Ƙara |
lat. ƙarawa; Ƙarfafa Jamusanci, Vergräerung; Ƙarfafa Faransanci; ital. ta tabbaci
1) Hanya don canza waƙa, jigo, dalili, guntun kiɗa. samfur, zane ko adadi, da kuma dakatarwa ta hanyar kunna sautuna (dakatawar) na tsawon lokaci. U. yana ɗaukar ingantaccen rikodin kari, wanda ya zama mai yiwuwa godiya ga bayanin haila; faruwar sa ya samo asali ne tun zamanin ars nova kuma yana da alaƙa da yanayin rhythmic. 'yancin kai polyphonic. muryoyin murya da ka'idar isorhythmia (duba Motet). U. ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin tsauraran kiɗa, musamman ta Franco-Flemish contrapuntalists - G. Dufay (la'akari da marubucin na farko Canon a U.), J. Okegem (misali, a Missa prolationum), J. Obrecht, Josquin Despress. U. a sauƙaƙe da gamsarwa don ji yana bayyana dangantakar ɗan lokaci tsakanin sautin murya. kuri'u da rabon ma'auni tsakanin sassan tsari; kamar yadda kowane ma'anar da ke bayyana subordination, tsarin, dabaru na kungiyar na sauti, U. yana da wani tsari darajar kuma a cikin wannan ma'ana a polyphonic. kiɗan yana kan daidai da kwaikwayi, hadadden madaidaicin juzu'i, juyi da sauran hanyoyin canza sautin murya. batutuwa (a hade tare da wanda ake amfani dashi akai-akai). Tsohon contrapuntalists a zahiri ba su yi ba tare da U. a cikin siffofin kan cantus firmus a cikin talakawa, motets: da-audible chorales a U. a cikin architectonic. dangane da ɗaure aikin gaba ɗaya, a alamance - haɗe da dabi'a (a cikin mahallin duk hanyoyin magana) tare da ma'anar ra'ayin girma, haƙƙin mallaka, duniya. U. ƙwararrun ƙwararrun rubuce-rubuce an haɗa su tare da kwaikwayo da canon. Imitation (canon), wanda a cikinsa aka ba da wasu risposts a cikin U., da kuma kwaikwayo (canon), wanda duk muryoyin suna farawa a lokaci guda, kuma ɗaya ko wasu suna zuwa U., ana kiransa kwaikwayo (canon) a cikin U. A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, ana haɓaka tasirin U. ta hanyar kiyaye maƙasudi a cikin ƙananan muryoyin ƙasa da na sama (duba shafi na 666).
Misali na canon na Josquin Despres an ba da shi a cikin Art. Canon (column 692) (in ba haka ba ana kiransa gwargwado: wanda marubucin ya rubuta akan layi ɗaya kuma an ƙididdige shi bisa ga umarnin marubucin). A cikin sifofin cantus firmus, ana maimaita na ƙarshe akai-akai a cikin U. (cikin gabaɗaya ko cikin sassa, mafi yawan lokuta ba daidai ba, wani lokaci tare da ƙananan bayanan kula da ke cika tsalle-tsalle na melodic; duba misali a shafi na 667).
U. - sabanin raguwa - yana ƙara girma, ya ware murya ɗaya daga babban murya. talakawa, yana daukaka shi thematically. mahimmanci. Dangane da wannan U. ya samo aikace-aikace a cikin ricerkara - wani nau'i a cikin yanke jagorancin rawar da aka keɓance shi a hankali a hankali. Jigogi da gefuna nan da nan sun rigaya mafi mahimmancin nau'i na salon kyauta - fugue (duba misali a shafi na 668).
JS Bach, yana taƙaita ƙwarewar Turai. polyphony, sau da yawa W., misali. a cikin taro a h-moll - a cikin Credo (No 12) da Confiteor ((No 19), 5-head fugue biyu akan chorale: jigo na 2 (auna 17), haɗin jigogi (auna 32), haɗin jigogi tare da chorale basses (auna 73), haɗin jigogi tare da chorale a cikin U. a tenors (auna 92)). Bayan sun kai ga mafi girman kamala a cikin cantatas, sha'awa, daidaitawar gabobin jikin Bach's chorales, siffofin da ke kan cantus firmus a zahiri sun ɓace daga aikin mawaki; daga baya U. ya karɓi aikace-aikace iri-iri a cikin waɗanda ba polyphonic ba. kiɗa, yayin da yake ci gaba da zama sifa ta fugue. The yarda nadi na theme na fugue a W. -. U. ana samun lokaci-lokaci a cikin bayyani (Contrapunctus VII daga Bach's The Art of Fugue; Shchedrin's Fugue Es-dur No. 19).
