Ferenc Erkel |

Fernc Erkel

Kamar Moniuszko a Poland ko Smetana a Jamhuriyar Czech, Erkel shine wanda ya kafa wasan opera na ƙasar Hungary. Tare da ayyukansa na kaɗe-kaɗe da na zamantakewa, ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar al'adun ƙasa da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba.

An haifi Ferenc Erkel a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1810 a garin Gyula, a kudu maso gabashin Hungary, a cikin dangin mawaƙa. Mahaifinsa, malamin makaranta na Jamus kuma darektan mawakan coci, ya koya wa ɗansa yin piano da kansa. Yaron ya nuna ƙwararrun basirar kiɗa kuma an aika shi zuwa Pozsony (Pressburg, yanzu babban birnin Slovakia, Bratislava). Anan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Heinrich Klein (abokin Beethoven), Erkel ya sami ci gaba da sauri kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne a cikin da'irar masoya kiɗa. Duk da haka, mahaifinsa ya yi fatan ganinsa a matsayin jami'i, kuma Erkel ya jimre da gwagwarmaya tare da iyalinsa kafin ya ba da kansa ga aikin fasaha.

A karshen shekarun 20s, ya ba da kide-kide a birane daban-daban na kasar, kuma ya shafe shekarun 1830-1837 a Kolozhvar, babban birnin kasar Transylvania, inda ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin dan wasan piano, malami da madugu.

Zama a babban birnin ƙasar Transylvania ya taimaka wajen tada sha’awar Erkel game da al’adun gargajiya: “A can, waƙar Hungary, da muka yi watsi da ita, ta shiga cikin zuciyata,” mawaƙin daga baya ya tuna, “don haka ya cika raina da ƙorafi mafi yawa. kyawawan waƙoƙin Hungary, kuma daga gare su ban sami damar 'yantar da kansa ba har sai da ya zubar da duk abin da, kamar yadda nake gani, da gaske ya kamata ya zubo.

Shaharar Erkel a matsayin jagora a cikin shekarun da ya yi a Kolozsvar ya ƙaru sosai har a shekara ta 1838 ya sami damar jagorantar ƙungiyar opera na sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa a cikin Pest. Erkel, bayan da ya nuna ƙarfin kuzari da basirar ƙungiya, ya zaɓi masu fasaha da kansa, ya zayyana repertoire, kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje. Berlioz, wanda ya sadu da shi a ziyarar da ya kai ƙasar Hungary, ya yaba da basirar da yake da ita.

A cikin yanayin tashin hankalin jama'a kafin juyin juya halin 1848, ayyukan kishin kasa na Erkel sun tashi. Ɗaya daga cikin na farko shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na piano a kan jigon mutanen Transylvanian, wanda Erkel ya ce game da shi cewa "da shi aka haifi waƙar mu na Hungary." "Waƙarsa" (1845) zuwa kalmomin Kölchey ya sami karbuwa sosai. Amma Erkel yana mai da hankali kan nau'in operatic. Ya sami babban abokin haɗin gwiwa a cikin mutumin Beni Egreshi, marubuci kuma mawaƙi, wanda a kan libretto ya ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo.

Na farko daga cikinsu, "Maria Bathory", an rubuta shi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma a cikin 1840 an gudanar da shi tare da gagarumar nasara. Masu suka sun yi maraba da haihuwar wasan opera na Hungary, suna mai da hankali kan salon kiɗan ƙasa. An yi wahayi zuwa ga nasara, Erkel ya shirya wasan opera na biyu, Laszlo Hunyadi (1844); Ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin jagorancin marubucin ya haifar da jin dadi ga jama'a. Shekara guda bayan haka, Erkel ya kammala wasan kwaikwayon, wanda galibi ana yin shi a cikin kide-kide. A lokacin ziyararsa a Hungary a shekara ta 1846, Liszt ya gudanar da shi, wanda a lokaci guda ya kirkiro fantasy na wasan kwaikwayo a kan jigogi na opera.

Bayan da kyar ya gama Laszlo Hunyadi, mawakin ya shirya yin aiki a tsakiyar aikinsa, opera Bank Ban bisa wasan kwaikwayo na Katona. Abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali ne suka katse rubutunta. Sai dai ko da aka fara mayar da martani, zaluncin ‘yan sanda da tsanantawa bai tilasta Erkel ya yi watsi da shirinsa ba. Shekaru tara ya jira don samarwa kuma, a ƙarshe, a cikin 1861, an gudanar da farkon Bankin Ban a filin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, tare da zanga-zangar kishin ƙasa.

