Franz Schubert |

Franz Schubert ne adam wata

Amintacce, gaskiya, rashin iya cin amana, zamantakewa, magana a cikin yanayi mai farin ciki - wa ya san shi daban? Daga tunanin abokai

F. Schubert shine babban mawaki na farko na soyayya. Soyayya ta waka da tsantsar farin ciki na rayuwa, yanke kauna da sanyin kadaici, buri ga manufa, kishirwar yawo da rashin bege na yawo - duk wannan ya sami amsawa a cikin aikin mawaki, a cikin wakokinsa na zahiri da na dabi'a. Buɗaɗɗen ra'ayi na ra'ayin duniyar soyayya, saurin magana ya ɗaga nau'in waƙar zuwa tsayin da ba a taɓa gani ba har sai lokacin: wannan nau'in na biyu na farko a Schubert ya zama tushen duniyar fasaha. A cikin waƙar waƙar, mai yin waƙar zai iya bayyana jigon ji. Kyautar waƙarsa marar ƙarewa ta ba shi damar tsara waƙoƙi da yawa a rana (akwai fiye da 600 gaba ɗaya). Har ila yau, waƙar waƙar tana shiga cikin kiɗan kayan aiki, alal misali, waƙar "Wanderer" ta zama kayan aiki don fantasy na piano na wannan sunan, da "Trout" - don quintet, da dai sauransu.

An haifi Schubert a cikin dangin malamin makaranta. Yaron ya nuna gwanintar fasahar kida da wuri kuma an tura shi yin karatu a cikin hukunci (1808-13). A can ya rera waka a kungiyar mawaka, ya karanci ka'idar waka a karkashin jagorancin A. Salieri, ya yi wasa a kungiyar makada ta dalibai kuma ya gudanar da ita.

A cikin dangin Schubert (kazalika a cikin yanayin burgher na Jamus gaba ɗaya) suna son kiɗa, amma sun yarda da shi kawai a matsayin abin sha'awa; sana'ar mawaƙa ba ta da daraja. Mawaƙin novice dole ne ya bi sawun mahaifinsa. Shekaru da yawa (1814-18) aikin makaranta ya janye hankalin Schubert daga kerawa, amma duk da haka ya tsara adadi mai yawa. Idan a cikin kide-kide na kayan aiki har yanzu ana iya ganin dogaro da salon gargajiya na Viennese (yafi WA Mozart), to, a cikin nau'in waƙar, mawakin yana da shekaru 17 ya ƙirƙira ayyukan da ya bayyana cikakken mutumtakarsa. Waƙar JW Goethe ta zaburar da Schubert don ƙirƙirar ƙwararrun ƙwararru irin su Gretchen a Spinning Wheel, King Forest, waƙoƙin Wilhelm Meister, da sauransu.

Da yake son ya ba da kansa ga kiɗa, Schubert ya bar aiki a makaranta (wannan ya haifar da hutu a dangantaka da mahaifinsa) kuma ya koma Vienna (1818). Akwai saura irin guraben guraben rayuwa kamar darasi na sirri da kuma buga kasidu. Ba kasancewar ƙwararren pianist ba, Schubert ba zai iya sauƙi (kamar F. Chopin ko F. Liszt) ya sami suna a cikin duniyar kiɗa ba kuma don haka ya inganta shaharar waƙarsa. Halin mawaƙin bai ba da gudummawa ga wannan ba, cikakken nutsewarsa cikin tsara kiɗa, kunya da kuma, a lokaci guda, mafi girman amincin kirkire-kirkire, wanda ba ya ƙyale wani sulhu. Amma ya sami fahimta da goyon baya a tsakanin abokai. An haɗu da da'irar matasa masu fasaha a kusa da Schubert, kowannensu dole ne ya kasance yana da nau'i na fasaha na fasaha (Me zai iya yi? - kowane sabon shiga yana gaishe da irin wannan tambaya). Mahalarta Schubertiads sun zama masu sauraro na farko, kuma sau da yawa mawallafa (I. Mayrhofer, I. Zenn, F. Grillparzer) na wakoki masu haske na shugaban da'irar su. Tattaunawa da muhawara mai zafi game da fasaha, falsafar, siyasa da aka canza tare da raye-raye, wanda Schubert ya rubuta kiɗa da yawa, kuma sau da yawa kawai ya inganta shi. Minuets, ecossaises, polonaises, dillalai, polkas, gallops - irin wannan shine da'irar nau'ikan raye-raye, amma waltzes sun tashi sama da komai - ba kawai rawa ba, amma a maimakon haka. Psychology da rawa, juya shi a cikin wani poetic hoto na yanayi, Schubert yayi tsammanin waltzes na F. Chopin, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, S. Prokofiev. Wani memba na da'irar, sanannen mawaƙi M. Vogl, ya inganta waƙoƙin Schubert a kan dandalin wasan kwaikwayo kuma, tare da marubucin, sun zagaya biranen Austria.

