Gaetano Pugnani |

Gaetano Pugnani

A farkon karni na XNUMX, Fritz Kreisler ya buga jerin wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, daga cikinsu Pugnani's Prelude da Allegro. Bayan haka, ya zama cewa wannan aikin, wanda nan da nan ya zama sananne sosai, ba Punyani ya rubuta ba kwata-kwata, amma ta Kreisler, amma sunan dan wasan violin na Italiya, wanda aka manta da shi sosai, ya riga ya jawo hankali. Wanene shi? Lokacin da yake raye, mene ne gadonsa da gaske, yaya ya kasance a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa? Abin takaici, ba zai yuwu a ba da cikakkiyar amsa ga waɗannan tambayoyin ba, saboda tarihi ya adana ƴan abubuwan rubuce-rubuce game da Punyani.

Masu zamani da masu bincike daga baya, waɗanda suka kimanta al'adun violin na Italiyanci na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX, sun ƙidaya Punyani a cikin manyan wakilansa.

A cikin Fayol's Communication, karamin littafi game da mafi girma violinists na karni na XNUMX, an sanya sunan Pugnani nan da nan bayan Corelli, Tartini da Gavinier, wanda ya tabbatar da abin da wani babban matsayi ya kasance a cikin duniyar kiɗa na zamaninsa. A cewar E. Buchan, "Salon daraja da daraja na Gaetano Pugnani" ita ce hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙarshe a cikin salon, wanda ya kafa Arcangelo Corelli.

Pugnani ba kawai mai wasan kwaikwayo ne mai ban mamaki ba, amma kuma malami ne wanda ya haifar da galaxy na ƙwararrun violin masu kyau, ciki har da Viotti. Ya kasance ƙwararren mawaki. An gudanar da wasan opera nasa a manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a kasar, kuma an buga wasannin kade-kaden nasa a London, Amsterdam, da Paris.

Punyani ya rayu a lokacin da al'adun kiɗa na Italiya ya fara dusashewa. Yanayin ruhaniya na ƙasar ba shine wanda ya taɓa kewaye Corelli, Locatelli, Geminiani, Tartini - magabata na Punyani nan da nan. Halin rayuwar zamantakewa mai rikicewa yanzu ba a nan ba, amma a makwabciyar Faransa, inda mafi kyawun ɗalibin Punyani, Viotti, ba zai yi gaggawar banza ba. Har yanzu Italiya ta shahara da sunayen manyan mawaka da yawa, amma, kash, an tilasta wa yawancinsu neman aikin yi ga sojojinsu a wajen ƙasarsu ta asali. Boccherini ya sami matsuguni a Spain, Viotti da Cherubini a Faransa, Sarti da Cavos a Rasha… Italiya ta zama mai samar da mawaƙa ga wasu ƙasashe.

Akwai manyan dalilai na wannan. A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, ƙasar ta rabu zuwa wasu manyan hukumomi; Yankunan arewa sun fuskanci zaluncin Ostiriya. Sauran jihohin Italiya "masu zaman kansu", a zahiri, suma sun dogara ne akan Austria. Tattalin arzikin ya kasance cikin koma baya mai zurfi. Jumhuriyar birni-jamhuriyar kasuwancin da ta taɓa zama wani nau'in "gidajen tarihi" tare da daskararre, rayuwa mara motsi. Danniya da zalunci na kasashen waje ya haifar da tayar da kayar baya da yawan hijirar manoma zuwa Faransa, Switzerland, da Ostiriya. Gaskiya ne, 'yan kasashen waje da suka zo Italiya har yanzu suna sha'awar babban al'adunsa. Kuma lalle ne, a kusan kowace masarauta har ma da garin sun rayu mawaƙa masu ban sha'awa. Amma kaɗan daga cikin baƙi sun fahimci cewa wannan al'ada ta riga ta tafi, tana kiyaye abubuwan da suka faru a baya, amma ba su ba da hanya don gaba ba. Cibiyoyin kiɗan da aka keɓe ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya na zamani an kiyaye su - sanannen Kwalejin Philharmonic a Bologna, gidajen marayu - "masu tsare-tsare" a haikalin Venice da Naples, shahararrun mawaƙa da mawaƙa; a cikin mafi yawan jama'a, an kiyaye son kiɗa, kuma sau da yawa ko a cikin ƙauyuka masu nisa ana iya jin kida na ƙwararrun mawaƙa. A lokaci guda kuma, a cikin yanayin rayuwar kotuna, kiɗa ya zama mafi ƙayatarwa, kuma a cikin majami'u - abubuwan ban sha'awa na duniya. Vernon Lee ya rubuta cewa: "Kidan coci na ƙarni na goma sha takwas, idan za ku so, kiɗan na duniya ne, yana sa waliyai da mala'iku raira waƙa kamar jaruman opera da jarumai."

