Nikolai Karlovich Medtner |

Nikolai Medtner

A karshe ina cikin fasaha mara iyaka Na kai babban digiri. Daukaka ta yi mani murmushi; Ina cikin zukatan mutane na sami jituwa da abubuwan da na halitta. A. Pushkin. Mozart da Salieri

N. Medtner ya mamaye wuri na musamman a tarihin Rasha da al'adun kiɗan duniya. Mawaƙin ɗan adam na asali, mashahurin mawaki, pianist da malami, Medtner bai haɗa da kowane nau'in salon kiɗan na farkon rabin karni na XNUMX ba. Gabatowa wani ɓangare zuwa ga kyawawan dabi'un romantic na Jamus (F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann), kuma daga mawaƙa na Rasha zuwa S. Taneyev da A. Glazunov, Medtner ya kasance a lokaci guda mai zane-zane da ke ƙoƙarin samun sababbin abubuwan kirkiro, yana da yawa a ciki. na kowa tare da m bidi'a. Stravinsky da kuma S. Prokofiev.

Medtner ya fito ne daga dangi mai arziki a al'adun fasaha: mahaifiyarsa wakili ne na shahararren gidan kiɗan Gedike; ɗan'uwa Emilius masanin falsafa ne, marubuci, mai sukar kiɗa (pseudo Wolfing); wani ɗan’uwa, Alexander, ɗan wasan violin ne kuma madugu. A shekara ta 1900, N. Medtner ya sauke karatu sosai daga Conservatory na Moscow a cikin kundin piano na V. Safonov. A lokaci guda, ya kuma karanta abun da ke ciki a karkashin jagorancin S. Taneyev da A. Arensky. An rubuta sunansa a kan dutsen marmara na Moscow Conservatory. Medtner ya fara aikinsa tare da yin nasara a Gasar Duniya ta III. A. Rubinstein (Vienna, 1900) kuma ya sami karɓuwa a matsayin mawaƙa tare da abubuwan da ya fara yi (zagayen piano "Hotunan Mood", da dai sauransu). Muryar Medtner, mawaƙin pianist kuma mawaƙi, nan da nan suka ji ta wurin mafi yawan mawaƙa. Tare da kide kide da wake-wake na S. Rachmaninov da A. Scriabin, kide kide da wake-wake na marubucin Medtner sun kasance abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar waka a Rasha da kasashen waje. M. Shahinyan ya tuna cewa waɗannan maraice “biki ne ga masu sauraro.”

A cikin 1909-10 da 1915-21. Medtner ya kasance farfesa na piano a Moscow Conservatory. Daga cikin dalibansa akwai shahararrun mawakan daga baya: A. Shatskes, N. Shtember, B. Khaikin. B. Sofronitsky, L. Oborin yayi amfani da shawarar Medtner. A cikin 20s. Medtner memba ne na MUZO Narkompros kuma sau da yawa yana magana da A. Lunacharsky.

Tun 1921, Medtner yana zaune a ƙasashen waje, yana ba da kide-kide a Turai da Amurka. Shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa har zuwa rasuwarsa, ya zauna a Ingila. Duk shekarun da aka kashe a ƙasashen waje, Medtner ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha. "Ina mafarkin in hau ƙasata kuma in yi wasa a gaban masu saurarona," ya rubuta a cikin ɗayan wasiƙunsa na ƙarshe. Ƙirƙirar al'adun gargajiya na Medtner ya ƙunshi fiye da opuses 60, mafi yawansu abubuwan da aka tsara na piano ne da soyayya. Medtner ya ba da yabo ga babban nau'i a cikin kide-kide na piano guda uku da kuma a cikin Ballad Concerto, nau'in kayan aikin ɗakin yana wakiltar Piano Quintet.

A cikin ayyukansa, Medtner ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne na asali kuma ainihin ɗan wasa na ƙasa, mai hankali yana nuna rikitattun yanayin fasahar zamaninsa. Waƙarsa tana da alaƙa da jin daɗin lafiyar ruhaniya da aminci ga mafi kyawun ƙa'idodin gargajiya, kodayake mawaƙin ya sami damar shawo kan shakku da yawa kuma wani lokacin bayyana kansa a cikin harshe mai rikitarwa. Wannan yana nuna daidaito tsakanin Medtner da mawaƙa na zamaninsa kamar A. Blok da Andrei Bely.

