Robert Schumann |

Robert Schuman

Don ba da haske a cikin zurfin zuciyar ɗan adam - irin wannan shine aikin mai zane. R. Schumann

P. Tchaikovsky ya yi imanin cewa tsararraki masu zuwa za su kira karni na XNUMX. Lokacin Schumann a cikin tarihin kiɗa. Kuma lalle ne, waƙar Schumann ta ɗauki babban abu a cikin fasahar zamaninsa - abin da ke cikinsa shine "hanyoyin zurfafa zurfin rayuwa na ruhaniya" na mutum, manufarsa - shiga cikin "zurfin zuciyar ɗan adam."

An haifi R. Schumann a lardin Saxon na lardin Zwickau, a cikin dangin mawallafin kuma mai sayar da littattafai August Schumann, wanda ya mutu da wuri (1826), amma ya sami damar ba dansa ga ɗansa halin girmamawa ga fasaha kuma ya ƙarfafa shi ya yi nazarin kiɗa. tare da organist na gida I. Kuntsch. Schumann tun yana karami ya fi son inganta wasan piano, yana dan shekara 13 ya rubuta Zabura na mawaka da makada, amma waka bai yi kadan ba ya ja hankalinsa zuwa ga adabi, a cikin binciken da ya samu ci gaba a tsawon shekarunsa a kasar Sin. dakin motsa jiki. Saurayi mai son soyayya ko kadan ba ya sha'awar ilimin fikihu, wanda ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Leipzig da Heidelberg (1828-30).

Azuzuwa tare da sanannen malamin piano F. Wieck, halartar kide-kide a Leipzig, sanin ayyukan F. Schubert ya ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa ga kiɗa. Da wahalar shawo kan juriyar danginsa, Schumann ya fara darussan piano mai zurfi, amma wata cuta a hannunsa na dama (saboda horar da yatsun hannu) ya rufe aikinsa a matsayin mai wasan piano. Tare da ƙarin sha'awar, Schumann ya ba da kansa ga tsara kiɗa, yana ɗaukar darussan abun ciki daga G. Dorn, yana nazarin aikin JS Bach da L. Beethoven. Tuni ayyukan piano na farko da aka buga (Bambance-bambance a kan jigo na Abegg, "Butterflies", 1830-31) ya nuna 'yancin kai na marubucin marubucin.

Tun 1834, Schumann ya zama edita, sa'an nan kuma mawallafin New Musical Journal, wanda ke da nufin yin yaki da ayyukan mawaƙa na virtuoso waɗanda suka mamaye matakin wasan kwaikwayo a wancan lokacin, tare da kwaikwayi na kayan hannu na litattafai, don sabon fasaha mai zurfi. , wanda ya haskaka ta hanyar waƙar waƙa . A cikin labaransa, da aka rubuta a cikin wani nau'i na fasaha na asali - sau da yawa a cikin nau'i na al'amuran, tattaunawa, aphorisms, da dai sauransu - Schumann ya gabatar da mai karatu tare da manufa na fasaha na gaskiya, wanda yake gani a cikin ayyukan F. Schubert da F. Mendelssohn. , F. Chopin da G Berlioz, a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya na Viennese, a cikin wasan N. Paganini da matashin pianist Clara Wieck, 'yar malaminta. Schumann ya yi nasarar tarawa a kusa da shi mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bayyana a shafukan mujallar a matsayin Davidsbündlers - mambobi na "David Brotherhood" ("Davidsbund"), wani nau'i na ruhaniya na mawaƙa na gaske. Schumann da kansa sau da yawa ya sanya hannu a sake dubawa tare da sunayen fictitious Davidsbündlers Florestan da Eusebius. Florestan yana da haɗari ga tashin hankali da tashin hankali na fantasy, zuwa paradoxes, hukunce-hukuncen Eusebius mai mafarki yana da laushi. A cikin suite na halayyar wasan kwaikwayo "Carnival" (1834-35), Schumann ya halicci m hotuna na Davidsbündlers - Chopin, Paganini, Clara (a karkashin sunan Chiarina), Eusebius, Florestan.