Rayuwar kiɗan Italiya ta gudana cikin ma'auni, kusan ba ta canza ba tsawon shekaru. Tartini ya zauna a Padua na kimanin shekaru hamsin, yana wasa mako-mako a cikin tarin St. Anthony; Fiye da shekaru ashirin, Punyani yana hidimar Sarkin Sardinia a Turin, yana yin wasan violin a ɗakin ɗakin karatu. A cewar Fayol, an haifi Pugnani a Turin a shekara ta 1728, amma Fayol ya yi kuskure a fili. Yawancin sauran littattafai da encyclopedia sun ba da kwanan wata daban - Nuwamba 27, 1731. Punyani ya yi nazarin wasan violin tare da shahararren ɗalibin Corelli, Giovanni Battista Somis (1676-1763), wanda aka dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun malaman violin a Italiya. Somis ya mika wa dalibinsa da yawa daga cikin abin da babban malaminsa ya rene shi. Dukan Italiya sun yaba da kyawun sautin violin na Somis, suna mamakin bakansa na "marasa iyaka", yana raira waƙa kamar muryar ɗan adam. Alƙawari ga salon violin, zurfin violin "bel canto" wanda aka gada shi da Punyani. A cikin 1752, ya ɗauki matsayin ɗan wasan violin na farko a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗar kotu na Turin, kuma a cikin 1753 ya tafi Makka na kiɗa na ƙarni na XNUMX - Paris, inda mawaƙa daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka ruga a wancan lokacin. A cikin Paris, zauren kide-kide na farko a Turai ya yi aiki - mai gabatar da zaurukan philharmonic na gaba na karni na XNUMX - shahararren Concert Spirituel (Concert na Ruhaniya). An yi la'akari da wasan kwaikwayon a Concert Spirituel yana da daraja sosai, kuma duk manyan masu yin wasan kwaikwayo na karni na XNUMX sun ziyarci matakinsa. Yana da wuya ga matasa virtuoso, domin a Paris ya ci karo da irin wannan m violinists kamar P. Gavinier, I. Stamitz da kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyau dalibai na Tartini, Bafaranshe A. Pagen.

Duk da cewa wasansa ya samu karbuwa sosai, amma Punyani bai tsaya a babban birnin Faransa ba. Na wani lokaci ya zagaya Turai, sa'an nan ya zauna a London, samun aiki a matsayin mai rakiya na kungiyar kade na Italian Opera. A Landan, ƙwarewarsa na ɗan wasa da mawaƙa a ƙarshe ta girma. Anan ya shirya wasan opera na farko Nanette da Lubino, yana yin wasan violin kuma yana gwada kansa a matsayin madugu; daga nan, cinye shi da rashin gida, a cikin 1770, yana cin gajiyar gayyatar Sarkin Sardinia, ya koma Turin. Daga yanzu har mutuwarsa, wanda ya biyo bayan Yuli 15, 1798, rayuwar Punyani tana da alaƙa da garinsa.

Burney wanda ya ziyarci Turin a shekara ta 1770 ya kwatanta halin da Pugnani ya samu kansa da kyau, wato jim kadan bayan dan violin ya koma can. Burney ya rubuta cewa: “Babban abin kunya na fareti da addu’o’i na yau da kullun na yin sarauta a kotu, wanda ya sa Turin ta zama wuri mafi ban sha’awa ga baƙi…” “Sarki, dangin sarauta da dukan birnin, a fili, suna sauraron taro; a ranaku na yau da kullun, ibadarsu tana cikin nutsuwa cikin Messa bassa (watau “Mass Silent” – hidimar cocin safiya. – LR) yayin wasan kade-kade. A lokacin hutu Signor Punyani yana wasa solo… Ƙungiyar tana cikin gidan hoton da ke gaban sarki, kuma shugaban ƴan violin na farko yana can. “Albashinsu (watau Punyani da sauran mawaƙa – LR) don kula da ɗakin ibada na gidan sarauta ya ɗan fi ɗan guinea takwas a shekara; amma ayyukan suna da sauƙi sosai, tunda kawai suna wasa ne kawai, har ma sai lokacin da suka ga dama.

A cikin kiɗa, a cewar Burney, sarki da abokan aikinsa sun fahimci ɗan ƙaramin abu, wanda kuma ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan masu wasan kwaikwayo: "A safiyar yau, Signor Pugnani ya buga wani kide-kide a ɗakin sujada na sarauta, wanda ya cika cunkushe don bikin… Ni da kaina ba na buƙatar in faɗi komai game da wasan Signor Pugnani; Hazakarsa ta shahara a Ingila ta yadda babu bukatar hakan. Dole ne kawai in lura cewa yana da alama yana yin ƙaramin ƙoƙari; amma wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, domin Mai Martaba Sardiniya, ko wani daga cikin babban gidan sarauta a halin yanzu da alama yana sha'awar kiɗa.

