Harafin Kiɗa |

Haruffa na kiɗan tsarin harafi ne don zayyana ruɓar sauti. tsawo. Ya taso bai wuce karni na 3 ba. BC a Dr. Girka, inda akwai tsarin biyu na A. m. A cikin wani labari na baya. tsarin ya haɗa da haruffan Girkanci. da haruffan Phoenician. A cikin wok daga baya. tsarin amfani da Girkanci kawai. haruffa a cikin jeri na haruffa daidai da ma'aunin saukowa.

An yi amfani da wani bayanin harafin Helenanci a cikin Zap. Turai kafin 10th c. A lokacin farkon tsakiyar zamanai, hanyar zayyana sautuna tare da haruffa lat sun tashi kuma an yi amfani dasu tare da shi. haruffa. Na farko diatonic. ma'auni mai kunshe da wakoki biyu. octaves (A – a), wanda haruffa daga A zuwa R ke nuni da su. Daga baya, sai kawai aka fara amfani da haruffa bakwai na farko. Da wannan hanyar, bayanin ya kasance kamar haka: A, B, C., D, E, F, G; a, b, c, d, e, f, g, aa. Daga baya, an ƙara wannan sikelin daga ƙasa tare da sautin gishirin babban octave, wanda harafin g (gamma) na haruffan Helenanci ke nunawa. II mataki na babban ma'auni ya fara amfani da shi a cikin nau'i biyu: babba - sautin si, ana kiransa B durum (lat. - m) kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar ma'auni (duba Bekar); ƙananan - sautin B-flat, ana kiransa B mollis (lat. - taushi) kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar zayyanawa (duba Flat). A tsawon lokaci, sautin si ya fara bayyana ta lat. harafi H. Bayan karni na 12. Aure-karni. An maye gurbin tsarin rubutun wasiƙu ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen da ba na sirri ba da kuma bayanin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi, duk da haka, a cikin ƙarni na 14-18. An sake farfado da shi ta nau'i daban-daban a cikin gabobin jiki da lute tablature.

A halin yanzu, ma'aunin diatonic a cikin octave yana da siffa mai zuwa:

A cikin ƙasashen Ingilishi, ana amfani da wannan tsarin tare da digression guda ɗaya - an kiyaye tsohuwar ƙirar sauti tare da harafin b; B-lebur ana nuna alamar b lebur (B-laushi).

Don rubuta hatsari, ana ƙara maɗaukaki a cikin haruffa: shine - kaifi, es - lebur, isis - kaifi biyu, eses - lebur biyu. Banda shi ne sautin B-flat, wanda sunan da harafin b, da sautunan E-flat da A-flat, ke nuni da syllables da kamar yadda, bi da bi, aka kiyaye su. C-kaifi - cis, F-biyu-kaifi - fisis, D-flat - des, G-biyu-lebur - geses.

A cikin ƙasashen Ingilishi mai kaifi ana nuna shi da kalmar kaifi, lebur - ta kalmar flat, mai kaifi biyu - ta kalmomin kaifi biyu, mai kaifi biyu - ta kalmomi biyu flat, C-kaifi - tare da kaifi, F- mai kaifi biyu – f kaifi biyu, D-lebur – d lebur, G ninki biyu – g lebur biyu.

Sautunan manyan octave ana nuna su ta manyan haruffa, ƙananan kuma da ƙananan haruffa. Don sautunan wasu octave, ana ƙara lambobi ko dashes a cikin haruffa, daidai da lamba ga sunayen octave:

har zuwa octave na farko - c1 ko c' re na octave na biyu - d2 ko d "mi na octave na uku - e3 ko e" 'fa na octave na hudu - f4 ko f "" har zuwa octave na biyar - c5 ko c """ suna kwangila - H1 ko 1H ko H don subcontroctave - A2 ko A, ko

Don nuna maɓallan, ana ƙara kalmomin zuwa haruffa: dur (manyan), moll (ƙananan), kuma ga manyan maɓalli ana amfani da manyan haruffa, kuma ga ƙananan maɓalli - ƙananan, misali C-dur (C babba), fis. -moll (Ƙananan F-kaifi) da sauransu. A gajeriyar hanyar rubutu, manyan haruffa (ba tare da ƙari ba) suna nuna manyan maɓalli da laƙabi, ƙananan haruffa suna nuna ƙanana.

Tare da gabatarwa ga kiɗa. al'adar tsarin kiɗan madaidaiciya A. m. ya rasa ainihin ma'anarsa kuma an adana shi azaman mataimaki. ma'anar sauti na ƙididdigewa, maɓalli da maɓalli (musamman a cikin ayyukan kiɗa da ka'idoji).

References: Gruber RI, Tarihin al'adun kiɗa, t. 1, ku. 1, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann Fr., Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen, V., 1847; Fortlage K., Tsarin kiɗa na Helenawa…, Lpz., 1847; Riemann H., Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Monro DV, Hanyoyi na kiɗan Girka na dā, Oxf., 1894; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; Sachs C., Die griechische Instrumentalnotenschrift, «ZfMw», VI, 1924; его же, Die griechische Gesangsnotenschrift, «ZfMw», VII, 1925; Pоtirоn H., Asalin bayanin haruffa, Revue grйgorienne», 1952, XXXI; Corbin S., Valeur et sens de la notation alphabйtique a Jumiiges…, Rouen, 1955; Smits van Waesberghe J., Les asalin de la notation alphabйtique au moyen vge, в сб.: Annuario musical XII, Barcelona, ​​​​1957; Barbour JM, Ka'idodin bayanin Girkanci, «JAMS», XIII, 1960.

Vakhromeev