Babban tashin hankali na ƙarfin ruhaniya da mafi girman haɓakar hazaka ("Fantastic Pieces", "Dances of the Davidsbündlers", Fantasia in C major, "Kreisleriana", "Novelettes", "Humoresque", "Carnival Viennese") ya kawo Schumann. rabi na biyu na 30s. , wanda ya wuce a ƙarƙashin alamar gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin haɗe tare da Clara Wieck (F. Wieck a kowace hanya mai yiwuwa ya hana wannan aure). A ƙoƙarin neman fage mai faɗi don ayyukan kiɗansa da na jarida, Schumann ya ciyar da lokacin 1838-39. a Vienna, amma gwamnatin Metternich da tacewa sun hana a buga mujallar a can. A Vienna, Schumann ya gano rubutun Schubert's Symphony "babban" Symphony a C babba, ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar sha'awar soyayya.

1840 - shekarar da aka dade ana jira tare da Clara - ya zama shekarar wakokin Schumann. Wani m hankali ga shayari, zurfin ilmin aikin zamani ya taimaka wajen gane a cikin yawa song cycles da mutum songs na gaskiya jam'iyya tare da shayari, ainihin embodiment a cikin music na mutum poetic intonation na G. Heine ("Circle of Wakoki” op. 24, “Soyayyar Mawaƙi”), I. Eichendorff (“Da’irar Waƙoƙi”, op. 39), A. Chamisso (“Soyayya da Rayuwar Mace”), R. Burns, F. Rückert, J. Byron, GX Andersen da sauransu. Kuma daga baya, filin na vocal kerawa ya ci gaba da girma ban mamaki ayyuka ("Six Poems by N. Lenau" da kuma Requiem - 1850, "Songs daga" Wilhelm Meister "by IV Goethe" - 1849, da dai sauransu).

Rayuwa da aikin Schumann a cikin 40-50s. ya gudana a cikin sauye-sauye na sama da ƙasa, wanda ya fi dacewa da ciwon hauka na rashin lafiya, alamun farko na wanda ya bayyana a farkon 1833. Upsurges a cikin makamashi mai ƙirƙira ya nuna farkon 40s, ƙarshen zamanin Dresden (Schumanns sun rayu a ciki). babban birnin Saxony a cikin 1845-50.), yayi daidai da abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali a Turai, da farkon rayuwa a Düsseldorf (1850). Schumann ya tsara abubuwa da yawa, yana koyarwa a Leipzig Conservatory, wanda aka buɗe a 1843, kuma daga wannan shekarar ya fara aiki a matsayin jagora. A Dresden da Düsseldorf, shi ma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, tare da sadaukar da kansa ga wannan aikin tare da ƙwazo. Daga cikin 'yan yawon shakatawa da aka yi tare da Clara, mafi tsawo kuma mafi ban sha'awa shine tafiya zuwa Rasha (1844). Tun daga 60-70s. Kidan Schumann cikin sauri ya zama wani sashe na al'adar kida na Rasha. M. Balakirev da M. Mussorgsky, A. Borodin da kuma musamman Tchaikovsky sun ƙaunace ta, wanda ya ɗauki Schumann mafi kyawun mawaki na zamani. A. Rubinstein ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗan wasan piano ne na Schumann.

Ƙirƙirar 40-50s. wanda aka yi masa alama ta hanyar haɓaka mai mahimmanci na kewayon nau'ikan nau'ikan. Schumann ya rubuta symphonies (Na farko - "Spring", 1841, Na biyu, 1845-46; Na uku - "Rhine", 1850; Hudu, 1841-1st edition, 1851 - 2nd edition), ɗakin dakuna (3 kirtani quartet - 1842 , piano quartet da quintet, ensembles tare da sa hannu na clarinet - ciki har da "Bayanan Labarai" don clarinet, viola da piano, 3 sonatas don violin da piano, da dai sauransu); wasan kwaikwayo na piano (2-1841), cello (45), violin (1850); shirye-shiryen kide-kide ("Bride of Messina" a cewar Schiller, 1853; "Hermann da Dorothea" a cewar Goethe da "Julius Caesar" a cewar Shakespeare - 1851), yana nuna gwaninta wajen sarrafa nau'ikan gargajiya. Wasan kwaikwayo na Piano da Symphony na Hudu sun yi fice don ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin sabuntawar su, Quintet a cikin E-flat manyan don ingantacciyar jituwa ta tsari da haɓakar tunanin kiɗan. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙarshen aikin mawallafin duka shine kiɗa don waƙar ban mamaki na Byron "Manfred" (1851) - mafi mahimmancin ci gaba a cikin ci gaban sha'awar jima'i a kan hanyar Beethoven zuwa Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Brahms. Schumann ba ya cin amanar piano wanda yake ƙauna (Scenes Forest, 1848-1848 da sauran guda) - sautinsa ne ya ba da tarin ɗakin ɗakinsa da waƙoƙin murya tare da bayyanawa ta musamman. Neman mawaƙin a fagen kiɗa da kiɗan ban mamaki bai gaji ba (oratorio "Aljanna da Peri" na T. Moore - 49; Scenes from Goethe's "Faust", 1843-1844; ballads for soloists, choir and orchestra; ayyuka na nau'o'i masu tsarki, da sauransu) . Wasan kwaikwayo a Leipzig na Schumann's kawai opera Genoveva (53-1847) bisa F. Gobbel da L. Tieck, irin wannan a cikin makircin wasan kwaikwayo na "knightly" na Jamus na KM Weber da R. Wagner, bai kawo masa nasara ba.

