Fugato |

ital. fugato, a zahiri - fugue, fugue-kamar, kamar fugue

Sigar kwaikwayo, dangane da yadda aka gabatar da jigon (sau da yawa kuma ci gaba) yana da alaƙa da fugue (1).

Ba kamar fugue ba, ba shi da ƙarara da aka bayyana polyphony. mayar da martani; yawanci ana amfani dashi azaman sashe na babban gabaɗaya. Bayyanar gabatarwar batun, kwaikwayo. shigar da muryoyin da kuma a hankali densification na polyphonic. laushi halittu ne. fasali na P. (P. za a iya suna kawai wadanda kwaikwayon da ke da waɗannan halaye; a cikin rashi, ana amfani da kalmar "fugue gabatarwa"), F. wani nau'i ne wanda ba shi da tsauri fiye da fugue: yawan kuri'u a nan na iya zama m. (1 - th part of Taneyev's symphony in c-moll, lamba 12), the the the the topic may not be yi a duk muryoyin (farkon Credo daga Beethoven's Solemn Mass) ko gabatar da shi nan da nan tare da counterposition (21st Myyaskovsky's symphony, lamba 1). ); Matsakaicin quarto-quint na jigo da amsa sun zama ruwan dare, amma digressions ba sabon abu ba ne (gabatarwa ga 3rd act of Wagner's opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers; 1st part of Shostakovich's 5th symphony, lambobi 17-19). F. suna da bambancin tsari. A yawancin Op. mafi kwanciyar hankali na fugue, baje kolin, an sake haifar da shi, haka kuma, kai tsaye mai haske. farkon F., wanda a fili ya raba shi da kiɗa na baya, ya bambanta da ƙarshen, wanda ba a bambanta da c.-l. wani ci gaba daban-daban, sau da yawa ba polyphonic (ƙarshen piano sonata No. 6, 2nd motsi na Beethoven's symphony No. 1; duba kuma misali a shafi na 994).

Baya ga bayyani, F. na iya ƙunsar wani sashe mai kama da ɓangaren haɓaka na fugue (ƙarshen quartet na Tchaikovsky No. 2, lamba 32), wanda yawanci yakan ƙara canzawa zuwa haɓaka sonata (bangaren 1st na quartet na Frank a D). -duniya). Lokaci-lokaci, F. ana fassara shi azaman ginin da ba shi da kwanciyar hankali (biyu F. a farkon haɓakar sashe na 1 na wasan kwaikwayo na 6th na Tchaikovsky: d-moll – a-moll – e-moll – h-moll). Aikace-aikace a cikin F. hadaddun contrapuntal. ba a cire dabaru ba (F. tare da riƙe adawa a cikin kashi 1st na 5th Symphony Myaskovsky, lamba 13; stretta a F. "Bari su san abin da ake nufi da iko" daga 2nd aiki na opera "May Night" na Rimsky-Korsakov. ; sau biyu F. a cikin motsi na 2 na wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven na 7th, sau uku F. a cikin overture zuwa opera Die Meistersingers na Nuremberg ta Wagner, mashaya 138, biyar F. (fugue) a cikin code na karshe na Mozart's symphony C-dur Jupiter), duk da haka sauki kwaikwayo. siffofin su ne al'ada.

Idan fugue ya bambanta da cikakken ci gaba da fasaha. 'yancin kai na hoton, to, F. yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samfurin, wanda yake "girma a ciki".

Mafi yawan amfani da F. a cikin ci gaban sonata: mai ƙarfi. yuwuwar kwaikwayi yana aiki don shirya ƙarshen sabon jigo ko sashe; F. iya zama duka biyu a cikin gabatarwa (1st part na Tchaikovsky ta 6th symphony), da kuma a tsakiyar (1st part na Kalinnikov ta 1st symphony) ko predicate sassan ci gaba (1st part na 4th concerto for piano. tare da Beethoven Orchestra) ; Tushen jigon shine bayyanannun dalilai na babban ɓangaren (mafi kyawun jigogi na ɓangaren ɓangaren ana yin su sau da yawa ta hanyar canonical).

AK Glazunov. Siphony na 6. Kashi na II.