Hazakar Schubert ta girma daga dogon al'adar kida a Vienna. A gargajiya makaranta (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven), multinational almara, a cikin abin da tasiri na Hungarians, Slavs, Italiyanci aka superimposed a kan Austro-Jamus akai, da kuma a karshe, na musamman predilection na Viennese don rawa, gida music-yin. - duk wannan ya ƙayyade bayyanar aikin Schubert.

Kwanakin baya na Schubert na kerawa - 20s. A wannan lokacin, an ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun ayyukan kayan aiki: lyric-dramatic "Ba a gama ba" symphony (1822) da almara, wasan kwaikwayo na tabbatar da rayuwa a cikin manyan C (na ƙarshe, Na tara a jere). Dukansu waƙoƙin ba a sani ba na dogon lokaci: R. Schumann ya gano babban C a cikin 1838, kuma Ba a gama ba ne kawai a cikin 1865. Dukansu wasan kwaikwayo sun rinjayi mawaƙa na rabi na biyu na karni na XNUMX, suna bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban na soyayya symphonism. Schubert bai taba jin ko wanne daga cikin wakokinsa da aka yi da fasaha ba.

Akwai wahalhalu da gazawa da yawa tare da samar da opera. Duk da wannan, Schubert ya rubuta akai-akai don gidan wasan kwaikwayo (kimanin ayyukan 20 a cikin duka) - operas, singspiel, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na V. Chesi "Rosamund". Hakanan yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan ruhaniya (ciki har da talakawa 2). Abin ban mamaki a cikin zurfi da tasiri, Schubert ne ya rubuta kiɗa a cikin nau'ikan ɗaki (22 piano sonatas, 22 quartets, game da 40 sauran ensembles). Bazuwar sa (8) da lokutan kiɗa (6) sun nuna farkon ƙaramar piano na soyayya. Sabbin abubuwa kuma suna bayyana a cikin rubutun waƙa. Zagayen murya 2 zuwa ayoyi na W. Muller – matakai 2 na hanyar rayuwar mutum.

Na farko daga cikinsu - "Kyakkyawan Matar Miller" (1823) - wani nau'i ne na "labari a cikin waƙoƙi", an rufe shi da wani shiri guda. Wani saurayi, mai cike da ƙarfi da bege, yana zuwa ga farin ciki. Yanayin bazara, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa - duk abin da ke haifar da yanayi mai daɗi. Ba da daɗewa ba za a maye gurbin amincewa da tambayar soyayya, larurar da ba a sani ba: Ina? Amma yanzu rafi ya kai saurayin zuwa injin niƙa. Soyayyar 'yar miller, lokacinta na farin ciki ya maye gurbinsu da damuwa, azabar kishi da dacin cin amana. A cikin tattausan guna-guni, rafuffukan rafi, jarumin ya sami nutsuwa da kwanciyar hankali.

Zagaye na biyu - "Winter Way" (1827) - jerin abubuwan tunawa ne na baƙin ciki mai ban sha'awa game da ƙauna marar ƙauna, tunani mai ban tsoro, kawai lokaci-lokaci tare da mafarkai masu haske. A cikin waƙar ta ƙarshe, "The Organ Grinder", an ƙirƙiri hoton mawaƙin da ke yawo, har abada kuma yana jujjuya saurin sa kuma babu inda zai sami amsa ko sakamako. Wannan shi ne hali na hanyar Schubert da kansa, riga mai tsanani rashin lafiya, gaji da m bukatar, overwork da kuma rashin sha'awar aikinsa. Mawaƙin da kansa ya kira waƙoƙin "Winter Way" "mummunan".

