Tarihin Violin

A yau, violin yana da alaƙa da kiɗan gargajiya. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan kyan gani na wannan kayan aiki yana haifar da jin dadi na bohemian. Amma violin ya kasance haka? Tarihin violin zai gaya game da wannan - hanyarsa daga kayan aikin jama'a mai sauƙi zuwa samfurin fasaha. Yin violin ya kasance a asirce kuma an ba da shi da kansa daga ubangida har zuwa koyo. Kayan kade-kade na kade-kade, violin, yana taka rawa a cikin kungiyar makada a yau ba kwatsam ba.

samfurin Violin

Violin, a matsayin kayan aikin kirtani na yau da kullun, ana kiranta “Sarauniyar ƙungiyar makaɗa” saboda dalili. Kuma ba wai kawai cewa akwai mawaƙa fiye da ɗari a cikin babbar ƙungiyar makaɗa ba kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na su 'yan wasan violin ne ya tabbatar da haka. Bayyanawa, ɗumi da taushin kurarta, jin daɗin sautinta, da kuma yuwuwar aikinta mai girman gaske suna ba ta babban matsayi, duka a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na kade-kade da kuma a cikin aikin solo.

Tabbas, dukkanmu muna tunanin bayyanar zamani na violin, wanda shahararrun mashahuran Italiya suka ba shi, amma asalinsa har yanzu ba a sani ba.
Har yau ana tafka muhawara kan wannan batu. Akwai nau'ikan tarihin wannan kayan aiki da yawa. A cewar wasu rahotanni, ana ɗaukar Indiya a matsayin wurin haifuwar kayan kida. Wani ya ba da shawarar cewa Sin da Farisa. Yawancin nau'ikan suna dogara ne akan abin da ake kira "bare facts" daga wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane, sassaka, ko a kan takardun farko da ke tabbatar da asalin violin a cikin irin wannan shekara, a cikin irin wannan birni. Daga wasu majiyoyin kuma, shekaru da dama kafin bayyanar violin a haka, kusan kowace kabila ta al'adu sun riga sun sami irin wannan kayan kida na ruku'u, don haka bai dace a nemi tushen asalin violin ba a wasu sassan. duniya.

Masu bincike da yawa suna la'akari da haɗa nau'ikan kayan kida kamar su Rebec, Gita-kamar Fiddle da Layar baka, waɗanda suka taso a Turai a kusan ƙarni na 13-15, a matsayin wani nau'in samfurin violin.

Rebec kayan aiki ne mai ruku'u mai kirtani uku mai siffar pear wanda ke wucewa cikin wuya a hankali. Yana da allon sauti tare da ramukan resonator a cikin nau'i na katako da tsarin na biyar.

Fidel mai siffar guitar yana da, kamar ɗan tawaye, mai siffar pear, amma ba tare da wuya ba, tare da igiya ɗaya zuwa biyar.

Gurasar da aka rusuna shine mafi kusa a tsarin waje zuwa violin, kuma sun zo daidai a lokacin bayyanar (kimanin karni na 16). Tarihin Lear violin yana da jiki mai siffar violin, wanda sasanninta ke bayyana akan lokaci. Daga baya, an kafa madaidaicin ƙasa da ramukan resonator a cikin nau'in efs (f). Amma garaya, ba kamar violin ba, tana da kirtani da yawa.

Hakanan ana la'akari da tambayar tarihin asalin violin a cikin ƙasashen Slavic - Rasha, Ukraine da Poland. Ana tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar zanen gumaka, abubuwan da aka gano na archaeological. Don haka, gensle mai igiya uku da kuma bukkoki ana dangana ga Yaren mutanen Poland sunkuyar kida , da smyki zuwa Rasha. A karni na 15, wani kayan aiki ya bayyana a Poland, kusa da violin na yanzu - violin , a Rasha tare da irin wannan suna. - skripel.

A asalinsa, violin har yanzu kayan aikin jama'a ne. A ƙasashe da yawa, har yanzu ana amfani da violin a cikin kiɗan kayan aikin jama'a. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin zane-zane ta D. Teniers ("Flemish Holiday"), HVE Dietrich ("Mawakan Wandering") da sauransu da yawa. An kuma buga wasan violin ta hanyar mawaƙa masu yawo daga birni zuwa birni, suna halartar biki, bukukuwan al'umma, wasan kwaikwayo a mashaya da gidajen abinci.

Na dogon lokaci, violin ya kasance a baya, mutane masu daraja sun bi da shi da rashin kunya, suna la'akari da shi kayan aiki na kowa.

Farkon tarihin violin na zamani

A cikin karni na 16, manyan nau'ikan kayan kida guda biyu sun fito fili: viola da violin.

Babu shakka, duk mun san cewa violin ya sami kamanninsa na zamani a hannun masanan Italiyanci, kuma yin violin ya fara haɓakawa sosai a Italiya a cikin karni na 16. Wannan lokacin ana iya la'akari da farkon tarihin ci gaban violin na zamani.

Masu yin violin na Italiya na farko su ne Gasparo Bertolotti (ko "da Salo" (1542-1609) da Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632), dukansu daga Brescia, a arewacin Italiya. Amma nan da nan Cremona ya zama cibiyar samar da violin a duniya. Kuma, ba shakka, membobin kungiyar Iyalin Amati (Andrea Masoya – wanda ya kafa makarantar Cremonese) da Antonio Stradivari (dalibi na Nicolò Amati, wanda ya daidaita kamanni da sautin violin) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi fice kuma waɗanda ba a iya kwatanta su da violin. na iyali; Mafi kyawun violinsa ya zarce na Stradivari a cikin ɗumi da sautin su) ya kammala wannan babban nasara.