J. Animuccia. Christe eleyson daga taro na Conditor aime syderum.
Yawancin lokaci yana samun wuri a cikin stretta (a cikin matakan 62 da 77 na dis-moll fugue daga 1st juzu'i na Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; a cikin matakan 62 da 66 na As-dur fugue op. 87 na Shostakovich), wanda ya haɗu da wasu hanyoyin canzawa (a cikin ma'auni 14 na c-moll fugue daga 2nd girma na Well-Tempered Clavier, jigon yana cikin U., a wurare dabam dabam da motsi na al'ada; a cikin matakan 90 da 96 na Des-dur fugu
Cantus firmus a cikin taron G. Dufay a L'homme armé. An ba da farkon ayyukan, an cire muryoyin da ba su sabawa ba: a - babban ra'ayi; b - karuwa tare da ƙarin sauti; c, d, e - zaɓuɓɓukan haɓakawa; f – ragewa. op. 87 na Shostakovich, jigon a cikin motsi na al'ada kuma a lokaci guda jigon a cikin U., a cikin ma'auni 150, jigon da sau biyu da sau uku U.). W. yana inganta babban. zai bayyana. Ingancin stretta shine maida hankali na thematism, wadatar ma'anar ma'ana, wanda aka sani musamman a fugues tare da symphony. ci gaba (stretta a cikin sashin ci gaba na waƙar symphonic "Prometheus" na Liszt; virtuoso stretta daga cantata
A. Gabrieli. Reachercar (stretta a girma).
"Bayan karanta Zabura" Taneyev, No 3, lamba 6; ma'auni 331 shine jigo a cikin U. kuma auna 298 shine jigo a cikin U. tare da jigon a cikin motsi na al'ada a cikin lambar aikin 2nd. Myaskovsky ta sonata; misali na gabatarwar jigo cikin U. a ƙarshen - a waje da stretta - fugue daga 1st suite na P. I. Tchaikovsky). Stretta - babban. nau'i na canon a cikin W., ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana samun shi a waje da stretta (farkon scherzo na 1st symphony na Shostakovich; farkon sashe na 1st na quartet na Latvia mawaki R. Kalson; a matsayin daki-daki na rubutun a cikin sanduna 29-30 daga No 1 na Lunar Pierrot" na Schoenberg), ciki har da cikakken yanki (bambancin IV daga " Canonical Variations on a Christmas Carol ", BWV 769, No 6 a "Bayar da Kiɗa". "da Canon I a cikin "Art of Fugue" na Bach - canons marasa iyaka a cikin U. kuma a wurare dabam dabam; A'a. 21 daga Lyadov's Canons; Stanchinsky's Prelude Ges-dur; A'a. 14 daga littafin Shchedrin's Polyphonic Notebook). A cikin wadanda ba polyphonic U. kiɗa sau da yawa hanya ce ta waƙa. jikewa na waka. jigogi (auna 62 a cikin motsi na 5 na Brahms 'Jamus Requiem; sanduna 8-10 daga No 9 na Rachmaninov's All-Night Vigil; a cikin kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide na 2nd reprise na gefen bangare na 1st motsi; 4th ma'auni bayan lamba 9 a cikin motsi na farko na Hindemith's "The Painter Mathis" symphony; sanduna biyu zuwa lamba 1 a Berg's Violin Concerto). S. S. Prokofiev yayi amfani da U. tare da rabo na fara'a slyness (waƙar "Chatterbox" - Allegro As-dur; "Bitrus da Wolf" - lamba 44). An sami akasin tasirin a yanayi na uku na wasan opera na Berg na Wozzeck na uku, inda rhythm na polka (auna 3, "ƙirƙirar don kari ɗaya") a cikin U. yana aiki azaman na'urar bayyana ra'ayi don bayyana halin ha'incin jarumi (musamman, ma'auni 3, 122, stretta a ma'auni 145). U. ba a sau da yawa amfani da shi azaman kayan aikin haɓakawa (sanduna 187, 180 a cikin kashi na 363 na waƙar Scriabin ta 371rd; 1th part of myaskovsky's 3th symphony, lambobi 4 da 5, kazalika da 87th ma'auni kafin lamba 89 da 4- 15st ma'auni. Bayan wannan lamba a cikin motsi na 1st na wasan kwaikwayo shine "jinkirin" ci gaban jituwa tare da taimakon W.; motsi na 1 na Shostakovich's 1th symphony, lambobi 5-17; aikin wani bangare na ci gaban ci gaban motsi na 19 na piano. Sonata No 1 by Prokofiev), yawanci a cikin gida ko na gabaɗaya - mai girma (sashe na 7 na quartet na 4, lambobi 6 da 193, ɓangaren 195 na piano quintet, lamba 4, Taneyev), mai ban mamaki (sashe na 220 na 4-th symphony). ta Shostakovich, lambobi 1 da 28) ko abin ban tausayi (bangaren kaso na 34 na wasan kwaikwayo na Myaskovsky na 1, lamba 6; ibid. lambobi 48-52 a kashi na 53: leitmotif, Za ira, Dies irae, babban sashi na 4- kashi na XNUMX). A cikin Riƙe kiɗan na Rasha a cikin W. yana aiki azaman hanyar shigar da almara. relics (babban sashi a cikin reprise a ninki biyu, a cikin coda cikin ninki huɗu U.