Ƙananan aiki a hidimar sarauta, Punyani ya ƙaddamar da aikin koyarwa mai zurfi. “Pugnani,” in ji Fayol, “ya ​​kafa makarantar gabaɗaya ta wasan violin a Turin, kamar Corelli a Roma da Tartini a Padua, waɗanda suka fito daga farkon violin na ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas—Viotti, Bruni, Olivier, da sauransu.” “Abin lura ne,” in ji shi, “daliban Pugnani sun kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun makaɗa,” wanda a cewar Fayol, suna da haƙƙin gudanar da aikin malaminsu.

An dauki Pugnani a matsayin madugu na farko, kuma idan ana yin wasan operas dinsa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turin, yakan gudanar da su. Ya rubuta cikin jin daɗi game da yadda Punyani Rangoni ya yi: “Ya mulki ƙungiyar makaɗa kamar janar a kan sojoji. Bakansa itace sandar kwamanda, wanda kowa yayi biyayya da mafi girman gaske. Da bugun baka guda daya, wanda aka ba shi cikin lokaci, ko dai ya kara son sonority na kungiyar makada, sannan ya rage ta, sannan ya farfado da ita yadda ya so. Ya nuna wa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 'yan ƙananan nuances kuma ya kawo kowa da kowa zuwa wannan cikakkiyar haɗin kai wanda wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance mai rai. A zahiri lura a cikin abu babban abin da kowane ƙwararren abokin tafiya dole ne ya yi tunanin, don jaddadawa da kuma sanya mafi mahimmanci a cikin sassa, ya fahimci jituwa, hali, motsi da salon abun da ke ciki nan take kuma a bayyane yake cewa zai iya a. Lokaci guda yana isar da wannan jin ga rayuka. mawaka da kowane memba na kungiyar makada. A cikin karni na XNUMX, irin wannan fasaha na jagora da dabarar fassarar fasaha sun kasance masu ban mamaki da gaske.

Dangane da abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na Punyani, bayanai game da shi suna cin karo da juna. Fayol ya rubuta cewa operas dinsa an yi su ne a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da dama a Italiya tare da samun gagarumar nasara, kuma a cikin Dictionary of Music na Riemann mun karanta cewa nasarar da suka samu ta kasance matsakaita. Da alama a cikin wannan yanayin ya zama dole a amince da Fayol - kusan wanda ya kasance na zamani na violin.

A cikin kayan kide-kide na Punyani, Fayol ya lura da kyawu da raye-rayen wakokin, yana mai nuni da cewa jaruman ukun nasa sun taka rawar gani sosai a cikin girman salon da Viotti ya aro daya daga cikin dalilansa na wasan kide kide da wake-wake na farko, a cikin E-flat major.

Gabaɗaya, Punyani ya rubuta operas 7 da wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki; 9 violin concertos; An buga 14 sonatas don violin daya, 6 kirtani quartets, 6 quintets don 2 violin, 2 sarewa da basses, 2 litattafan rubutu don violin duets, 3 litattafan rubutu don trios don 2 violin da bass da 12 "alamomi" (don muryoyin 8 - don kirtani. quartet, 2 oboes da 2 ƙaho).

A cikin 1780-1781, Punyani, tare da dalibinsa Viotti, sun yi rangadin kide-kide a Jamus, inda suka ƙare da ziyarar Rasha. A St. Petersburg, kotun daular ta amince da Punyani da Viotti. Viotti ya ba da wani kade-kade a cikin fada, kuma Catherine II, wanda ya sha'awar wasansa, "ya yi ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don kiyaye kyawawan dabi'u a St. Petersburg. Amma Viotti bai daɗe ba ya tafi Ingila. Viotti bai ba da kide-kide na jama'a a babban birnin kasar Rasha ba, yana nuna fasaharsa kawai a cikin salon abokan ciniki. Petersburg ya ji wasan kwaikwayo na Punyani a cikin "ayyukan" na masu wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa a ranar 11 da 14 ga Maris, 1781. An sanar da cewa "mafi kyawun dan wasan violin mai daraja Mr. Pulliani" zai yi wasa a cikin su a St. Petersburg Vedomosti. A cikin No. 21 don 1781 na wannan jaridar, Pugnani da Viotti, mawaƙa tare da bawa Defler, suna cikin jerin waɗanda suka tafi, "suna zaune kusa da Blue Bridge a cikin gidan Mai Girma Count Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev." Tafiya zuwa Jamus da Rasha shine na ƙarshe a rayuwar Punyani. Duk sauran shekarun da ya yi ba tare da hutu ba a Turin.