Wuri na tsakiya a cikin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na Medtner suna shagaltar da sonatas 14 na piano. Ƙwarewa tare da hazaka mai ban sha'awa, sun ƙunshi ɗaukacin duniyar hotunan kida masu zurfin tunani. An kwatanta su da girman bambance-bambance, jin daɗin soyayya, a cikin ciki da kuma a lokaci guda warmed tunani. Wasu daga cikin sonatas suna shirye-shirye a cikin yanayi ("Sonata-elegy", "Sonata-fairy tale", "Sonata-tunawa", "Romantic sonata", "Thunderous sonata", da dai sauransu), dukansu sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsari. da hotuna na kiɗa. Don haka, alal misali, idan ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin sonatas na almara (op. 25) shine wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya a cikin sauti, babban hoton kiɗa na aiwatar da waƙar falsafar F. Tyutchev "Me kuke kuka game da iskar dare", sannan "Tunawar Sonata" (daga zagayowar Manufofin Manta, op.38) yana cike da kasidu na rubutattun waƙa na gaske na Rasha, kalmomin rai masu laushi. Shahararriyar rukunin waƙoƙin piano ana kiranta "tatsuniyoyi" (wani nau'in da Medtner ya ƙirƙira) kuma ana wakilta ta da keken keke goma. Wannan tarin wasan kwaikwayo ne na kade-kade da kade-kade mai ban mamaki tare da jigogi daban-daban ("Tatsuniya ta Rasha", "Lear in the Steppe", "Knight's Procession", da dai sauransu). Ba ƙaramin shahara ba ne kewayon piano guda 3 a ƙarƙashin taken gabaɗaya "Motifs da aka manta".

Piano concertos na Medtner manyan abubuwan ban mamaki ne da kuma kusanci, mafi kyawun su shine na Farko (1921), wanda hotunansa suka yi wahayi zuwa ga mummunan tashin hankali na Yaƙin Duniya na Farko.

Soyayyar Medtner (fiye da 100) sun bambanta cikin yanayi kuma suna bayyanawa sosai, galibi suna kame wasiƙu tare da zurfin abun ciki na falsafa. Yawancin lokaci ana rubuta su a cikin nau'i na kalma ɗaya na waƙa, yana bayyana duniyar ruhaniya ta mutum; da yawa sun sadaukar da hotuna na yanayi. Mawakan da Medtner ya fi so su ne A. Pushkin (Romance 32), F. Tyutchev (15), IV Goethe (30). A cikin romances zuwa kalmomin waɗannan mawaƙa, irin waɗannan sababbin fasalulluka na kaɗe-kaɗe na ɗakin murya na farkon karni na 1935 a matsayin watsa shirye-shiryen karatun magana a hankali da kuma babban, wani lokacin yanke hukunci na ɓangaren piano, suna fitowa cikin jin daɗi, wanda asalinsa ya haɓaka ta mawaki. An san Medtner ba kawai a matsayin mawaƙa ba, har ma a matsayin marubucin littattafai game da fasahar kiɗa: Muse da Fashion (1963) da The Daily Work of Pianist and Composer (XNUMX).

Ƙirƙiri da ƙa'idodin aiwatarwa na Medtner sun yi tasiri sosai kan fasahar kiɗan na ƙarni na XNUMX. Shahararrun masu fasahar kida da yawa sun haɓaka da haɓaka al'adunta: AN Aleksandrov, Yu. Shaporin, V. Shebalin, E. Golubev da sauransu. -d'Alheim, G. Neuhaus, S. Richter, I. Arkhipova, E. Svetlanov da sauransu.

Hanya na kiɗa na Rasha da na duniya na zamani ba shi da wuya a yi tunanin ba tare da Medtner ba, kamar yadda ba zai yiwu a yi tunaninsa ba tare da manyan abokansa S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky da S. Prokofiev.

GAME DA. Tompakova