Siffofin da ba a saba amfani da su na U. Amfani a Sabon Kiɗa na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka ƙaddara ta gaba ɗaya halinsa zuwa ga rikitarwa da lissafi. A cikin kiɗan dodecaphone, zaku iya zama lokacin tsarawa a cikin gabatar da kayan serial.
A. Webern. Concerto op 24, motsi na farko. Ƙarawa da rage ci gaban rhythm.
'yanci na jituwa yana sa mafi hadaddun haɗuwa tare da W. mai yiwuwa, alal misali. ingantaccen aiwatar da jigon a cikin U. a cikin polyphony. A cikin Canon biyu na Stravinsky (dangane da salon Venetian G. da A. Gabrieli), proposte na 2 shine U. na farko mara inganci (duba misali a ginshiƙai 670 da 671). U. da raguwa sune mafi mahimmancin abubuwa na virtuoso rhythmic. dabarun O. Messiaen. A cikin littafi. "Dabarun yaren kiɗa na" ya nuna rashin al'adun su. siffofi dangane da tsarin rhythmic. Figures da polyrhythms. da polymetric polyphonic rabo. kuri'u (duba misali a shafi na 671). Game da ra'ayi na U. a cikin rabo na polyphonic. muryoyin, Messiaen yana bincika rhythmic. canons (ba a kwaikwayi tsarin melodic), wanda aka canza risposta tare da digo bayan bayanin kula ("Ƙananan liturgies guda uku na gaban Allah", kashi na 1st, risposta a cikin U. sau ɗaya da rabi), da haɗuwa. na Figures (sau da yawa ostinato) tare da daban-daban U. da ragi (wani lokaci partially, rashin daidaito, a cikin wani gefe motsi; duba misali a shafi na 672).
Idan Stravinsky. Canticum sacrum, sashi na 3, sanduna 219-236. An bar sassan kirtani da ke kwafin ƙungiyar mawaƙa. P, I, R, IR - zaɓuɓɓukan jerin.
O. Mesiya. Canon. Misali No 56 daga kashi na 2 na littafin "Dabarun Harshen Kida na".
2) A cikin bayanin haila, haɓakawa shine karuwa a cikin tsawon lokacin bayanin kula da rabi, wanda aka nuna ta ɗigo bayan bayanin kula. Ana kuma kiransa hanyar yin rikodi wanda ake buga bayanin kula cikin ninki biyu ko uku na tsawon lokaci: 2/1 (proportio dupla), 3/1 (proportio tripla).
O. Mesiya. Epouvante. Misali No 50 daga kashi na 2 na littafin "Dabarun Harshen Kida na".
References: Dmitriev A., Polyphony a matsayin factor na siffa, L., 1962; Tyulin Yu., Art of counterpoint, M., 1964; Z Kholopov Yu., A kan tsarin jituwa na waje guda uku, a cikin: Kiɗa da Zamani, vol. 4, M., 1966; Kholopova V., Tambayoyi na rhythm a cikin aikin mawaƙa na farkon rabin karni na 1971, M., 1978; Abubuwan lura na ka'idar akan tarihin kiɗa, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Matsalolin rhythm na kiɗa, Sat. Art., M., 2; Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1907, Lpz., 1500; Feininger L., Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1937), Emsdetten a Westf., 1; Messiaen O., Technique de mon langage musical, v. 2-1953, P., XNUMX. Duba kuma kunna. ku Art. alamar haila.
VP Frayonov
