Francis Poulenc |

Frances Poulenc

Kida na shine hotona. F. Poulen

F. Poulenc yana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa masu ban sha'awa waɗanda Faransa ta ba duniya a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX. Ya shiga cikin tarihin kiɗa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar haɓaka "Shida". A cikin "Shida" - ƙarami, da kyar ya tako kan bakin kofa na shekaru ashirin - nan da nan ya sami iko da ƙauna ta duniya tare da basirarsa - asali, mai rai, ba tare da bata lokaci ba, da kuma halayen ɗan adam zalla - rashin jin daɗi, kirki da gaskiya, kuma mafi mahimmanci - ikon baiwa mutane abokantaka na ban mamaki. D. Milhaud ya rubuta game da shi: "Francis Poulenc kiɗa ne da kansa," ban san wani kiɗan da zai yi aiki kamar kai tsaye ba, za a bayyana shi a sauƙaƙe kuma zai kai ga manufa tare da rashin kuskure iri ɗaya.

An haifi mawaki na gaba a cikin dangin babban masana'antu. Uwa - mawaƙi mai kyau - ita ce malamin farko na Francis, ta ba wa ɗanta ƙauna marar iyaka ga kiɗa, sha'awar WA Mozart, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, F. Chopin. Tun yana ɗan shekara 15, ilimin kiɗan sa ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan wasan pian R. Vignes da mawaki C. Kequelin, wanda ya gabatar da matashin mawaƙin zuwa fasahar zamani, zuwa aikin C. Debussy, M. Ravel, har ma da mawaƙa. sababbin gumaka na matasa - I. Stravinsky da E. Sati. Matasan Poulenc sun zo daidai da shekarun yakin duniya na farko. Aka sa shi aikin soja, wanda hakan ya hana shi shiga jami’ar ‘yan mazan jiya. Duk da haka, Poulenc ya bayyana da wuri a fagen kiɗa a Paris. A cikin 1917, mawaƙin ɗan shekara goma sha takwas ya fara halarta a ɗaya daga cikin kide-kide na sabon kiɗan "Negro Rhapsody" don baritone da tarin kayan aiki. Wannan aikin ya kasance babban nasara wanda nan da nan Poulenc ya zama sananne. Suka yi magana game da shi.

An yi wahayi zuwa ga nasarar, Poulenc, bin "Negro Rhapsody", ya haifar da zagayowar murya "Bestiary" (a kan st. G. Apollinaire), "Cockades" (a kan st. J. Cocteau); Piano guda "Motsi na dindindin", "Tafiya"; kide kide kide kide na piano da makada "Morning Serenade"; ballet tare da mawaƙa Lani, wanda aka yi a cikin 1924 a cikin kasuwancin S. Diaghilev. Milhaud ya ba da amsa ga wannan samarwa tare da labarin mai ban sha'awa: "Kiɗa na Laney shine kawai abin da za ku yi tsammani daga marubucin ... An rubuta wannan ballet a cikin nau'i na rawa ... , Tare da abin da muke don haka kawai ayyukan Poulenc karimci kyauta ... Darajar wannan kiɗan yana dawwama, lokaci ba zai taɓa shi ba, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe da ƙuruciyarsa da asali.

A cikin ayyukan farko na Poulenc, an riga an bayyana mafi mahimmancin al'amuran yanayinsa, ɗanɗano, salon ƙirƙira, launi na musamman na Parisian na kiɗan sa, haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi da chanson na Parisi ba. B. Asafiev, yana kwatanta waɗannan ayyukan, ya lura da "tsara… da raye-rayen tunani, ƙwaƙƙwaran kaɗa, ingantaccen kallo, tsaftar zane, taƙaitacciyar fahimta - da ingantaccen gabatarwa."

A cikin 30s, gwanintar waƙar mawaƙi ya bunƙasa. Yana da sha'awar yin aiki a cikin nau'ikan kiɗan murya: yana rubuta waƙoƙi, cantatas, zagayowar waƙoƙi. A cikin mutum na Pierre Bernac, mawaki ya sami wani talented fassara na songs. Tare da shi a matsayin mai wasan pian, ya yi yawon shakatawa da yawa kuma cikin nasara a cikin biranen Turai da Amurka sama da shekaru 20. Abin sha'awa mai ban sha'awa shine waƙoƙin mawaƙa na Poulenc akan matani na ruhaniya: Mass, "Litanies to the black Rocamadour Uwar Allah", Motoci huɗu na lokacin tuba. Daga baya, a cikin 50s, Stabat mater, Gloria, Hudu Kirsimeti motets kuma an ƙirƙira su. Dukkan abubuwan da aka tsara sun bambanta sosai a cikin salo, suna nuna al'adun mawaƙa na Faransanci na zamani daban-daban - daga Guillaume de Machaux zuwa G. Berlioz.