Na dogon lokaci, ana ɗaukar violin a matsayin kayan rakiyar (alal misali, a Faransa ya dace da rawa kawai). Sai kawai a cikin karni na 18, lokacin da kiɗa ya fara yin sauti a cikin dakunan wasan kwaikwayo, violin, tare da sautin da ba a iya gani ba, ya zama kayan aiki na solo.

Lokacin da violin ya bayyana

Na farko ambaton violin ya samo asali ne tun farkon karni na 16, a Italiya. Ko da yake ba a adana ko guda ɗaya na kayan aiki na waɗannan shekarun ba, masana sun yanke hukuncin ne bisa zane-zane da rubutun da aka yi a lokacin. Babu shakka, violin ya samo asali ne daga wasu kayan aikin ruku'u. Masana tarihi sun danganta bayyanarsa da kayan kida kamar su leda na Girka, fidel na Sipaniya, rebab na Larabci, crotta na Burtaniya, har ma da kirtani huɗu na Rasha sun rusuna. Daga baya, a tsakiyar karni na 16, an kafa hoton ƙarshe na violin, wanda ya wanzu har yau.

Ƙasar asalin violin ita ce Italiya. Anan ne ta samu kyakykyawan kamanninta da tattausan sauti. Shahararren mai yin violin, Gasparo de Salo, ya ɗauki fasahar yin violin zuwa matsayi mai girma. Shi ne ya ba da violin kamannin da muka sani a yanzu. Kayayyakin bitar nasa sun kasance masu daraja sosai a tsakanin manyan mutane kuma suna da matukar buƙata a kotunan kiɗa.

Har ila yau, a cikin karni na 16, dukan iyali, Amati, sun tsunduma cikin kera violin. Andrea Amati ya kafa makarantar Cremonese na masu yin violin kuma ya inganta violin na kayan kida, yana ba shi siffofi masu kyau.

Ana daukar Gasparo da Amati a matsayin wadanda suka kafa sana'ar violin. Wasu samfuran waɗannan mashahuran masters sun wanzu har yau.

Tarihin halittar violin

Da farko, ana ɗaukar violin a matsayin kayan aikin jama'a - mawaƙa masu yawon buɗe ido ne ke buga ta a wuraren shaye-shaye da wuraren cin abinci na gefen hanya. Violin wani nau'i ne na jama'a na violin mai ban sha'awa, wanda aka yi shi daga mafi kyawun kayan kuma ya kashe kuɗi mai yawa. A wani lokaci, manyan mutane sun fara sha'awar wannan kayan aikin jama'a, kuma ya zama tartsatsi a cikin al'adun jama'a.

Don haka, a cikin 1560, Sarkin Faransa Charles IX ya ba da umarnin violin 24 daga iyayen gida. Af, daya daga cikin wadannan kayan kida 24 ya rayu har zuwa yau, kuma ana daukarsa daya daga cikin tsofaffin a duniya.

Shahararrun masu yin violin da ake tunawa a yau sune Stradivari da Guarneri.

Antonio Stradivari dalibin Aati ne saboda an haife shi kuma ya zauna a Cremona. Da farko ya yi riko da salon Amati, amma daga baya, da ya bude bitarsa, ya fara gwaji. Bayan nazarin samfurin Gasparo de Salo a hankali da kuma ɗaukar su a matsayin tushen samar da samfuransa, Stradivari a 1691 ya samar da nau'in violin nasa, abin da ake kira elongated - "Long Strad". Maigidan ya shafe shekaru 10 masu zuwa na rayuwarsa yana kammala wannan fitaccen samfurin. A cikin shekaru 60, a cikin 1704, Antonio Stradivari ya gabatar da duniya da nau'in violin na ƙarshe, wanda har yanzu ba wanda ya iya wuce shi. A yau, an adana kusan kayan kida 450 na mashahurin maigidan.

Andrea Guarneri shi ma dalibin Aati ne, kuma ya kawo nasa bayanin kula wajen yin violin. Ya kafa daular masu yin violin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da 18. Guarneri ya yi violin masu inganci, amma maras tsada, wanda ya shahara. Jikansa, Bartolomeo Guarneri (Giuseppe), ƙwararren ɗan ƙasar Italiya na farkon ƙarni na 18, ya ƙirƙiri ƙwararrun kayan kida da fitattun 'yan wasan violin suka buga - Nicolo Paganini da sauransu. Kimanin kayan kida 250 na dangin Guarneri sun tsira har yau.

Lokacin da aka kwatanta violin na Guarneri da Stradivari, an lura cewa sautin kayan aikin Guarneri ya fi kusa da timbre zuwa mezzo-soprano, kuma na Stradivari zuwa soprano.

Kayan kida violin

Sautin violin yana da daɗi da ruhi. Binciken tarihin violin ya nuna mana yadda ya juya daga kayan aikin da ke tare da shi zuwa na solo. Violin babban kayan kida ne. Sautin violin sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da muryar ɗan adam, yana da irin wannan tasiri mai ƙarfi ga masu sauraro.

Aikin violin na farko na solo "Romanescaperviolinosolo e basso" Biagio Marina ya rubuta a cikin 1620. A wannan lokacin, violin ya fara bunƙasa - ya sami karɓuwa a duniya, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan kida a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Ana daukar Arcangelo Corelli a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro wasan violin na fasaha.