Babban abin da ya faru na shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwar Schumann shine saduwarsa da Brahms mai shekaru ashirin. Labarin "Sabbin Hanyoyi", wanda Schumann ya annabta babban makoma ga magajinsa na ruhaniya (ya kasance yana kula da matasa mawaƙa tare da hankali mai ban mamaki), ya kammala ayyukan sa na jama'a. A cikin Fabrairu 1854, mummunan harin rashin lafiya ya kai ga yunkurin kashe kansa. Bayan ya shafe shekaru 2 a asibiti (Endenich, kusa da Bonn), Schumann ya mutu. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce da takardu ana ajiye su ne a gidan kayan gargajiya na gidan tarihi a Zwickau (Jamus), inda ake gudanar da gasa na ƴan pian, mawaƙa da gungun mawaƙa da aka yi wa mawaƙa akai-akai.

Ayyukan Schumann sun nuna balagagge mataki na romanticism na kiɗa tare da ƙara mai da hankali ga tsarin tsarin tsarin tunani na rayuwar ɗan adam. Piano na Schumann da sake zagayowar murya, da yawa daga cikin ɗakunan kayan aiki, ayyukan jin daɗi sun buɗe sabuwar duniyar fasaha, sabbin nau'ikan furci na kiɗa. Za a iya tunanin kidan Schumann a matsayin jerin lokutan kide-kide masu ban al'ajabi masu ban mamaki, suna ɗaukar yanayi mai canzawa da bambance-bambancen tunanin mutum. Waɗannan kuma na iya zama hotuna na kiɗa, daidai da ɗaukar duka halin waje da ainihin ainihin abin da aka kwatanta.

Schumann ya ba da lakabi na shirye-shirye ga yawancin ayyukansa, waɗanda aka tsara su don faranta ran mai sauraro da mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukansa suna da alaƙa sosai da wallafe-wallafe - tare da aikin Jean Paul (JP Richter), TA Hoffmann, G. Heine da sauransu. Za a iya kwatanta ƙanana na Schumann tare da waƙoƙin waƙa, ƙarin cikakkun bayanai - tare da waƙoƙi, labarun soyayya, inda labaran labaru daban-daban a wasu lokuta sukan haɗu da juna, ainihin ya juya ya zama abin ban mamaki, ƙwararrun waƙar ya tashi, da dai sauransu. A cikin wannan zagayowar na fantasy na piano, da kuma a cikin zagayowar murya a kan wakokin Heine "Ƙaunar Mawaƙi", hoton mawaƙin soyayya ya taso, mawaƙi na gaske, mai iya jin kaifi mara iyaka, "ƙarfi, zafi da taushi. ", wani lokaci ana tilasta masa ɓoye ainihin ainihin sa a ƙarƙashin abin rufe fuska mai banƙyama da ban sha'awa, don daga baya ya bayyana shi har ma da gaskiya da ladabi ko nutsewa cikin zurfin tunani ... Byron's Manfred Schumann ya ba shi kaifi da ƙarfin ji, hauka. yunƙurin tawaye, wanda a cikin siffarsa akwai siffofi na falsafa da ban tausayi. Hotunan raye-raye na raye-raye na yanayi, mafarkai masu ban sha'awa, tsoffin almara da almara, hotuna na ƙuruciya ("Al'amuran Yara" - 1838; piano (1848) da vocal (1849) "Albums for Youth") sun dace da duniyar fasaha ta babban mawaƙin, " mawaƙi mai kyau”, kamar yadda V. Stasov ya kira shi.

