Johann Nepomuk Hummel |

Johann Nepomuk Hummel

An haifi Hummel a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1778 a Pressburg, babban birnin kasar Hungary. Iyalinsa suna zaune a Unterstinkenbrunn, ƙaramin Ikklesiya a Lower Austria inda kakan Hummel ke gudanar da gidan abinci. An haifi mahaifin yaron, Johannes, a wannan cocin.

Nepomuk Hummel ya riga ya sami kunne na musamman don kiɗa yana da shekaru uku, kuma godiya ga sha'awarsa ga kowane irin kiɗa, yana da shekaru biyar ya karɓi ƙaramin piano a matsayin kyauta daga mahaifinsa, wanda, a hanya. , cikin girmamawa ya kiyaye har mutuwarsa.

Daga 1793 Nepomuk ya zauna a Vienna. Mahaifinsa a lokacin ya yi aiki a nan a matsayin darektan kiɗa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekarun farko na zamansa a babban birnin kasar, Nepomuk da wuya ya bayyana a cikin al'umma, saboda ya fi tsunduma cikin kiɗa. Da farko, mahaifinsa ya kawo shi wurin Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, ɗaya daga cikin malaman Beethoven, don yin nazari a kai a kai, daga baya kuma zuwa ga babban mawaƙin kotu Antonio Salieri, wanda ya ɗauki darussa na waƙa kuma ya zama abokinsa na kud da kud, har ma ya kasance mai shaida a wurin bikin aure. Kuma a watan Agusta 1795 ya zama dalibi na Joseph Haydn, wanda ya gabatar da shi a cikin sashin jiki. Duk da cewa a cikin wadannan shekaru Hummel ba kasafai yake yin wasa a da'ira ba a matsayin dan wasan piano, a shekarar 1799 an riga an dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun kyawawan dabi'u na zamaninsa, wasan piano nasa, kamar yadda masu zamani suka bayyana, ya kasance na musamman, har ma da Beethoven ba zai iya kwatanta shi ba. Wannan ƙwararriyar fasahar fassarar ta kasance a ɓoye a bayan bayyanar da ba ta da tushe. Shi gajere ne, kiba ne, ga fuskarsa da gyale, gaba daya an lullube shi da alatu, wanda galibi yakan yi firgita, wanda ya sanya ba dadi ga masu sauraro.

A cikin shekarun nan, Hummel ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da nasa abubuwan da aka tsara. Kuma idan fugues da bambancinsa sun jawo hankali kawai, to, rondo ya sanya shi shahara sosai.

A fili, godiya ga Haydn, a cikin Janairu 1804, an shigar da Hummel a cikin Prince Esterhazy Chapel a Eisenstadt a matsayin mai rakiya tare da albashi na shekara-shekara na guilders 1200.

A nasa bangaren, Hummel yana da girmamawa marar iyaka ga abokinsa da majiɓincinsa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin piano sonata Es-dur da aka sadaukar ga Haydn. Tare da wani sonata, Alleluia, da fantasia na piano, ya sanya Hummel ya shahara a Faransa bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Cherubini a Conservatoire na Paris a 1806.

Lokacin da a cikin 1805 Heinrich Schmidt, wanda ya yi aiki a Weimar tare da Goethe, an nada shi darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Eisenstadt, rayuwar kiɗa a kotun ta farfado; An fara wasan kwaikwayo akai-akai akan sabon matakin da aka gina na babban zauren fadar. Hummel ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kusan dukkanin nau'ikan da aka yarda da su a wancan lokacin - daga wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, tatsuniyoyi, ballets zuwa wasan operas masu mahimmanci. Wannan kerawa na kiɗan ya faru ne musamman a lokacin da ya yi a Eisenstadt, wato, a cikin shekarun 1804-1811. Tun da yake an rubuta waɗannan ayyukan, a fili, kawai akan hukumar, a mafi yawan lokuta tare da ƙayyadaddun lokaci mai mahimmanci kuma daidai da dandano na jama'a na lokacin, wasan kwaikwayo na opera ba zai iya samun nasara mai dorewa ba. Amma yawancin ayyukan kiɗa sun shahara sosai tare da masu sauraron wasan kwaikwayo.

Komawa Vienna a cikin 1811, Hummel ya sadaukar da kansa na musamman don tsarawa da darussan kiɗa kuma da wuya ya bayyana a gaban jama'a a matsayin ɗan wasan pian.

A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1813, Hummel ya auri Elisabeth Rekel, mawaƙa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun Vienna, 'yar'uwar mawaƙin opera Joseph August Rekel, wanda ya shahara saboda alaƙarsa da Beethoven. Wannan aure ya ba da gudummawar cewa Hummel nan da nan ya zo ga hankalin jama'ar Viennese. Lokacin da a cikin bazara na 1816, bayan ƙarshen tashin hankali, ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin da Breslau, an lura da shi a cikin duk mahimman kasidu cewa "tun lokacin Mozart, babu wani ɗan pianist da ya faranta ransa. jama'a kamar Hummel."

