna.)

Duk da haka, da yawa abũbuwan amfãni, kuma, fiye da duka, da ikon jefar da kyau kwarai mawaƙa, wanda ya yi duk ayyukan da mawaki, kazalika da dangi kayan da kuma cikin gida tsaro, ya rinjayi Haydn yarda da shawarar Esterhazy. Kusan shekaru 30, Haydn ya kasance a hidimar kotu. A cikin matsayi na wulakanci na bawa sarki, ya riƙe mutuncinsa, 'yancin kai na ciki da ƙoƙari don ci gaba da inganta haɓakawa. Rayuwa mai nisa daga duniya, ba tare da kusan dangantaka da duniyar kiɗa ba, ya zama babban masanin sikelin Turai yayin hidimarsa tare da Esterhazy. An yi nasarar yin ayyukan Haydn a manyan manyan wuraren kiɗa.

Don haka, a tsakiyar 1780s. jama'ar Faransa sun saba da kade-kade guda shida, da ake kira "Paris". A tsawon lokaci, abubuwan haɗin gwiwa sun ƙara ɗaukar nauyi ta wurin dogararsu, suna jin kaɗaici.

Ana zana abubuwan ban mamaki, masu tayar da hankali a cikin ƙananan wasan kwaikwayo - "Jana'izar", "Wahala", "Bakwai". Yawancin dalilai na fassarori daban-daban - tarihin rayuwa, ban dariya, lyric-falsafa - an ba da su ta ƙarshen "Farewell" - a lokacin wannan Adagio mai dorewa, mawaƙa suna barin ƙungiyar makaɗa ɗaya bayan ɗaya, har sai 'yan wasan violin biyu sun kasance a kan mataki, suna gama waƙar waƙa. , shiru da tausasawa…

Duk da haka, ra'ayi mai jituwa da bayyananne game da duniya koyaushe yana mamaye duka a cikin kiɗan Haydn da ma'anar rayuwarsa. Haydn ya sami tushen farin ciki a ko'ina - a cikin yanayi, a cikin rayuwar manoma, a cikin aikinsa, a cikin sadarwa tare da ƙaunatattun. Saboda haka, sanin Mozart, wanda ya isa Vienna a 1781, ya girma a cikin abokantaka na gaske. Wadannan alakoki, bisa zurfafa zurfafa zumunta, fahimta da mutunta juna, sun yi tasiri mai fa'ida ga ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na mawakan biyu.

A cikin 1790, A. Esterhazy, magajin marigayi Yarima P. Esterhazy, ya narkar da ɗakin sujada. Haydn, wanda ya sami 'yanci gaba ɗaya daga sabis kuma ya riƙe taken Kapellmeister kawai, ya fara karɓar fansho na rayuwa daidai da nufin tsohon yarima. Ba da daɗewa ba akwai damar da za a cika tsohon mafarki - don tafiya a waje da Austria. A cikin 1790s Haydn ya yi rangadi biyu zuwa London (1791-92, 1794-95). Wakokin "London" guda 12 da aka rubuta a wannan lokaci sun kammala haɓaka wannan nau'in a cikin aikin Haydn, sun amince da balagaggen wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Viennese (dan kadan a baya, a ƙarshen 1780s, wasan kwaikwayo na 3 na ƙarshe na Mozart ya bayyana) kuma ya kasance kan gaba. na abubuwan mamaki a cikin tarihin kiɗan symphonic. An yi wasannin kade-kade na London a cikin yanayi na ban mamaki da ban sha'awa ga mawaki. Ya saba da yanayin rufaffiyar salon kotun, Haydn ya fara yin kide-kide na jama'a, ya ji irin martanin masu sauraron dimokuradiyya. A wurinsa akwai manyan kade-kade masu kama da na kade-kade na zamani. Jama'ar Ingila sun yi sha'awar kiɗan Haydn. A Oxford, an ba shi lakabi na Doctor of Music. Karkashin tasirin oratorios na GF Handel da aka ji a Landan, an ƙirƙiri oratorios guda 2 na duniya - Halittar Duniya (1798) da The Seasons (1801). Waɗannan ayyuka masu ban mamaki, almara-falsafanci, waɗanda ke tabbatar da kyawawan manufofin kyawawa da jituwar rayuwa, haɗin kai na mutum da yanayi, sun mamaye hanyar kirkire-kirkire na marubucin.

An shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwar Haydn a Vienna da kewayen Gumpendorf. Mawaƙin har yanzu yana cikin fara'a, zamantakewa, haƙiƙa da abokantaka ga mutane, har yanzu yana aiki tuƙuru. Haydn ya rasu ne a wani mawuyacin lokaci, a tsakiyar yakin Napoleon, lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka riga sun mamaye babban birnin kasar Ostiriya. A lokacin da aka kewaye Vienna, Haydn ya ƙarfafa ƙaunatattunsa: "Kada ku ji tsoro, yara, inda Haydn yake, babu abin da zai iya faruwa."

Haydn ya bar babban al'adun kirkira - kimanin 1000 yana aiki a cikin duk nau'ikan yau da wannan lokacin (Subawa, Sonatas, Octoras, Opatais, da sauransu). Manyan nau'ikan cyclic (104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 clavier sonatas) sun zama babban, mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren aikin mawaƙi, yana ƙayyade wurin tarihi. P. Tchaikovsky ya rubuta game da musamman mahimmancin ayyukan Haydn a cikin juyin halitta na kiɗan kayan aiki: “Haydn ya dawwama da kansa, idan ba ta hanyar ƙirƙira ba, sannan ta hanyar inganta wannan kyakkyawan tsari, daidaitaccen tsarin sonata da wasan kwaikwayo, wanda Mozart da Beethoven suka kawo daga baya. matakin karshe na cikawa da kyau."