Gabaɗaya, F. yana samun aikace-aikace a kowane bangare na kiɗan. prod.: a cikin gabatarwa da ci gaban jigon (Allegro a cikin overture zuwa opera "The Magic sarewa" na Mozart; babban bangare a cikin overture zuwa opera "The Bartered Bride" by Smetana), a cikin episode (da wasan karshe na Prokofiev's 5th symphony, lamba 93), reprise (fp sonata h-moll by Liszt), solo cadence (violin concerto na Glazunov), a gabatarwa (1st sashe na 5th kirtani na Glazunov quartet) da kuma coda (1st part). na Berlioz's symphony Romeo da Julia), tsakiyar ɓangare na wani hadadden tsari uku (aria na Gryaznoy daga 1st act of the opera The Tsar's Bride by Rimsky-Korsakov), a cikin rondo (No 36 daga Bach's St. Matiyu). Sha'awa); a cikin nau'i na F., ana iya bayyana leitmotif operatic ("jigon firistoci" a cikin gabatarwar opera "Aida" ta Verdi), za a iya gina matakin opera (Ba 20 s daga 3rd act of " Prince Igor" na Borodin); wani lokacin F. yana daya daga cikin bambance-bambancen (A'a. 22 daga Bach's Goldberg Variations; mawaƙa "The Wonderful Queen of Heaven" daga 3rd aiki na opera "The Legend of Invisible City of Kitezh da Maiden Fevronia" by Rimsky-Korsakov , lamba 171); F. a matsayin mai zaman kansa. yanki (JS Bach, BWV 962; AF Gedicke, op. 36 No 40) ko wani ɓangare na sake zagayowar (motsi na biyu na symphoniette na Hindemith a cikin E) ba safai ba ne. Form F. (ko kusa da shi) ya tashi a cikin samarwa. m salon dangane da ci gaban fasaha na kwaikwayo, yana rufe duk muryoyin.

Josquin Despres. Missa sexti toni (super L'homme armé). Farkon Kyrie.

F. an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin Op. mawaki 17 – 1st bene. karni na 18 (misali, a cikin gigues daga instr. suites, a cikin sassan sauri na overtures). F. yayi amfani da sassaucin JS Bach, yana kaiwa, misali. zuwa ga tsararrun mawaƙa, daɗaɗɗa na ban mamaki da wasan kwaikwayo. magana (a cikin No. 33 "Sind Blitze, sind Donner a Wolken verschwunden" da kuma a cikin No. 54 "LaЯ ihn kreuzigen" daga Matiyu Passion). Domin bayyana. an bayyana ma'anar F. a fili idan aka kwatanta da gabatarwar homophonic, mawaƙa na bene na 2. 18- bara. Karni na 19 na amfani da wannan “chiaroscuro” sabanin ta hanyoyi da dama. F. instr. samfur. Haydn - hanyar da ake amfani da su ta hanyar yin magana da jigogi na homophonic (sakewa na kashi na farko na igiyoyi. Quartet op. 1 No 50); Mozart yana gani a cikin F. ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kawo sonata da fugue kusa da juna (ƙarshen G-dur quartet, K.-V. 2); Matsayin F. yana ƙaruwa sosai a Op. Beethoven, wanda shi ne saboda sha'awar mawaki ga wani general polyphonization na nau'i (biyu F. a cikin reprise na 387nd part na 2rd symphony muhimmanci kara habaka da kuma mayar da hankali ga m farkon). F. a Mozart da Beethoven memba ne da ba makawa a cikin tsarin sautin murya. sassan da suka samar da "babban nau'i mai nau'i" a matakin motsi ɗaya (fugueed babba da sassan gefe a cikin nunin, ɓangaren gefe a cikin ramuwa, ci gaban kwaikwayo, stretta coda a ƙarshen G-dur quartet, K.-V . 3 Mozart) ko sake zagayowar (F. a cikin 387st, 1nd da 2th ƙungiyoyi na 4th symphony, F. a cikin 9st motsi, m zuwa karshe fugue, a Beethoven ta piano sonata No 1). Masters na karni na 29, ƙirƙirar haɓaka nasarorin wakilan Viennese classic. makarantu, fassara F. a cikin sabuwar hanya - dangane da software ("Yaƙin" a cikin gabatarwar "Romeo da Julia" na Berlioz), nau'in (ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na 19st na opera "Carmen" by Bizet), hoto ("Carmen"). blizzard a ƙarshen 1th na opera Ivan Susanin ta Glinka) da kuma hoto mai ban mamaki (hoton daji mai girma a cikin aikin 4rd na opera The Snow Maiden ta Rimsky-Korsakov, lamba 3), cika F. tare da sabuwar ma'ana ta alama, fassara shi a matsayin siffar aljani. farawa (bangaren "Mephistopheles" daga Liszt's Faust Symphony), a matsayin bayanin tunani (gabatarwa ga opera Faust ta Gounod; gabatarwar aiki na 253rd na opera Die Meistersingers Nuremberg ta Wagner), a matsayin gaskiya. hoto na rayuwar mutane (gabatarwa ga 3st scene na prologue na opera "Boris Godunov" na Mussorgsky). F. ya sami nau'ikan aikace-aikace a tsakanin mawaƙa na ƙarni na 1. (R. Strauss, P. Hindemith, SV Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, DD Shostakovich da sauransu).

References: duba ƙarƙashin Art. Fugu.

VP Frayonov