Kambi na kerawa na murya - "Swan Song" - tarin waƙoƙi ga kalmomin mawaƙa daban-daban, ciki har da G. Heine, wanda ya kasance kusa da "marigayi" Schubert, wanda ya ji "ragawar duniya" fiye da haka. kaifi kuma mafi zafi. A lokaci guda, Schubert bai taba ba, ko da a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rufe kansa a cikin yanayi mai ban tausayi ("zafi yana ƙarfafa tunani da fushi," ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa). Siffar ma'ana da motsin rai na kalmomin Schubert ba su da iyaka - yana amsa duk abin da ke faranta wa kowane mutum rai, yayin da ƙimar bambance-bambancen da ke cikinta ke ƙaruwa koyaushe (mummunan monologue "Biyu" kuma kusa da shi - sanannen "Serenade"). Schubert ya sami ƙarin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirƙira a cikin kiɗan Beethoven, wanda, bi da bi, ya saba da wasu ayyukan ƙarami na zamaninsa kuma yana yaba su sosai. Amma kunya da kunya ba su ƙyale Schubert ya sadu da gunkinsa ba (wata rana ya juya baya a ƙofar gidan Beethoven).

Nasarar da aka yi na wasan kwaikwayo na farko (kuma kawai) na marubucin, wanda aka shirya 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarsa, a ƙarshe ya ja hankalin jama'ar mawaƙa. Wakokinsa, musamman wakokinsa, sun fara yaɗuwa cikin sauri a duk faɗin Turai, suna samun mafi guntuwar hanya zuwa zukatan masu sauraro. Ta na da babban tasiri a kan Romantic composers na gaba tsara. Ba tare da binciken da Schubert ya yi ba, ba shi yiwuwa a yi tunanin Schumann, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Mahler. Ya cika kiɗan tare da dumi da sauri na waƙoƙin waƙoƙi, ya bayyana duniyar ruhaniya marar ƙarewa na mutum.

K. Zankin

• Rayuwa da aikin Schubert →
• Wakokin Schubert →
• Piano na Schubert yana aiki →
• Ayyukan Symphonic na Schubert →
• Chamber-kayan kerawa na Schubert →
• Aikin choral na Schubert →
• Kiɗa don mataki →
• Jerin ayyukan Schubert →

An kiyasta rayuwar rayuwar Schubert a cikin shekaru goma sha bakwai kawai. Duk da haka, jera duk abin da ya rubuta ya fi wuya fiye da lissafin ayyukan Mozart, wanda hanyar kirkira ta kasance mafi tsayi. Kamar Mozart, Schubert bai ketare kowane yanki na fasahar kiɗa ba. Wasu daga cikin gadonsa (musamman ayyuka na opera da na ruhaniya) an ture su a gefe ta lokaci da kanta. Amma a cikin waƙa ko wasan kwaikwayo, a cikin ƙaramin piano ko ɗakin ɗaki, mafi kyawun al'amuran hazaka na Schubert, ban mamaki nan da nan da ɗorawa na tunanin soyayya, jin daɗin rairayi da neman mai tunani na karni na XNUMX ya sami furci.

A cikin waɗannan fagage na ƙirƙira kiɗan, ƙirar Schubert ta bayyana kanta da babban ƙarfin hali da iyaka. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙwararrun kayan aiki na lyrical, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya - lyrical-dramatic and epic. Schubert yana canza abun ciki na alama a cikin manyan nau'ikan kiɗan ɗakin gida: a cikin sonatas na piano, string quartets. A ƙarshe, ainihin tunanin Schubert wata waƙa ce, wanda halittarsa ​​ba ta iya rabuwa da sunansa kawai.

An kafa waƙar Schubert akan ƙasa Viennese, wanda hazaƙin Haydn, Mozart, Gluck, Beethoven ya haɓaka. Amma Vienna ba wai kawai litattafan da masu haske ke wakilta ba, amma har ma da wadataccen rayuwa na kiɗan yau da kullun. Al'adun kade-kade na babban birnin daular daular ya dade yana fuskantar tasirin gaske na yawan kabilu da harsuna da dama. Ketarewa da shiga tsakani na Austriya, Hungarian, Jamusanci, tatsuniyar Slavic tare da ƙarni na rashin raguwar kwararar waƙoƙin Italiyanci ya haifar da samuwar ɗanɗanon kiɗan Viennese na musamman. Sauƙaƙan waƙar waƙa da haske, fahimta da alheri, yanayi mai daɗi da yanayin rayuwa mai daɗi, jin daɗin ɗabi'a da sauƙin motsin raye-raye sun bar wani tambari na kida na yau da kullun na Vienna.