Wasan kwaikwayo a cikin aikin Haydn ya yi nisa: daga samfurori na farko kusa da nau'o'in kiɗa na yau da kullum da na ɗakin ɗakin (serenade, divertissement, quartet), zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na "Paris" da "London", a cikin abin da dokokin gargajiya na gargajiya. an kafa (rabo da tsari na sassa na sake zagayowar - sonata Allegro, jinkirin motsi, minuet, sauri karshe), halayyar nau'ikan jigogi da dabarun ci gaba, da dai sauransu Haydn ta Symphony yana samun ma'anar "hoton duniya" na gaba ɗaya. , wanda bangarori daban-daban na rayuwa - mai tsanani, ban mamaki, lyrical-philosophic, m - ya kawo haɗin kai da daidaituwa. Duniyar arziki da hadaddun duniyar taruka na Haydn suna da halaye na ban mamaki na buɗaɗɗe, zamantakewa, da mai da hankali ga mai sauraro. Babban tushen yaren kiɗan su shine nau'i-na yau da kullun, waƙa da raye-rayen raye-raye, wasu lokuta ana aro su kai tsaye daga tushen tatsuniyoyi. Haɗe a cikin hadadden tsari na ci gaban symphonic, sun gano sabbin damammaki masu ƙarfi. Kammala, daidaitattun ma'auni da ma'ana da aka gina nau'ikan sassa na sake zagayowar symphonic (sonata, bambance-bambance, rondo, da sauransu) sun haɗa da abubuwan haɓakawa, ɓarna na ban mamaki da abubuwan ban mamaki suna haɓaka sha'awa cikin ainihin tsarin haɓaka tunani, koyaushe mai ban sha'awa, cike da abubuwan da suka faru. Abubuwan da Haydn ya fi so "mamaki" da "pranks" sun taimaka wajen fahimtar mafi girman nau'in kiɗan kayan aiki, ya haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙungiyoyi tsakanin masu sauraro, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin sunayen waƙoƙin ("Bear", "Chicken", "Clock"). "Hunt", "Malamin Makaranta", da sauransu. P.). Samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan, Haydn kuma yana nuna wadatar abubuwan yuwuwar bayyanar su, yana bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban don juyin halittar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ƙarni na 1790-XNUMXth. A cikin balagaggen kade-kade na Haydn, an kafa tsarin kade-kade na gargajiya, gami da duk rukunin kayan kida ( kirtani, iska, tagulla, kaɗa). Abubuwan da ke cikin quartet kuma yana ƙarfafawa, wanda duk kayan aiki (violin biyu, viola, cello) suka zama cikakkun mambobi na ƙungiyar. Babban sha'awa shine Haydn's clavier sonatas, wanda tunanin mawaƙa, da gaske ba zai ƙare ba, kowane lokaci yana buɗe sabbin zaɓuɓɓuka don gina sake zagayowar, hanyoyin asali na tsarawa da haɓaka kayan. Sonatas na ƙarshe da aka rubuta a cikin XNUMXs. An mayar da hankali a fili kan yuwuwar yiwuwar sabon kayan aiki - pianoforte.

Duk rayuwarsa, fasaha ya kasance ga Haydn babban goyon baya da kuma tushen jituwa na ciki, kwanciyar hankali da lafiya, yana fatan zai kasance haka ga masu sauraro na gaba. Mawaƙin ɗan shekara saba’in ya rubuta: “Mutane kaɗan ne masu farin ciki da gamsuwa a cikin wannan duniyar, a duk inda baƙin ciki da damuwa ke damunsu; watakila aikinka wani lokaci ya zama tushen da mutum mai cike da damuwa da nauyin kasuwanci zai jawo hankalinsa ya huta na mintuna.

I. Okhalova

Gadon wasan opera Haydn yana da yawa (wasan kwaikwayo 24). Kuma, ko da yake mawaƙin bai kai matsayin Mozart ba a cikin aikinsa na opera, yawancin ayyukan wannan nau'in suna da mahimmanci kuma ba su rasa mahimmancin su ba. Daga cikin wadannan, shahararrun su ne Armida (1784), The Soul of Philosopher, ko Orpheus da Eurydice (1791, wanda aka yi a 1951, Florence); wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya The Singer (1767, na Estergaz, wanda aka sabunta a 1939), The Apothecary (1768); Rashin Kafirci (1773, Estergaz), Zaman Lafiya na Lunar (1777), Kyautar Aminci (1780, Estergaz), wasan opera mai ban dariya-Roland the Paladin (1782, Estergaz). Wasu daga cikin wa] annan wasan operas, bayan dogon lokaci na mantuwa, an shirya su da gagarumar nasara a zamaninmu (misali, Lunar Peace a cikin 1959 a Hague, Kyautar Loyalty a 1979 a bikin Glyndebourne). Mawallafin gaskiya na aikin Haydn shine ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Dorati, wanda ya rubuta operas 8 ta mawaki tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Lausanne. Daga cikinsu akwai Armida (soloists Norman, KX Anshe, N. Burroughs, Ramy, Philips).

E. Tsodokov