E. Tsareva

• Rayuwa da aikin Schumann →
• Piano na Schumann yana aiki →
• Chamber-instrumental ayyukan Schumann →
• Aikin muryar Schumann →
• Muryar Schumann da ayyukan ban mamaki →
• Ayyukan Symphonic na Schumann →
• Jerin ayyukan Schumann →

Kalmomin Schuman "don haskaka zurfin zuciyar ɗan adam - wannan shine manufar mai zane" - hanya kai tsaye zuwa ilimin fasaharsa. Mutane kaɗan ne za su iya kwatanta su da Schumann a cikin shigar da ya gabatar da mafi kyawun nuances na rayuwar ɗan adam tare da sauti. Duniyar ji ita ce maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mara ƙarewa na hotunan kiɗan sa da na waƙa.

Ba abin mamaki ba shi ne wata magana ta Schumann: "Kada mutum ya shiga cikin kansa da yawa, yayin da yana da sauƙi a rasa kyan gani a duniya." Kuma Schumann ya bi shawararsa. Yana da shekaru ashirin ya shiga gwagwarmaya da rashin tunani da falsafa. (Filistine kalmar Jamus ce gama gari wacce ke nuna ɗan kasuwa, mutumin da ke da ra'ayin philistine na baya akan rayuwa, siyasa, fasaha) a cikin fasaha. Ruhun fada, mai tawaye da sha'awar, ya cika ayyukansa na kiɗa da ƙarfin hali, abubuwan da ke da ban tsoro, waɗanda suka buɗe hanya don sababbin abubuwan ci gaba na fasaha.

Rashin daidaituwa ga al'amuran yau da kullun, lalatar Schumann ya ɗauka a duk rayuwarsa. Amma cutar da ke kara karfi a kowace shekara, ta kara tabarbarewar jijiya da soyayyar dabi'ar sa, sau da yawa kan hana sha'awa da kuzarin da ya ke ba da kansa ga harkokin kade-kade da zamantakewa. Haka kuma irin sarkakiyar yanayin akida ta zamantakewa da siyasa a Jamus a wancan lokacin ma ya yi tasiri. Duk da haka, a cikin yanayi na wani Semi-feudal reactionary jihar tsarin, Schumann gudanar ya kiyaye da tsarki na halin kirki akida, kullum kiyaye a cikin kansa da kuma tada m kona a wasu.

"Babu wani abu na gaske da aka halicce shi a fasaha ba tare da ƙwazo ba," waɗannan kalmomi masu ban sha'awa na mawaƙi sun bayyana ainihin burinsa na halitta. Mai fasaha mai hankali da tunani mai zurfi, ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai amsa kiran lokutan, don mika wuya ga tasiri mai ban sha'awa na zamanin juyin juya hali da yakin 'yantar da kasa wanda ya girgiza Turai a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX.

Bambance-bambancen soyayya na hotunan kade-kade da kade-kade, sha'awar da Schumann ya kawo ga dukkan ayyukansa, ya dagula zaman lafiya na Falasdinawa na Jamus. Ba daidai ba ne cewa aikin jarida ya rufe aikin Schumann kuma bai sami karbuwa ba a cikin mahaifarsa na dogon lokaci. Hanyar rayuwa ta Schumann ta kasance mai wahala. Tun daga farko fafutukar neman yancin zama mawaƙi ne ke tabbatar da yanayin tashin hankali da tashin hankali a rayuwarsa. Rushewar mafarkai wani lokaci ana maye gurbinsu da kwatsam kwatsam na bege, lokacin farin ciki mai girma - baƙin ciki mai zurfi. Duk waɗannan an buga su a cikin shafukan kiɗan Schumann.

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Ga mutanen zamanin Schumann, aikinsa ya zama kamar abin ban mamaki kuma ba zai iya isa ba. Harshen kiɗa na musamman, sabbin hotuna, sabbin nau'ikan - duk wannan yana buƙatar sauraro mai zurfi da tashin hankali, sabon abu ga masu sauraron ɗakunan kide-kide.

Kwarewar Liszt, wacce ta yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka waƙar Schumann, ta ƙare cikin baƙin ciki. A cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga marubucin tarihin rayuwar Schumann, Liszt ya rubuta: “Sau da yawa na yi kasala da wasannin kwaikwayo na Schumann a gidaje masu zaman kansu da kuma a wurin taron jama’a har na rasa gaba gaɗi na saka su a fosna.”