Dimokuradiyya na kiɗan gargajiya na Austrian, kiɗan Vienna, ya ba da aikin Haydn da Mozart, Beethoven kuma ya sami tasirinsa, a cewar Schubert - ɗan wannan al'ada. Don jajircewar da yayi mata, har ya zama dole ya saurari zagin abokai. Waƙoƙin Schubert “wani lokaci suna jin daɗin gida, kuma fiye da Austrian, – ya rubuta Bauernfeld, – kama da waƙoƙin jama’a, ƙaramar sautin ƙaramar sauti da mummuna waɗanda ba su da isasshiyar tushe don kutsawa cikin waƙar waƙa. Ga irin wannan zargi, Schubert ya amsa: “Me ka fahimta? Ga yadda ya kamata!” Lalle ne, Schubert yana magana da harshen kiɗa na nau'in, yana tunani a cikin hotuna; daga gare su girma ayyuka na high siffofin art na mafi bambancin shirin. A cikin fa'ida ta gabaɗaya na waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙa waɗanda suka girma a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun na masu burger, a cikin yanayin dimokuradiyya na birni da kewayenta - ɗan ƙasa na kerawa Schubert. Waƙar waƙa mai ban mamaki "Ba a gama ba" tana buɗewa akan waƙa da raye-raye. Ana iya jin canjin nau'ikan nau'ikan abu biyu a cikin zane mai ban mamaki na "Babban" wariyar launin fata a cikin C-dur da kuma a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramar waƙa ko tarin kayan aiki.

Sinadarin waƙar ya mamaye dukkan sassan aikinsa. Ƙwaƙwalwar waƙa ta zama tushen jigo na kayan aikin Schubert. Alal misali, a cikin fantasy na piano a kan jigon waƙar "Wanderer", a cikin piano quintet "Trout", inda waƙar waƙar wannan sunan ke aiki a matsayin jigo don bambancin wasan karshe, a cikin d-moll. quartet, inda aka gabatar da waƙar "Mutuwa da Budurwa". Amma a cikin wasu ayyukan da ba su da alaƙa da jigogi na takamaiman waƙoƙi - a cikin sonatas, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo - ɗakin ajiyar waƙa na thematism yana ƙayyade fasalin tsarin, hanyoyin haɓaka kayan aiki.

Yana da dabi'a, saboda haka, cewa ko da yake farkon hanyar tsara Schubert yana da alamar ban mamaki na ra'ayoyin kirkire-kirkire wanda ya haifar da gwaje-gwaje a kowane fanni na fasaha na kiɗa, ya sami kansa da farko a cikin waƙar. A cikinta ne, gaba da komai, fuskokin baiwar wakarsa suka haskaka da wasa mai ban mamaki.

"Daga cikin kiɗan ba don wasan kwaikwayo ba, ba na coci ba, ba don wasan kwaikwayo ba, akwai wani sashe na musamman na ban mamaki - soyayya da waƙoƙin murya ɗaya tare da piano. Daga sauƙi, nau'i nau'i nau'i na waƙa, wannan nau'in ya ci gaba zuwa gabaɗayan ƙananan fage guda-monologues, yana ba da damar duk sha'awa da zurfin wasan kwaikwayo na ruhaniya. Irin wannan waƙar ta fito da kyau a Jamus, a cikin hazakar Franz Schubert,” in ji AN Serov.

Schubert shi ne "Nightingale da swan na song" (BV Asafiev). Waƙar ta ƙunshi duk abin da ya halitta. Ita ce waƙar Schubert wacce nau'in iyaka ce wacce ke raba kiɗan soyayya da kiɗan gargajiya. Zamanin waƙa, soyayya, wanda ya fara tun farkon karni na XNUMX, wani al'amari ne na Turai, wanda "ana iya kiransa da sunan babban mashawarcin waƙar dimokuradiyya na birni-romancin Schubert - Schubertianism" (BV) Asafiev). Wurin waƙar a cikin aikin Schubert yayi daidai da matsayin fugue a Bach ko sonata a Beethoven. A cewar BV Asafiev, Schubert ya yi a fagen waka abin da Beethoven ya yi a fagen waka. Beethoven ya taƙaita ra'ayoyin jarumtaka na zamaninsa; Schubert, a gefe guda, mawaƙi ne na "tunani masu sauƙi na halitta da zurfin ɗan adam." Ta hanyar duniyar jin daɗin rairayi da aka nuna a cikin waƙar, ya bayyana halinsa ga rayuwa, mutane, gaskiyar da ke kewaye.

