Henry Purcell (Henry Purcell) |

Henry Purcell

Purcell Prelude (Andres Segovia)

… Daga kyawunsa, irin wannan rayuwa mai shudewa, akwai ƙoramar waƙoƙi, sabo, suna fitowa daga zuciya, ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun madubin ruhin Ingilishi. R. Rollan

"British Orpheus" da ake kira H. Purcell contemporaries. Sunansa a cikin tarihin al'adun Ingilishi yana tsaye kusa da manyan sunayen W. Shakespeare, J. Byron, C. Dickens. Ayyukan Purcell sun haɓaka a zamanin Maidowa, a cikin yanayi na ɗagawa na ruhaniya, lokacin da al'adun ban mamaki na fasahar Renaissance suka koma rayuwa (alal misali, ranar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka tsananta a lokacin Cromwell); salon rayuwar kade-kade na dimokuradiyya ya taso - an ƙirƙiri kide-kiden da ake biya, ƙungiyoyin kide-kide na duniya, sabbin ƙungiyoyin kade-kade, gidajen ibada, da sauransu. Girma a kan ƙasa mai arziƙin al'adun Ingilishi, yana ɗaukar mafi kyawun al'adun kiɗa na Faransa da Italiya, fasahar Purcell ta kasance ga al'ummomi da yawa na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru.

An haifi Purcell a cikin dangin mawaƙin kotu. Nazarin kiɗa na mawaƙi na gaba ya fara ne a Royal Chapel, ya ƙware violin, organ da harpsichord, ya rera waƙa a cikin mawaƙa, ya ɗauki darussan abun ciki daga P. Humphrey (wanda ya gabata) da J. Blow; rubuce-rubucensa na ƙuruciya suna fitowa akai-akai a cikin bugawa. Daga 1673 har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Purcell yana hidimar kotun Charles II. Yin ayyuka da yawa (mawaki na 24 Violins na King gungu, wanda aka tsara a kan sanannen ƙungiyar makaɗa na Louis XIV, organist na Westminster Abbey da Royal Chapel, na sirri harpsichordist na sarki), Purcell ya hada da yawa duk wadannan shekaru. Aikin mawaki ya kasance babban aikinsa. Mafi girman aiki, hasara mai nauyi ('ya'yan Purcell 3 sun mutu tun suna jariri) sun raunana ƙarfin mawallafin - ya mutu yana da shekaru 36.

Ƙirƙirar ƙwararren Purcell, wanda ya ƙirƙira ayyukan fasaha mafi girma a cikin nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i, an bayyana shi a fili a fagen kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Mawaƙin ya rubuta kiɗa don shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo 50. Wannan yanki mafi ban sha'awa na aikinsa yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da al'adun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa; musamman, tare da nau'in abin rufe fuska wanda ya tashi a kotun Stuarts a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. (Mask wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda yanayin wasan kwaikwayo, tattaunawa tare da lambobin kiɗa). Tuntuɓar duniyar wasan kwaikwayo, haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙwararrun marubutan wasan kwaikwayo, jan hankali ga zane-zane daban-daban da nau'ikan nau'ikan sun zaburar da tunanin marubucin, ya sa shi ya nemi ƙarin ƙima da fa'ida. Don haka, wasan kwaikwayon The Fairy Queen (wani karbuwa kyauta na Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, marubucin rubutu, pref. E. Setl) an bambanta shi da tarin hotunan kida na musamman. Allagori da almubazzaranci, fantasy da manyan waƙoƙi, al'amuran jama'a da buffoonery - komai yana nunawa a cikin lambobin kiɗa na wannan wasan kwaikwayo na sihiri. Idan kiɗan don The Tempest (sake yin wasan Shakespeare) ya zo cikin hulɗa tare da salon wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci, to, kiɗan don King Arthur yana nuna a sarari yanayin halin ƙasa (a cikin wasan J. Dryden, al'adun barbaric na Saxons. an bambanta da girman kai da tsananin Birtaniyya).

Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Purcell, dangane da haɓakawa da nauyin lambobin kiɗa, suna kusanci ko dai opera ko ainihin wasan kwaikwayo tare da kiɗa. opera kawai ta Purcell a cikin cikakkiyar ma'ana, inda aka saita duk rubutun libertto zuwa kiɗa, shine Dido da Aeneas (libretto ta N. Tate bisa Virgil's Aeneid - 1689). Halayen halayen mutum-mutumi na hotuna masu rairayi, waƙoƙi, masu rauni, haɓakar tunani da zurfin alaƙar ƙasa tare da tarihin Ingilishi, nau'ikan yau da kullun (wurin taron mayu, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da raye-rayen ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa) - wannan haɗin ya ƙaddara cikakkiyar kamannin mayu. opera ta farko ta Ingilishi, ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan mawaƙa. Purcell yayi nufin "Dido" ba ƙwararrun mawaƙa ba, amma ta ɗaliban makarantar allo. Wannan ya fi bayyana ma'auni na ɗakin ajiya na aikin - ƙananan nau'i-nau'i, rashi na sassan virtuoso masu mahimmanci, rinjaye mai mahimmanci, sautin daraja. Mutuwar Dido aria, wuri na ƙarshe na opera, ƙaƙƙarfan waƙoƙinsa mai ban tausayi, shine ƙwaƙƙwaran gano mawaƙin. Mika wuya ga kaddara, addu'a da korafi, bakin cikin sautin bankwana a cikin wannan kida mai zurfi. R. Rolland ya ce: "Yanayin bankwana da mutuwar Dido kadai zai iya dawwama wannan aikin."

Dangane da mafi kyawun al'adun gargajiya na mawaƙa na ƙasa, an ƙirƙiri aikin muryar Purcell: waƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin tarin "British Orpheus" da aka buga bayan mutuwa, mawaƙa irin na jama'a, waƙoƙi ( waƙoƙin ruhaniya na Ingilishi zuwa rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda tarihi ya shirya maganganun GF Handel. ), masu zaman kansu odes, cantatas, kama (canons na kowa a cikin rayuwar Ingilishi), da dai sauransu Bayan aiki na shekaru masu yawa tare da 24 Violins na King gungu, Purcell ya bar ayyukan ban mamaki don kirtani (15 fantasies, Violin Sonata, Chaconne da Pavane don 4). sassa, 5 pawan, da dai sauransu). Ƙarƙashin tasirin trio sonatas na mawaƙan Italiyanci S. Rossi da G. Vitali, an rubuta sonatas 22 don violin biyu, bass da harpsichord. Aikin clavier Purcell (suites 8, fiye da guda 40 daban-daban, zagayowar bambance-bambancen 2, toccata) ya haɓaka al'adun budurwowi na Ingilishi (virginel shine nau'ikan garaya na Ingilishi).

Karni 2 kacal bayan mutuwar Purcell lokaci yayi na farfado da aikinsa. The Purcell Society, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1876, ya kafa a matsayin burinta na nazari mai zurfi game da gadon mawaƙa da kuma shirye-shiryen buga cikakken tarin ayyukansa. A cikin karni na XX. Mawakan Ingilishi sun nemi jawo hankalin jama'a ga ayyukan gwanin farko na kiɗan Rasha; Musamman mahimmanci shine wasan kwaikwayo, bincike, da ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na B. Britten, fitaccen mawaƙin Ingilishi wanda ya yi shirye-shirye don waƙoƙin Purcell, sabon bugu na Dido, wanda ya ƙirƙiri Bambance-bambance da Fugue akan jigo ta Purcell - ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙira, a irin jagora zuwa ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa.

I. Okhalova