Tarihin obo

Na'ura obo. Oboe kayan kida ne na iskan itace. Sunan kayan aiki ya fito ne daga "haubois", wanda a cikin Faransanci yana nufin tsayi, katako. Yana da siffar bututu na siffar conical, tsawon 60 cm, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa 3: gwiwoyi na sama da na ƙasa, da kararrawa. Yana da tsarin bawul wanda ke buɗewa kuma yana rufe ramukan wasa 24-25 da aka haƙa a cikin ganuwar oboe na katako. A cikin gwiwa na sama akwai kara (harshe) biyu, janareta mai sauti. Lokacin da aka hura iska, faranti guda 2 suna rawar jiki, suna wakiltar harshe biyu, kuma ginshiƙin iska a cikin bututu yana girgiza, yana haifar da sauti. Oboe d'amore, bassoon, contrabassoon, ƙaho na Ingilishi kuma suna da reed biyu, sabanin clarinet mai reed guda ɗaya. Yana da arziƙi, farin ciki, ɗan timbre na hanci.

Material don oboe. Babban abu don kera oboe shine ebony na Afirka. Wani lokaci ana amfani da nau'in bishiyar bishiya mai ban mamaki (bishiyar "purple", cocobolo). Sabon sabon fasaha na fasaha shine kayan aiki da aka yi da kayan aiki bisa ga foda na ebony tare da ƙari na 5 bisa dari na fiber carbon. Irin wannan kayan aiki ya fi sauƙi, mai rahusa, ba shi da amsa ga canje-canje a yanayin zafi da zafi. An yi oboes na farko daga bamboo mara kyau da bututun reed. Daga baya, an yi amfani da beech, boxwood, pear, rosewood har ma da hauren giwa a matsayin kayan dorewa. A cikin karni na 19, tare da karuwa a cikin adadin ramuka da bawuloli, ana buƙatar abu mai ƙarfi. Sun zama ebony.

Fitowa da juyin halitta na oboe. Magabatan oboe kayan aikin jama'a ne da yawa da 'yan adam suka sani tun zamanin da. Daga cikin wannan saitin: tsohuwar Greek aulos, tibia na Romawa, zurna na Farisa, gaita. Kayan aiki mafi tsufa na irin wannan, wanda aka samo a cikin kabarin wani sarki Sumerian, ya wuce shekaru 4600. Ƙwaƙwalwar sarewa biyu ce, an yi ta da bututun azurfa da tagulla biyu. Kayan aiki na wani lokaci na gaba sune musette, cor anglais, baroque da oboe baritone. Shawls, krumhorns, bagpipes sun bayyana zuwa ƙarshen Renaissance. Oboe da bassoon sun riga da shawl da pommer. Oboe na zamani ya sami asalinsa a ƙarshen karni na 17 a Faransa bayan inganta shawl. Gaskiya ne, to yana da kawai ramuka 6 da bawuloli 2. A cikin karni na 19, godiya ga tsarin Boehm don iskar itace, an kuma sake gina oboe. Canje-canjen sun shafi adadin ramuka da tsarin bawul na kayan aiki. Tun daga karni na 18, oboe ya yadu a Turai; mafi kyawun mawaƙa na wancan lokacin sun rubuta masa, gami da JS Bach, GF Handel, A. Vivaldi. Oboe yana amfani da shi a cikin ayyukansa VA Mozart, G. Berlioz. A Rasha, tun daga karni na 18, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky da sauran mashahuran mawaƙa sun yi amfani da shi. An dauki karni na 18 a matsayin zamanin zinare na obo.

Obo a zamaninmu. A yau, kamar ƙarni biyu da suka gabata, ba zai yiwu a yi tunanin kiɗa ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa na musamman na oboe. Ya yi a matsayin solo kayan aiki a cikin ɗakin waƙa, yana da kyau a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗar kade-kade, wanda ba za a iya kwatanta shi ba a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗar iska, shine kayan aikin da ya fi bayyana a tsakanin kayan kida na jama'a, ana amfani da shi azaman kayan kida ko da a cikin jazz. A yau, shahararrun nau'ikan oboes sune oboe d'amore, wanda timbre mai laushi ya jawo hankalin Bach, Strauss, Debussy; solo kayan aiki na kade-kade na kade-kade - ƙaho na Ingilishi; mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin dangin oboe shine musette.