Lyricism shine ainihin ainihin yanayin halitta Schubert. Kewayon jigogi na waƙa a cikin aikinsa suna da faɗi na musamman. Taken soyayya, tare da wadatar zuciyoyinta na wakoki, wani lokacin farin ciki, wani lokacin bakin ciki, yana hade da taken yawo, yawo, kadaici, mamaye dukkan fasahar soyayya, tare da jigon yanayi. Yanayi a cikin aikin Schubert ba kawai tushen tushen abin da wani labari ya bayyana ko wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba: yana "humanizes", da kuma radiation na motsin zuciyar mutum, dangane da yanayin su, yana canza hotuna na yanayi, yana ba su wannan ko yanayin. da kuma daidaita launi.

Kalmomin Schubert sun sami ɗan juyin halitta. A cikin shekaru da yawa, rashin gaskiya na samari, rashin fahimtar rayuwa da yanayi sun ja baya kafin buƙatun ƙwararren ƙwararren mai fasaha don nuna sabani na gaskiya na kewayen duniya. Irin wannan juyin halitta ya haifar da haɓaka dabi'un tunani a cikin kiɗan Schubert, zuwa haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo da bayyana ra'ayi mai ban tsoro.

Don haka, bambance-bambance na duhu da haske sun taso, sau da yawa sauyi daga yanke kauna zuwa bege, daga raɗaɗi zuwa nishaɗi mai sauƙi, daga hotuna masu ban mamaki zuwa haske, masu tunani. Kusan lokaci guda, Schubert ya yi aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayo na ban tausayi "Ba a gama ba" da kuma waƙoƙin matasa masu farin ciki na "Mace Mai Kyau". Har ma mafi ban mamaki shine kusancin "mummunan waƙoƙi" na "Hanyar Winter" tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi na piano na ƙarshe.

Duk da haka, dalilai na baƙin ciki da baƙin ciki mai ban tsoro, sun mayar da hankali a cikin waƙoƙin ƙarshe ("Winter Way", wasu waƙoƙin zuwa kalmomin Heine), ba za su iya rufe babban ikon tabbatar da rayuwa ba, mafi girman jituwa wanda kiɗan Schubert ke ɗauka a cikin kanta.

V. Galatskaya

Schubert da kuma Beethoven. Schubert - farkon soyayya na Viennese

Schubert ya kasance ƙarami a zamanin Beethoven. Kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar, dukansu biyu sun zauna a Vienna, suna ƙirƙirar ayyukansu mafi mahimmanci a lokaci guda. Schubert's "Marguerite at the Spinning Wheel" da "The Tsar of the Forest" sune "shekaru ɗaya" kamar Symphonies na bakwai da na takwas na Beethoven. A lokaci guda tare da Symphony na tara da Babban Mass na Beethoven, Schubert ya hada Symphony da ba a gama ba da kuma sake zagayowar waƙar The Beautiful Miller's Girl.

Amma wannan kwatancin kaɗai ya ba mu damar lura cewa muna magana ne game da ayyukan salon kiɗa daban-daban. Ba kamar Beethoven ba, Schubert ya zo kan gaba a matsayin mai fasaha ba a cikin shekarun juyin juya hali ba, amma a wancan lokaci mai mahimmanci lokacin da zamanin zamantakewa da siyasa ya zo don maye gurbinsa. Schubert ya bambanta girma da ƙarfin kiɗan Beethoven, hanyoyinsa na juyin juya hali da zurfin falsafa tare da ƙaramar waƙoƙi, hotuna na rayuwar dimokuradiyya - gida, kusanci, ta hanyoyi da yawa suna tunawa da ingantaccen rikodin rikodi ko shafi na diary na waƙa. Ayyukan Beethoven da Schubert, wadanda suka zo daidai da lokaci, sun sha bamban da juna, kamar yadda ya kamata ingantattun akidu na zamani biyu mabanbanta su bambanta – zamanin juyin juya halin Faransa da lokacin majalisar dokokin Vienna. Beethoven ya kammala ci gaban ƙarni na al'ada na kiɗa. Schubert shine farkon mawaki na Romantic na Viennese.