A cikin waɗannan shekaru, ayyukan zamantakewar Erkel suna ƙaruwa. A 1853 ya shirya Philharmonic, a 1867 - the Singing Society. A cikin 1875, wani muhimmin al'amari ya faru a cikin rayuwar kiɗa na Budapest - bayan dogon matsaloli da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙoƙarin Liszt, an buɗe Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa ta Hungarian, wacce ta zaɓe shi shugaban girmamawa, da Erkel - darekta. Shekaru goma sha huɗu, na ƙarshe ya jagoranci Kwalejin Kiɗa kuma ya koyar da ajin piano a ciki. Liszt ya yaba da ayyukan jama'a na Erkel; ya rubuta: “Fiye da shekaru talatin yanzu, ayyukanku sun wakilta sosai kuma sun ci gaba da waƙar Hungary. Kiyaye shi, adanawa da haɓaka shi shine kasuwancin Budapest Academy of Music. Kuma ikonsa a wannan yanki da nasarar cika dukkan ayyuka yana tabbatar da kulawar ku mai mahimmanci a matsayin darekta.

'Ya'yan Erkel uku kuma sun gwada hannunsu a cikin abun da ke ciki: a cikin 1865, an yi wasan opera Chobanets na Shandor Erkel. Ba da da ewa, 'ya'yan sun fara yin aiki tare da mahaifinsu, kuma, kamar yadda aka zaci, duk operas na Ferenc Erkel bayan "Bank-ban" (ban da mawaki ta kawai comic opera "Charolta", rubuta a 1862 zuwa wani m libretto - Sarki da jaruminsa sun cimma ƙaunar 'yar ƙauyen cantor) sune 'ya'yan itace na irin wannan haɗin gwiwar ("György Dozsa", 1867, "György Brankovich", 1874, "Jarumai marasa suna", 1880, "King Istvan", 1884). Duk da kasancewarsu na akida da fasaha, rashin daidaiton salo ya sa waɗannan ayyukan ba su da farin jini fiye da na magabata.

A shekara ta 1888, Budapest ta yi bikin cika shekaru hamsin na ayyukan Erkel a matsayin madugun opera. (A wannan lokacin (1884) an buɗe sabon ginin gidan wasan opera, ginin wanda ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru tara; an tattara kuɗi, kamar yadda suke a lokacin Prague, a duk faɗin ƙasar ta hanyar biyan kuɗi.). A cikin yanayi mai ban sha'awa, wasan kwaikwayo na "Laszlo Hunyadi" a karkashin jagorancin marubucin ya faru. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Erkel ya bayyana ga jama'a a karo na ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan pian - a bikin cika shekaru tamanin da haihuwa, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na d-moll na Mozart, wasan kwaikwayon da ya shahara da shi a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.

Erkel ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1893. Bayan shekaru uku, an gina masa wani abin tunawa a garinsu na mawaki.

M. Druskin

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo (duk an saita a Budapest) - "Maria Bathory", libretto ta Egresi (1840), "Laszlo Hunyadi", liberto ta Egresi (1844), "Bank-ban", libretto ta Egresi (1861), "Charolte", libretto ta Tsanyuga (1862), "György Dozsa", libretto na Szigligeti bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na Yokai (1867), "György Brankovich", libretto na Ormai da Audrey bisa wasan kwaikwayo na Obernik (1874), "Jarumai marasa suna", libretto ta Thoth (1880), “King Istvan”, libretto na wasan kwaikwayo na Varadi Dobshi (1885); don makada - Solemn Overture (1887; zuwa bikin 50th na National Theatre of Budapest), Brilliant duet a fantasy form for violin da piano (1837); guda don piano, ciki har da Rakotsi-marsh; ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa, ciki har da cantata, da kuma waƙa (zuwa waƙoƙin F. Kölchei, 1844; ya zama waƙar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungarian); Songs; kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo.

'Ya'yan Erkel:

Gyula Erkel (4 VII 1842, Kwaro - 22 III 1909, Budapest) - mawaki, violinist da shugaba. Ya taka leda a cikin makada na National Theater (1856-60), shi ne jagoranta (1863-89), farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa (1880), wanda ya kafa makarantar kiɗa a Ujpest (1891). Elek Erkel (XI 2, 1843, Pest - Yuni 10, 1893, Budapest) - marubucin operettas da yawa, ciki har da "Student from Kasshi" ("Der Student von Kassau"). Laszlo Erkel (9 IV 1844, Pest - 3 XII 1896, Bratislava) - jagoran mawaƙa da malamin piano. Tun 1870 ya yi aiki a Bratislava. Sandor Erkel (2 I 1846, Pest – 14 X 1900, Bekeschsaba) – madugu na mawaƙa, mawaki da violinist. Ya taka leda a makada na National Theatre (1861-74), tun 1874 ya kasance madugu na mawaƙa, tun 1875 ya kasance babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, darektan Philharmonic. Mawallafin Singspiel (1865), Hungarian Overture da ƙungiyar mawaƙa maza.

References: Aleksandrova V., F. Erkel, "SM", 1960, No 11; Laszlo J., Rayuwar F. Erkel a cikin zane-zane, Budapest, 1964; Sabolci B., Tarihin kiɗan Hungarian, Budapest, 1964, p. 71-73; Maroti J., Hanyar Erkel daga wasan opera na jarumtaka zuwa mahimmiyar gaskiya, a cikin littafin: Music of Hungary, M., 1968, p. 111-28; Nemeth A., Ferenc Erkel, L., 1980.