Fayol ya ba da rahoto a cikin wani makala akan Punyani wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa daga tarihin rayuwarsa. A farkon aikinsa na fasaha, a matsayin dan wasan violin riga ya sami suna, Pugnani ya yanke shawarar saduwa da Tartini. Don wannan dalili, ya tafi Padua. Fitaccen maestro ya karbe shi cikin alheri. Karfafawa ta hanyar liyafar, Punyani ya juya zuwa Tartini tare da buƙatar bayyana ra'ayinsa game da wasansa a cikin gaskiya kuma ya fara sonata. Koyaya, bayan ƴan sanduna, Tartini ya dakatar da shi.

– Kuna wasa da yawa!

Punyani ya sake farawa.

"Kuma yanzu kuna wasa da ƙasa sosai!"

Mawakin da ya ji kunya ya ajiye violin kuma cikin tawali’u ya roƙi Tartini ya ɗauke shi ɗalibi.

Punyani ya kasance mummuna, amma wannan bai shafi halinsa ko kadan ba. Yana da halin fara'a, yana son barkwanci, kuma akwai barkwanci da yawa game da shi. Da zarar an tambaye shi wace irin amarya zai so ya samu idan ya yanke shawarar yin aure - kyakkyawa, amma iska, ko mummuna, amma mai nagarta. “Kyawun yana haifar da zafi a kai, kuma mummuna yana lalata hangen nesa. Wannan, kusan, - idan ina da 'ya kuma ina son in aure ta, zai fi kyau in zabar mata mutum ba tare da kudi ba kwata-kwata, da kudi ba tare da mutum ba!

Da zarar Punyani ya kasance a cikin al'umma inda Voltaire ke karanta waƙa. Mawakin ya saurare shi da armashi. Matar gidan, Madame Denis, ta juya zuwa Punyani tare da buƙatar yin wani abu ga baƙi da suka taru. Maestro ya amince. Duk da haka, ya fara wasa, ya ji cewa Voltaire ya ci gaba da magana da babbar murya. Da yake dakatar da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sanya violin a cikin harka, Punyani ya ce: "Monsieur Voltaire ya rubuta waka masu kyau sosai, amma game da waka, bai fahimci shaidan a ciki ba."

Punyani ya kasance mai taɓawa. Wata rana mai kamfanin faience a Turin, wanda ya yi fushi da Punyani kan wani abu, ya yanke shawarar daukar fansa a kansa kuma ya ba da umarnin a zana hotonsa a bayan daya daga cikin kwalabe. Mai zanen da aka yi wa laifi ya kira mai sana'anta ga 'yan sanda. Lokacin da ya isa wurin, ba zato ba tsammani, masana'anta ya ciro daga aljihunsa wani gyale mai siffar Sarki Frederick na Prussia kuma ya hura hanci a hankali. Sannan ya ce: "Ba na jin Monsieur Punyani yana da hakkin yin fushi fiye da Sarkin Prussia da kansa."

A yayin wasan, wani lokaci Punyani ya shiga cikin farin ciki sosai kuma ya daina lura da kewayensa. Wata rana yana yin kide-kide a wani babban kamfani, sai ya zama abin birge shi, har ya manta da komai, sai ya wuce tsakiyar falon, ya dawo hayyacinsa sai lokacin da cadenza ta kare. Wani lokaci kuma, da ya rasa aikinsa, sai ya juya a hankali ga mai zanen da ke kusa da shi: "Abokina, karanta addu'a domin in dawo cikin hayyacina!").

Punyani yana da matsayi mai girma da daraja. Babban salon wasansa ya yi daidai da shi. Ba alheri da gallantry ba, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a wannan zamanin a tsakanin yawancin 'yan wasan violin na Italiya, har zuwa P. Nardini, amma Fayol yana jaddada ƙarfi, iko, girma a Pugnani. Amma waɗannan halaye ne Viotti, ɗalibin Pugnani, wanda aka ɗauki wasansa a matsayin mafi girman magana na salon gargajiya a cikin wasan violin na ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, musamman zai burge masu sauraro. Saboda haka, yawancin salon Viotti malaminsa ne ya shirya shi. Ga masu zamani, Viotti shine manufa na fasahar violin, sabili da haka mawallafin posthumous da aka bayyana game da Pugnani ta shahararren ɗan wasan violin na Faransa JB cartier yana kama da yabo mafi girma: "Shi malamin Viotti ne."

L. Rabin