Aikin fasaha na Schubert yana da alaƙa da Weber's. Ƙaunar soyayya na duka masu fasaha suna da asali guda ɗaya. Waƙoƙin Weber na “Magic Shooter” da waƙoƙin Schubert sun kasance daidai da sakamakon haɓakar demokraɗiyya da ta mamaye Jamus da Ostiriya a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na ‘yantar da ƙasa. Schubert, kamar Weber, ya nuna mafi yawan halayen tunanin tunanin mutanensa. Haka kuma, shi ne mafi haske wakilin na Viennese al'adu-kasa na wannan lokacin. Waƙarsa ta kasance ɗan ɗan Dimokuradiyya Vienna kamar waltzes na Lanner da mahaifin Strauss da aka yi a cafes, kamar yadda tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi da barkwanci na Ferdinand Raimund suka yi, a matsayin bukukuwan jama'a a wurin shakatawa na Prater. Aikin fasaha na Schubert ba wai kawai ya rera waƙoƙin rayuwar jama'a ba ne, sau da yawa ya samo asali ne kai tsaye a can. Kuma a cikin nau'o'in jama'a ne cewa gwanin Roman romanticism na Viennese ya bayyana kansa da farko.

A lokaci guda, Schubert ya ciyar da dukan lokacin da ya samu balagagge a cikin Metternich ta Vienna. Kuma wannan yanayin ya ƙayyade yanayin fasaharsa.

A Ostiriya, haɓakar kishin ƙasa ba ta taɓa samun ingantaccen magana kamar a Jamus ko Italiya ba, kuma matakin da ya gudana a duk faɗin Turai bayan Majalisar Vienna ta ɗauki wani yanayi mai ban tsoro a wurin. Halin bautar tunani da kuma “ƙaramar son zuciya” sun yi hamayya da mafi kyawun tunanin zamaninmu. Amma a ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin son zuciya, ayyukan zamantakewa na buɗe ba zai yiwu ba. Ƙarfin jama'a yana daure kuma ba su sami siffofin da suka dace ba.

Schubert zai iya adawa da gaskiyar zalunci kawai tare da wadatar duniyar ciki na "karamin mutum". A cikin aikinsa babu "The Magic Shooter", ko "William Tell", ko "Pebbles" - wato, ayyukan da suka shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin mahalarta kai tsaye a cikin gwagwarmayar zamantakewa da kishin kasa. A cikin shekarun da aka haifi Ivan Susanin a kasar Rasha, an sami labarin soyayya na kaɗaici a cikin aikin Schubert.

Duk da haka, Schubert yana aiki a matsayin mai ci gaba da al'adun dimokuradiyya na Beethoven a cikin sabon yanayin tarihi. Bayan da ya bayyana a cikin kide-kide da wadatar zuci a cikin dukkan inuwar wakoki iri-iri, Schubert ya amsa buƙatun akida na mutanen zamaninsa masu ci gaba. A matsayinsa na marubuci, ya sami zurfin akida da ikon fasaha wanda ya cancanci fasahar Beethoven. Schubert ya fara zamanin lyric-romantic a cikin kiɗa.

Makomar gadon Schubert

Bayan mutuwar Schubert, an fara buga wakokinsa sosai. Sun ratsa dukkan sassan duniyar al'adu. Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa a kasar Rasha ma, wakokin Schubert sun yadu sosai a tsakanin masu fafutuka na dimokaradiyyar Rasha tun kafin su ziyarci bako masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, suna yin kide-kide na kayan aiki na virtuoso, ya sanya su zama salo na zamani. Sunaye na farko connoisseurs na Schubert su ne mafi haske a cikin al'adun Rasha a cikin 30s da 40s. Daga cikin su akwai AI Herzen, VG Belinsky, NV Stankevich, AV Koltsov, VF Odoevsky, M. Yu. Lermontov da sauransu.

Ta hanyar wani bakon daidaituwa, yawancin ayyukan kayan aikin Schubert, waɗanda aka kirkira a farkon alfijir na soyayya, sun yi sauti a kan wani babban wasan kide kide kawai daga rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX.

Shekaru goma bayan mutuwar mawakin, daya daga cikin ayyukansa na kayan aiki (Symphony na tara da Schumann ya gano) ya kai shi ga al'ummar duniya a matsayin mai gabatar da kara. A farkon 50s, an buga babban quintet C, kuma daga baya octet. A cikin Disamba 1865, an gano kuma aka yi "Symphony wanda ba a gama ba". Kuma bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na gidan wallafe-wallafen Viennese, magoya bayan Schubert sun "hana" kusan dukkanin sauran rubuce-rubucensa da aka manta da su (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo guda biyar, "Rosamund" da sauran operas, da yawa, ayyuka na ɗakin, da ƙananan piano da yawa. da soyayya). Tun daga wannan lokacin, al'adun Schubert ya zama wani ɓangare na al'adun fasaha na duniya.

V. Konen

• Rayuwa da aikin Schubert →