Amma ko da a tsakanin mawaƙa, fasahar Schumann ta sami hanyar fahimtar da wahala. Ba tare da ambaton Mendelssohn ba, wanda ruhun tawaye na Schumann ya kasance baƙo mai zurfi, Liszt iri ɗaya - ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha masu basira da mahimmanci - ya yarda da Schumann kawai a wani bangare, yana ba da kansa irin wannan 'yanci kamar yin "Carnival" tare da yanke.

Sai kawai tun cikin 50s, waƙar Schumann ya fara samun tushe a cikin kiɗa da kide-kide, don samun ƙarin da'irar mabiya da masu sha'awar. Daga cikin mutanen farko da suka lura da kimarta ta gaskiya sune manyan mawakan Rasha. Anton Grigoryevich Rubinshtein ya buga Schumann da yawa kuma da yardar rai, kuma ya kasance daidai da wasan kwaikwayon "Carnival" da "Symphonic Etudes" wanda ya ba da babbar tasiri ga masu sauraro.

Ƙaunar Schumann ya sha shaida ta hanyar Tchaikovsky da shugabannin Mabuɗin Hannu. Tchaikovsky ya yi magana musamman game da Schumann, yana lura da zamani mai ban sha'awa na aikin Schumann, sabon abin da ke cikin abun ciki, sabon tunanin tunanin mawaƙa na kansa. "Kidan Schumann," in ji Tchaikovsky, "wanda ke hade da aikin Beethoven kuma a lokaci guda ya rabu da shi, ya buɗe mana dukan duniya na sababbin nau'o'in kiɗan kiɗa, yana taɓa igiyoyin da manyan magabata ba su taɓa ba tukuna. A cikinsa mun sami amsawar waɗannan matakai na ruhaniya masu ban mamaki na rayuwarmu ta ruhaniya, waɗancan shakku, yanke ƙauna da buguwa zuwa ga manufa da ta mamaye zuciyar ɗan adam na zamani.

Schumann na cikin ƙarni na biyu na mawakan soyayya waɗanda suka maye gurbin Weber, Schubert. Schumann ta fuskoki da yawa ya fara ne daga Marigayi Schubert, daga wannan layin na aikinsa, inda abubuwa masu ban mamaki da na hankali suka taka muhimmiyar rawa.

Babban jigon kirkire-kirkire na Schumann shine duniyar jahohin ciki na mutum, rayuwarsa ta tunani. Akwai siffofi a cikin bayyanar jarumin Schumann da suka yi kama da na Schubert, akwai kuma da yawa da ke da sabo, na asali a cikin wani mai fasaha na tsararraki daban-daban, tare da tsarin tunani da jin dadi mai rikitarwa da rikitarwa. Hotunan zane-zane da shayari na Schumann, mafi rauni da kuma ladabi, an haife su a cikin hankali, suna fahimtar rikice-rikicen lokaci. Wannan ya kara dagula martani ga al'amuran rayuwa wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na ban mamaki da ƙarfin "tasirin sha'awar Schumann" (Asafiev). Babu wani daga cikin mutanen Yammacin Turai na zamanin Schumann, sai na Chopin, da ke da irin wannan sha'awar da nau'ikan nuances na tunani.

A cikin yanayin jin tsoro na Schumann, jin daɗin rata tsakanin tunani, zurfin jin halin mutum da ainihin yanayin da ke kewaye da shi, wanda manyan masu fasaha na zamanin suka dandana, ya kara tsanantawa. Yana neman cika rashin cikar rayuwa tare da tunanin kansa, don adawa da rayuwa marar kyau tare da kyakkyawar duniya, duniyar mafarki da almara na waƙa. A ƙarshe, wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawancin abubuwan rayuwa na rayuwa sun fara raguwa zuwa iyakokin yanayin mutum, rayuwa ta ciki. Zurfafa kai, mai da hankali kan jin daɗin mutum, abubuwan da suka faru sun ƙarfafa haɓakar ka'idar tunani a cikin aikin Schumann.

Yanayin, rayuwar yau da kullum, dukan duniya haƙiƙa, kamar yadda yake, ya dogara da yanayin da aka ba da zane-zane, suna launin launi a cikin sautunan yanayi na sirri. Hali a cikin aikin Schumann ba ya wanzu a waje da abubuwan da ya faru; koyaushe yana nuna motsin zuciyarsa, yana ɗaukar launi daidai da su. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da kyawawan hotuna masu ban mamaki. A cikin aikin Schumann, idan aka kwatanta da aikin Weber ko Mendelssohn, haɗin kai tare da ban mamaki da ra'ayoyin jama'a suka haifar yana raguwa sosai. Fantasshin Schumann wani tunani ne na hangen nesa nasa, wani lokaci abin ban mamaki da ban mamaki, wanda wasan tunanin fasaha ya haifar.