Poulenc dai ya shafe shekarun yakin duniya na biyu a birnin Paris da aka yi wa kawanya da kuma wani katafaren gida na kasarsa da ke Noise, yana raba wa 'yan kasarsa duk wahalhalun da suka sha na rayuwar soja, yana matukar shan wahala saboda makomar kasarsa, jama'arsa, 'yan uwa da abokan arziki. Bakin ciki da tunani na wancan lokacin, amma kuma imani da nasara, cikin 'yanci, an bayyana a cikin cantata "Face na Mutum" don mawaƙa biyu cappella zuwa ayoyi na P. Eluard. Mawakin Resistance Faransa, Eluard, ya rubuta wakokinsa a cikin zurfin karkashin kasa, inda ya yi safarar su a asirce da sunan da ake kira Poulenc. Mawaƙin ya kuma ɓoye aikin cantata da buga shi. A tsakiyar yakin, wannan wani aiki ne na jajircewa. Ba daidai ba ne cewa a ranar 'yantar da birnin Paris da kewayenta, Poulenc ya nuna girman kai ya nuna maki na Fuskar Dan Adam a tagar gidansa kusa da tutar kasar. Mawaƙin a cikin nau'in wasan opera ya tabbatar da cewa ya zama fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wasan opera ta farko, The Breasts of Theresa (1944, zuwa ga rubutun farce ta G. Apollinaire) - wasan opera mai fara'a, haske da maras kyau - ya nuna sha'awar Poulenc don ban dariya, barkwanci, da ƙwazo. operas 2 na gaba suna cikin wani nau'i na daban. Waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo ne masu zurfin ci gaban tunani.

"Tattaunawar Karmel" (libre. J. Bernanos, 1953) ya bayyana labarin bakin ciki na mutuwar mazaunan gidan sufi na Karmel a lokacin Babban juyin juya halin Faransa, mutuwar sadaukarwarsu ta jarumta da sunan bangaskiya. "Muryar Dan Adam" (dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na J. Cocteau, 1958) monodrama ne mai rairayi wanda muryar ɗan adam mai raɗaɗi da girgiza - muryar buri da kaɗaici, muryar macen da aka watsar. Daga cikin dukan ayyukan Poulenc, wannan opera ya kawo shi mafi girma shahararsa a duniya. Ya nuna mafi kyawun ɓangarorin gwanintar mawaƙa. Wannan ingantaccen abu ne mai cike da zurfin ɗan adam, waƙa da dabara. Dukkanin operas 3 an halicce su ne bisa ga hazakar mawaƙin Faransa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo D. Duval, wanda ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a cikin waɗannan operas.

Poulenc ya kammala aikinsa tare da 2 sonatas - Sonata don oboe da piano sadaukarwa ga S. Prokofiev, da Sonata don clarinet da piano sadaukarwa ga A. Honegger. Mutuwar kwatsam ta katse rayuwar mawaƙin a lokacin babban haɓakar ƙirƙira, a tsakiyar balaguron kide-kide.

Gadon marubucin ya ƙunshi ayyuka kusan 150. Waƙar muryarsa tana da ƙimar fasaha mafi girma - operas, cantatas, cycles choral, waƙoƙi, waɗanda mafi kyawun su an rubuta su zuwa ayoyin P. Eluard. A cikin waɗannan nau'o'in ne aka bayyana da gaske kyautar Poulenc a matsayin mai waƙa. Waƙoƙinsa, kamar waƙoƙin Mozart, Schubert, Chopin, sun haɗu da sauƙi na kwance damara, da hankali da zurfin tunani, suna aiki azaman bayanin ruhin ɗan adam. Ƙwaƙwalwar farin ciki ce ta tabbatar da dawwama da ɗorewar nasarar kidan Poulenc a Faransa da bayanta.

L. Kokoreva

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