Tun da yake waƙar ɗakin ɗakin yana a lokacin daidai da kiɗan gida, dole ne ya daidaita kansa da yawan jama'a idan yana so ya yi nasara. Mawaƙin ya rubuta sanannen septet, wanda aka fara yi tare da babban nasara a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1816 ta mawaƙin gidan sarauta na Bavarian Rauch a wani wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Daga baya an kira shi mafi kyawun aikin Hummel. In ji mawaƙin Jamus Hans von Bulow, wannan shi ne “misali mafi kyau na haɗa nau’o’in kaɗe-kaɗe guda biyu, shagali da ɗaki, waɗanda ke cikin adabin kiɗa.” Da wannan septet ya fara lokacin ƙarshe na aikin Hummel. Bugu da kari, shi da kansa sarrafa ayyukansa ga daban-daban kungiyar kade, domin, kamar Beethoven, bai amince da wannan al'amari ga wasu.

Af, Hummel yana da dangantakar abokantaka da Beethoven. Ko da yake a lokuta daban-daban an samu sabani sosai a tsakaninsu. Sa’ad da Hummel ya bar Vienna, Beethoven ya keɓe masa wani littafi don tunawa da lokacin da muka yi tare a Vienna tare da waɗannan kalmomi: “Tafiya mai daɗi, masoyi Hummel, wani lokaci ku tuna abokinku Ludwig van Beethoven.”

Bayan zama na shekaru biyar a Vienna a matsayin malamin kiɗa, a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1816, an gayyace shi zuwa Stuttgart a matsayin mai kula da kiɗa na kotu, inda ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Mozart, Beethoven, Cherubini da Salieri a gidan opera kuma ya yi wasan pianist.

Bayan shekaru uku, mawaki ya koma Weimar. Birnin, tare da sarkin mawaƙa Goethe wanda ba a yi masa sarauta ba, ya sami sabon tauraro a cikin mutumin sanannen Hummel. Mawallafin tarihin Hummel Beniowski ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin: “Ziyarar Weimar da rashin sauraron Hummel daidai yake da ziyartar Roma kuma ba ku ga Paparoma ba.” Dalibai suka fara zuwa wurinsa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Shahararsa a matsayinsa na malamin waka ya yi matukar girma ta yadda kasancewarsa almajirinsa na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar matashin mawakin nan gaba.

A Weimar, Hummel ya kai kololuwar shahararsa a Turai. Anan ya sami ci gaba na gaske bayan shekaru masu ƙirƙira marasa amfani a Stuttgart. An fara farawa ta hanyar abun da ke ciki na sanannen fis-moll sonata, wanda, a cewar Robert Schumann, zai isa ya lalata sunan Hummel. A cikin sha'awar sha'awa, ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa, "kuma a cikin yanayi mai ban sha'awa, ta kusan kusan shekaru ashirin kafin lokacinta kuma tana tsammanin tasirin sautin da ke cikin ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya." Amma piano trios uku na lokacinsa na ƙarshe na kerawa, musamman opus 83, sun ƙunshi sabbin fasahohin salo; Ketare magabatansa Haydn da Mozart, ya juya nan zuwa wasan “kyakkyawan” wasa.

Na musamman bayanin kula shi ne es-moll piano quintet, wanda aka kammala mai yiwuwa a cikin 1820, wanda babban ka'idar magana ta kiɗa ba abubuwa ba ne na haɓakawa ko kayan ado na ado, amma aiki akan jigo da waƙa. Amfani da abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Hungarian, fifiko mafi girma ga pianoforte, da iya waƙar waƙa wasu daga cikin fasalulluka na kiɗan da ke bambanta salon marigayi Hummel.

A matsayinsa na shugaba a kotun Weimar, Hummel ya riga ya ɗauki izininsa na farko a cikin Maris 1820 don tafiya yawon shakatawa zuwa Prague sannan zuwa Vienna. A kan hanyarsa ta dawowa, ya ba da wani kade-kade a Munich, wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya tafi Rasha, a 1823 zuwa Paris, inda, bayan wani wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 23 ga Mayu, an kira shi "Mozart na zamani na Jamus." A cikin 1828, ɗaya daga cikin kide-kide nasa a Warsaw ya sami halartar matashin Chopin, wanda a zahiri wasan maigida ya burge shi. Yawon shakatawansa na ƙarshe - zuwa Vienna - ya yi tare da matarsa ​​a cikin Fabrairu 1834.

Ya shafe makonnin ƙarshe na rayuwarsa yana tsara nau'ikan kirtani na Piano na Beethoven, waɗanda aka ba shi izini a Landan, inda ya yi niyyar buga su. Ciwon ya karasa mawaƙin, a hankali ƙarfinsa ya bar shi, ya kasa cika nufinsa.

Kusan mako guda kafin mutuwarsa, ta hanyar, an yi taɗi game da Goethe da yanayin mutuwarsa. Hummel yana so ya san lokacin da Goethe ya mutu - dare ko rana. Suka ce masa: "Da yamma." "Eh," in ji Hummel, "idan na mutu, zan so hakan ya faru da rana." Wannan buri nasa na ƙarshe ya cika: a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1837, da ƙarfe 7 na safe, da wayewar gari, ya rasu.