Harpsichord

harpsichord [Faransa] clavecin, daga Late Lat. clavicymbalum, daga lat. clavis - maɓalli (saboda haka maɓalli) da kuge-kuge - kuge-kuge] - kayan kiɗan maɓalli da aka tsiro. An san tun daga karni na 16. (an fara ginawa tun a ƙarni na 14), bayanin farko game da garaya ya samo asali ne tun 1511; mafi tsufa kayan aikin Italiyanci wanda ya wanzu har yau ya koma 1521.

Harpsichord ya samo asali ne daga psalterium (sakamakon sake ginawa da ƙari na maɓalli).

Da farko dai, harpsichord ɗin yana da siffa huɗu huɗu kuma yayi kama da kamannin clavichord na “kyauta”, sabanin wanda yake da igiyoyi masu tsayi daban-daban (kowane maɓalli ya dace da igiya ta musamman da aka kunna a cikin wani sautin sauti) da kuma tsarin maɓalli mai rikitarwa. An kawo kirtani na garaya a cikin rawar jiki ta hanyar tsunkule tare da taimakon gashin tsuntsu, wanda aka ɗora a kan sanda - mai turawa. Lokacin da aka danna maɓalli, mai turawa, wanda yake a ƙarshensa na baya, ya tashi kuma gashin tsuntsu ya kama kan zaren (daga baya, an yi amfani da ƙwayar fata maimakon gashin tsuntsu).

Na'ura da sauti

Na'urar babban ɓangaren mai turawa: 1 - kirtani, 2 - axis na tsarin fitarwa, 3 - languette (daga harshen Faransanci), 4 - plectrum (harshe), 5 - damper.

Sautin kaɗa yana da haske, amma ba mai ban sha'awa ba (mai ban sha'awa) - wanda ke nufin cewa ba za a iya daidaitawa ga canje-canje masu ƙarfi ba (yana da ƙarfi, amma ƙasa da ma'ana fiye da na clavichord), canji a cikin ƙarfi da kullin sauti. bai dogara da yanayin yajin aikin akan maɓallan ba. Domin inganta sonority na garaya, an yi amfani da igiyoyi biyu, sau uku har ma da hudu (ga kowane sautin), waɗanda aka daidaita su cikin haɗin kai, octave, da kuma wani lokacin wasu tazara.

Juyin Halitta

Tun daga farkon karni na 17, an yi amfani da igiyoyin ƙarfe maimakon igiyoyin hanji, suna karuwa a tsayi (daga treble zuwa bass). Kayan aikin ya sami siffar pterygoid mai siffar triangular tare da tsari mai tsayi (daidai da maɓalli) na kirtani.

A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18 don ba wa mawaƙan kaɗa sauti daban-daban, an yi na'urori tare da maɓallan maɓalli 2 (wani lokaci 3) na hannu (littattafai), waɗanda aka jera ɗaya sama da ɗayan (yawanci littafin jagorar na sama yana kunna octave mafi girma) , da kuma yin rajistar sauyawa don faɗaɗa trebles, octave ninki biyu na basses da canje-canje a cikin launi na timbre ( rijistar lute, rijistar bassoon, da sauransu).

An kunna rajistar ta hanyar levers da ke gefen madannai, ko ta maɓallan da ke ƙarƙashin madannai, ko ta ƙafafu. A kan wasu kayan garaya, don yawan timbre iri-iri, an shirya madanni na 3 tare da wasu halaye na launi na timbre, galibi suna tunawa da lute (wanda ake kira lute keyboard).

Appearance

A waje, an yi wa ado da garaya da kyau sosai (an yi wa jikin ado da zane-zane, inlays, sassaka). Ƙarshen kayan aikin ya kasance daidai da kayan daki na zamani na Louis XV. A ƙarni na 16 da na 17 Ƙwararrun mawakan Antwerp Ruckers sun yi fice don ingancin sautinsu da ƙirarsu ta fasaha.

Harpsichord a kasashe daban-daban

Sunan "harpsichord" (a Faransa; archichord - a Ingila, kielflugel - a Jamus, clavichembalo ko gajarta cembalo - a Italiya) an kiyaye shi don manyan kayan kida masu siffar fuka-fuki tare da kewayon har zuwa 5 octaves. Akwai kuma ƙananan kayan kida, yawanci masu siffar rectangular, tare da igiyoyi guda ɗaya da kewayon har zuwa octaves 4, waɗanda ake kira: epinet (a Faransa), spinet (a Italiya), Virginel (a Ingila).

Harpsichord tare da jiki a tsaye shine claviciterium. An yi amfani da kaɗe-kaɗe a matsayin solo, ɗakin ɗaki da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe.

Mahaliccin virtuoso salon harpsichord shine mawaƙin Italiyanci da mawaƙa D. Scarlatti (yana da ayyuka masu yawa don garaya); wanda ya kafa makarantar mawaƙa ta Faransa J. Chambonnière (Littattafan Harpsichord Pieces, 2 littattafai, 1670, sun shahara).

Daga cikin mawaƙan mawaƙa na Faransa na ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da 18. - F. Couperin, JF Rameau, L. Daquin, F. Daidrieu. Kiɗa na kaɗe-kaɗe na Faransanci fasaha ce ta ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano, ingantattun ɗabi'u, bayyanannen ra'ayi, ƙarƙashin da'a na aristocratic. Ƙaƙwalwar sautin sanyi da sanyin kaɗe-kaɗe ya yi daidai da “sautin mai kyau” na zaɓaɓɓen al’umma.

Salon galant (rococo) ya sami kyakkyawan tsari a tsakanin mawaƙin Faransanci. Jigogi da aka fi so na miniatures na harpsichord (ƙananan siffa ce ta sifa ta rococo art) su ne hotunan mata ("Kawanci", "Flirty", "Gloomy", "Shy", "Sister Monica", "Florentine" na Couperin), babban wurin da aka shagaltar da raye-rayen gallant (minuet, gavotte, da dai sauransu), hotuna masu ban sha'awa na rayuwar baƙauye ("Masu girbi", "Masu girbin inabi" na Couperin), miniatures na onomatopoeic ("Chicken", "Clock", "Chirping" na Couperin. "Cckoo" by Daken, etc.). Halin yanayin kidan garaya shine yawan kayan ado na waƙa.

A ƙarshen karni na 18, ayyukan mawaƙa na Faransanci sun fara ɓacewa daga repertore na masu wasan kwaikwayo. A sakamakon haka, kayan aikin, wanda ke da tarihin tarihi mai yawa da kuma kayan tarihi masu yawa, an tilasta shi daga aikin kiɗa kuma ya maye gurbinsa da piano. Kuma ba kawai tilasta fita ba, amma an manta da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin karni na XNUMX.

Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon babban canji a abubuwan da ake so na ado. Baroque aesthetics, wanda ya dogara ne ko dai bisa ƙayyadaddun tsari ko kuma a fili ji ra'ayin ka'idar tasiri (a takaice dai ainihin mahimmanci: yanayi ɗaya, tasiri - launi ɗaya), wanda harpsichord ya kasance hanya mai kyau na magana, ya ba da hanya ta farko. zuwa ga ra'ayi na duniya na jin dadi, sannan zuwa ga alkibla mai karfi. - Classicism kuma, a ƙarshe, Romanticism. A cikin duk waɗannan salon, akasin haka, ra'ayin canjin canji - ji, hotuna, yanayi - ya zama mafi ban sha'awa da haɓaka. Kuma piano ya iya bayyana shi. Harpsichord ba zai iya yin duk wannan bisa ka'ida ba - saboda abubuwan da aka tsara ta.