Ƙarfafa ma'anar tunani da dalilai na tunani, sau da yawa nau'in tarihin rayuwa na kerawa, ba ya rage darajar kiɗan Schumann na duniya, saboda waɗannan abubuwan mamaki suna da kama da zamanin Schumann. Belinsky ya yi magana mai ban mamaki game da mahimmancin ƙa'ida ta fasaha a cikin fasaha: "A cikin babban hazaka, wuce haddi na ciki, abubuwan da suka dace shine alamar ɗan adam. Kada ku ji tsoron wannan shugabanci: ba zai yaudare ku ba, ba zai ɓatar da ku ba. Babban mawaƙin, yana magana akan kansa, nasa я, yayi magana akan gabaɗaya - na ɗan adam, domin a cikin yanayinsa ya ta'allaka ne akan duk abin da ɗan adam ke rayuwa da shi. Don haka, a cikin bakin ciki, a ransa, kowa ya gane nasa kuma yana gani a cikinsa ba kawai ba mawãƙiamma mutanedan uwansa a cikin bil'adama. Gane shi a matsayin wani halitta wanda ba ya misaltuwa fiye da kansa, kowa a lokaci guda yana gane danginsa da shi.

Tare da zurfafawa cikin duniyar ciki a cikin aikin Schumann, wani tsari mai mahimmanci daidai yake faruwa: girman mahimmin abun ciki na kiɗa yana faɗaɗawa. Rayuwa da kanta, ciyar da aikin mawaki tare da mafi bambancin al'amura, gabatar da abubuwa na jama'a, kaifi hali da kuma kankare a cikinta. A karon farko a cikin kiɗan kayan aiki, hotuna, zane-zane, al'amuran da suka dace a cikin halayensu sun bayyana. Don haka, gaskiyar rayuwa wani lokaci gaba gaɗi kuma ba a saba gani ba tana mamaye shafukan waƙar Schumann. Schumann da kansa ya yarda cewa "yana farantawa duk abin da ke faruwa a duniya - siyasa, wallafe-wallafe, mutane; Ina tunani game da duk wannan ta hanyar kaina, sa'an nan kuma duk ya nemi ya fito, neman magana a cikin kiɗa.

Haɗin kai na waje da na ciki ba kakkautawa yana daidaita kiɗan Schumann tare da babban bambanci. Amma shi kansa gwarzon nasa yana da sabani. Bayan haka, Schumann ya ba wa kansa yanayi tare da haruffa daban-daban na Florestan da Eusebius.

Tawaye, tashin hankali na bincike, rashin gamsuwa da rayuwa yana haifar da saurin sauye-sauye na yanayi na motsin rai - daga rashin bege zuwa rugujewa da sha'awar aiki - ko kuma maye gurbinsu da tunani mai natsuwa, tausasan mafarkin rana.

A zahiri, wannan duniyar da aka saƙa daga sabani da sabani tana buƙatar wasu hanyoyi da sifofi na musamman don aiwatar da ita. Schumann ya bayyana shi a zahiri kuma kai tsaye a cikin ayyukan piano da muryar murya. A can ya sami siffofin da suka ba shi damar shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa na fantasy, ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba ta hanyar makircin da aka ba da siffofin da aka riga aka kafa. Amma a cikin ayyukan da aka ɗauka a ko'ina, a cikin kade-kade, alal misali, haɓakar waƙoƙi a wasu lokuta ya saba wa ainihin ma'anar nau'in wasan kwaikwayo tare da ainihin abin da ake buƙata don haɓakar ma'ana da daidaiton ra'ayi. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin motsin motsi guda ɗaya zuwa Manfred, kusancin wasu fasalulluka na gwarzon Byron zuwa duniyar cikin mawaƙiya ya ƙarfafa shi ya ƙirƙiri wani mutum mai zurfi, aiki mai ban mamaki. Masanin ilimin kimiyya Asafiev ya siffanta "Manfred" na Schumann a matsayin "mummunan magana mai ban tausayi na rashin kunya, rashin girman kai" na al'umma.

