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A cikin ma'anar kalmar, duk wani gyare-gyare na rubutun kiɗa na aikin kiɗa, bin wasu manufofi, misali. kayan aiki ƙera. don wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar masoya kiɗa waɗanda ba su da fasaha mai zurfi, don amfani da su a cikin ilmantarwa da ilmantarwa. yin aiki, don yin wasu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, sabunta kayan aiki. da sauransu Har zuwa kusan karni na 18. An yi la'akari da O. a matsayin wani abu daidai da aikin mawallafin na asali, amma a cikin lokaci mai zuwa, dangane da girma da mahimmancin mutum ya fara a cikin kiɗa, ya zama yanki na sakandare, na biyu. Duk da haka, O., wanda ba aikin hannu kaɗai ba, abu ne na haƙƙin mallaka.

Ana samun amfani da yawa ta O. mai kai ɗaya. samfurori na kiɗa. A baya a Yammacin Turai. An rarraba kiɗan polyphonic. O. wakokin Gregorian; duk polygonal. An kirkiro kida kafin karni na 16 akan irin wannan O. A karni na 19 da 20. muhimmancin gaske ya samu O. nar. waƙoƙin waƙa, waɗanda galibi ana kiran su daidaitawa, amma a gaskiya ya ƙunshi ƙirƙirar Nar. rakiyar karin waƙa don wani takamaiman kayan aiki ko kayan kida waɗanda suka wuce sauƙaƙan jerin waƙoƙi. Ta R. wakoki da yawa suka yi. irin manyan mawaƙa kamar J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, J. Brahms, MA Balakirev, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Lyadov, da sauransu. kafa ta lokaci da kansa. nau'in, kullum za'ayi da owls. mawaƙa. Abubuwa na musamman na sarrafa kai ɗaya. kiɗa - ƙara rakiyar abubuwan da aka rubuta don solo violin, cello, da sauransu. kayan aikin. Daga cikin su akwai tsarin da F. Mendelssohn na solo violin ya yi. chaconnes in d-moll ta JS Bach don violin tare da rakiyar piano, R. Schumann ya shirya don irin wannan abun da ke ciki na solo violin. sonatas da suites na JS Bach (masu bincike da yawa suna jayayya da halaccin irin wannan O.).

O. polygonal. abubuwan da aka tsara, suna bin manufar daidaitawa ga sauran abubuwan da ke yin wasan kwaikwayo, galibi ana kiran su. tsari, kwafi, da kuma a lokuta inda samfurin. sarrafa don yin aiki ta ƙungiyar makaɗa - ƙungiyar makaɗa. Misalai na farko na irin wannan O. suna da alaƙa da kayan aikin wok. abubuwan da aka tsara don aikin instr. Ƙungiyoyin (ƙarni na 14-15; na farko O. irin wannan da suka zo mana a cikin Turanci org. tablature, c. 1330); wannan aikin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samuwar instr. kiɗa. Na kowa da O. masu kai da yawa. op., wanda aka adana abun da ke cikin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. Irin wannan O. op. don kayan aiki ɗaya, da farko pianoforte, yawanci suna saukowa don sauƙaƙe wurare masu wahala a fasaha ko kuma, akasin haka, don yin amfani da ƙa'idodin nagarta a cikinsu; ana kiran nau'in O. na ƙarshe. rubuce-rubuce. Marubutan rubutun yawanci suna kawo abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga nasu. m mutumtaka. Fitattun malaman fp. rubuce-rubucen da suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban FP. nagarta, sun kasance F. Liszt, K. Tausig, F. Busoni, a fagen violin. rubutawa, gudunmawar F. Kreisler tana da mahimmanci musamman. Mataki na gaba shine juzu'i - nau'in fantasy kyauta na virtuoso akan jigogi na K.-L. samfur.

Op. ga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, duka mawaƙa da masu kida, har zuwa opera. Irin waɗannan O. sune, kamar yadda suke, abubuwan da suka shafi sabon fahimtar aikin a cikin hasken ƙirƙira. shigarwa na marubucin O., wani lokacin sanannun zamani na aikin, misali. O. na oratorio Acis da Galatea na Handel na VA Mozart, wasan opera Mussorgsky Boris Godunov na NA Rimsky-Korsakov, O. na opera iri daya da kuma wasan opera Mussorgsky Khovanshchina na DD Shostakovich. A cikin USSR, O. irin wannan yawanci ana kiransa. bugu.

References: (Tsarin waƙoƙin jama'a), a cikin littafin: Tarihin kiɗan Soviet na Rasha, vol. 2-4, M., 1959-63.