Shafuka da yawa na kiɗan da ba za a iya faɗi ba sun ƙunshi ƙa'idodin ɗakin ɗakin Schumann. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman game da quintet na piano tare da tsananin zafin motsinsa na farko, hotuna masu ban tausayi na waƙa na biyu da kuma ƙungiyoyin biki na ƙarshe.

An bayyana sabon tunanin Schumann a cikin harshen kiɗa - asali da asali. Melody, jituwa, rhythm da alama suna yin biyayya ga ƙaramin motsi na hotuna masu ban mamaki, bambancin yanayi. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙira ta zama mai sassauƙa da ban mamaki da na roba, tana ba da kayan kida na ayyukan tare da siffa ta musamman. Zurfafa "sauraron" ga "hanyoyin sirri na rayuwa ta ruhaniya" yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga jituwa. Ba don komai ba ne ɗaya daga cikin furucin Davidsbündlers ya ce: “A cikin kiɗa, kamar a cikin chess, sarauniya (waƙar waƙa) ita ce mafi muhimmanci, amma sarki (jituwa) ya tsai da batun.”

Duk abin da ya dace, kawai "Schumannian", ya kasance tare da haske mafi girma a cikin kiɗan piano. Sabon sabon harshe na kiɗan Schumann ya sami ci gaba da haɓakawa a cikin waƙoƙin muryarsa.

V. Galatskaya

Ayyukan Schumann ɗaya ne daga cikin kololuwar fasahar kiɗan duniya na ƙarni na XNUMX.

Ci gaban kyawawan dabi'un al'adun Jamus na tsawon shekarun 20s da 40 sun sami bayyananniyar magana a cikin waƙarsa. Sabanin da ke cikin aikin Schumann ya nuna rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa na rayuwar zamantakewar zamaninsa.

Fasahar Schumann tana cike da wannan rashin natsuwa, ruhin tawaye wanda ya sa ya danganta da Byron, Heine, Hugo, Berlioz, Wagner da sauran fitattun mawakan soyayya.

Oh bari in zubar da jini Amma a ba ni sarari da wuri. Ina jin tsoro in shaƙa a nan A cikin la'ananne duniyar 'yan kasuwa… A'a, mafi munin mugunyar fashi, tashin hankali, fashi, fiye da ɗabi'a na lissafin kuɗi da kyawawan fuskoki masu wadatar abinci. Hey girgije, ka ɗauke ni Ka ɗauke shi tare da kai a kan doguwar tafiya zuwa Lapland, ko zuwa Afirka, Ko kuma aƙalla zuwa Stettin - wani wuri! - (V. Levik ya Fassara)

Heine ya rubuta game da bala'in mai tunani na zamani. A ƙarƙashin waɗannan ayoyin Schumann na iya biyan kuɗi. A cikin waƙarsa mai ban sha'awa, mai tada hankali, ana jin zanga-zangar rashin gamsuwa da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Aikin Schumann ya kasance ƙalubale ga “duniya ta ƴan kasuwa” da aka ƙi, rashin ra'ayin mazan jiya da gamsuwa da ƙuncin kai. Ruhun zanga-zangar ya ji daɗi, kiɗan Schumann da gaske ya bayyana mafi kyawun buri da burin mutane.

Mai tunani mai ci gaban ra'ayi na siyasa, mai tausayi ga ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali, babban jigon jama'a, mai kishin farfagandar manufar fasaha, Schumann a fusace ya jefar da ruhi da ruhi, ƙaramar bourgeois mustiness na rayuwar fasahar zamani. Tausayinsa na kiɗa ya kasance a gefen Beethoven, Schubert, Bach, wanda fasaharsa ta yi masa hidima a matsayin ma'aunin fasaha mafi girma. A cikin aikinsa, ya nemi dogara ga al'adun jama'a-ƙasa, a kan nau'o'in dimokuradiyya da aka saba a rayuwar Jamus.

Tare da sha'awarsa na asali, Schumann ya yi kira da a sabunta abubuwan da'a na kiɗa, tsarin sa na alama-motsi.

Amma jigon tawaye ya sami wani nau'i na fassara na rairayi da tunani. Ba kamar Heine, Hugo, Berlioz da wasu masu fasaha na soyayya ba, halayen jama'a ba su da alaƙa da shi. Schumann yana da kyau a wata hanya. Mafi kyawun ɓangaren gadonsa iri-iri shine “ikirari na ɗan zamani.” Wannan jigon ya damu da yawa daga cikin fitattun mutanen zamanin Schumann kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Byron's Manfred, Müller-Schubert's The Winter Journey, da Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony. Duniyar ciki mai wadata na mai zane a matsayin nuni na hadaddun al'amura na rayuwa ta ainihi shine babban abun ciki na fasahar Schumann. Anan mawakin ya sami zurfin akida da karfin magana. Schumann shine farkon wanda ya fara yin tunani a cikin kiɗa irin wannan nau'in gogewa na ɗan uwansa, iri-iri na inuwarsu, mafi ƙanƙantar yanayin yanayin tunani. Wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin, rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa sun sami ra'ayi na musamman a cikin hotunan tunanin tunanin kida na Schumann.

A lokaci guda kuma, aikin mawaƙi yana cika ba kawai tare da yunƙurin tawaye ba, har ma da mafarkin waƙa. Ƙirƙirar hotunan tarihin rayuwar Florestan da Eusebius a cikin ayyukan adabinsa da na kiɗa, Schumann da gaske ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu masu tsauri na nuna rashin jituwa da gaskiya. A cikin waka na sama da Heine, wanda zai iya gane jarumawan Schumann - mai nuna rashin amincewa da Florestan (ya fi son fashi na "la'akari da halin kirki na fuskoki masu kyau") da kuma mai mafarki Eusebius (tare da girgije da aka kwashe zuwa kasashen da ba a sani ba). Taken mafarkin soyayya yana gudana kamar jan zare a duk aikinsa. Akwai wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin gaskiyar cewa Schumann ya haɗa ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙaunataccen ayyukansa na fasaha tare da hoton Hoffmann's Kapellmeister Kreisler. Guguwar guguwa ta motsa zuwa kyau wanda ba za a iya samu ba ya sa Schumann ke da alaƙa da wannan mawaƙi mara daidaituwa.

Amma, ba kamar nau'in wallafe-wallafensa ba, Schumann ba ya "tashi" sama da gaskiya kamar yadda ya rubuta shi. Ya san yadda ake ganin ma'anar waƙarsa a ƙarƙashin harsashin rayuwar yau da kullun, ya san yadda ake zabar kyawawan abubuwa daga abubuwan rayuwa ta gaske. Schumann yana kawo sabbin, biki, sautuna masu kyalli ga kiɗa, yana ba su inuwar launuka masu yawa.

Dangane da sabon salo na jigogi na zane-zane da hotuna, dangane da dabarar ruhi da gaskiya, waƙar Schumann wani lamari ne wanda ya faɗaɗa iyakokin fasahar kiɗan na karni na XNUMX.

Ayyukan Schumann, musamman ayyukan piano da waƙoƙin murya, sun yi tasiri sosai kan kiɗan rabin na biyu na ƙarni na XNUMX. Piano guda da kade-kade na Brahms, yawancin murya da ayyukan kayan aiki na Grieg, ayyukan Wolf, Frank da sauran mawaƙa da yawa sun koma waƙar Schumann. Mawakan Rasha sun yaba da basirar Schumann sosai. An nuna tasirinsa a cikin ayyukan Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, da kuma musamman Tchaikovsky, wanda ba kawai a cikin ɗakin ba, har ma a cikin sararin samaniya, ya haɓaka da haɓaka yawancin halayen halayen Schumann.

PI Tchaikovsky ya rubuta: “Ana iya faɗi da tabbaci cewa waƙar rabin na biyu na ƙarni na yanzu za ta zama lokaci a tarihin fasaha na gaba, wanda al’ummomi masu zuwa za su kira na Schumann. Kiɗa na Schumann, wanda ke kusa da aikin Beethoven kuma a lokaci guda ya rabu da shi sosai, yana buɗe sabbin nau'ikan kiɗan na duniya gaba ɗaya, yana taɓa igiyoyi waɗanda manyan magabata ba su taɓa ba tukuna. A cikin sa mun sami amsawar waɗancan… zurfin tafiyar matakai na rayuwar mu ta ruhaniya, waɗanda shakku, yanke ƙauna da shakku zuwa ga manufa da ta mamaye zuciyar ɗan adam na zamani.

V. Konen

• Rayuwa da aikin Schumann →
• Piano na Schumann yana aiki →
• Chamber-instrumental ayyukan Schumann →
• Aikin muryar Schumann →
• Ayyukan Symphonic na Schumann →