Luigi Dallapiccola |

Luigi Dallapiccola

L. Dallapiccola yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa opera na Italiyanci na zamani. Daga litattafan almara na zamanin bel canto, V. Bellini, G. Verdi, G. Pucci, ya gaji motsin rai na innation na melodic kuma a lokaci guda ya yi amfani da hadaddun hanyoyin bayyanawa na zamani. Dallapiccola shine mawaƙin Italiya na farko don amfani da hanyar dodecaphony. Marubucin wasan operas guda uku, Dallapiccola ya rubuta a nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kida ne: kiɗa don mawaƙa, ƙungiyar makaɗa, murya da makaɗa, ko piano.

An haifi Dallapikkola a Istria (wannan yanki na Austria-Hungary ne, yanzu wani bangare ne na Yugoslavia). A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da gwamnatin Ostiriya ta rufe makarantar mahaifinsa (malamin Girkanci), iyalin sun koma Graz. A can Dallapiccola ya ziyarci gidan wasan opera a karon farko, wasan opera na R. Wagner ya fi burge shi. Mahaifiyar ta taba lura cewa lokacin da yaron ya saurari Wagner, jin yunwa ya nutsar da shi. Bayan ya saurari wasan opera The Flying Dutchman, Luigi ɗan shekara goma sha uku ya yanke shawarar zama mawaki. A ƙarshen yaƙin (lokacin da aka ba da Istria zuwa Italiya), dangin sun koma ƙasarsu. Dallapiccola ya sauke karatu daga Florence Conservatory a piano (1924) da abun da ke ciki (1931). Nemo salon ku, hanyar ku cikin kiɗa ba ta yiwu nan da nan ba. Shekaru da yawa a farkon 20s. Dallapiccola, wanda ya gano sabbin hazaka ga kansa (C. Debussy's impressionism da tsohuwar kiɗan Italiyanci), ya shagaltu da fahimtar su kuma bai tsara komai ba. A cikin ayyukan da aka kirkira a ƙarshen 20s. (a bisa ga buƙatar marubucin, ba a yi su ba), wani nau'i na neoclassicism har ma da tasirin mawaki na karni na 1942. C. Monteverdi (daga baya, a cikin XNUMX, Dallapiccola ya tsara tsarin wasan opera na Monteverdi The Return of Ulysses).

A tsakiyar 30s. (wataƙila ba tare da tasirin taro tare da A. Berg, babban mawaƙin magana ba) Dallapikkola ya juya zuwa dabarar dodecaphone. Yin amfani da wannan hanyar rubutu, mawaƙin Italiyanci baya barin irin waɗannan sanannun hanyoyin bayyanawa kamar waƙar farin ciki da tonality. Ƙididdige ƙididdiga yana haɗuwa tare da wahayi. Dallapiaccola ya tuna yadda wata rana, yana tafiya a kan titunan Florence, ya zana waƙar waƙar dodecaphone na farko, wanda ya zama tushen "Choruss daga Michelangelo". Bayan Berg da A. Schoenberg, Dallapikkola yana amfani da dodecaphony don isar da tashin hankali mai ƙarfi har ma a matsayin kayan aikin zanga-zangar. Daga baya, mawaƙin zai ce: “Tafarkina na mawaƙa, tun daga 1935-36, lokacin da na fahimci farfagandar farkisanci, wanda ya nemi ya shake juyin juya halin Spain, ya ci gaba da adawa da shi kai tsaye. Gwajin dodecaphonic na kuma na wannan lokacin. Bayan haka, a wancan lokacin, kiɗan “jama’a” da masu akidarta sun rera kyakkyawan fata na ƙarya. Ba zan iya taimakawa wajen yin magana a kan wannan ƙaryar ba.

A lokaci guda kuma, aikin koyarwa na Dallapikkola ya fara. Sama da shekaru 30 (1934-67) ya koyar da piano da azuzuwan abun ciki a Florence Conservatory. Yin kide-kide (ciki har da duet tare da dan wasan violin S. Materaassi), Dallapiccola ya inganta kiɗan zamani - shi ne na farko da ya gabatar da jama'ar Italiya zuwa aikin O. Messiaen, mafi girma na Faransanci na zamani.

Fame ya zo Dallapikkola tare da samar da wasan opera na farko mai suna "Jigilar Dare" a cikin 1940, wanda aka rubuta bisa ga labari na A. Saint-Exupery. Fiye da sau ɗaya mawaƙin ya juya ga jigon zanga-zangar adawa da cin zarafin ɗan adam. Cantata “Waƙoƙin Fursunoni” (1941) yana amfani da matani na addu’ar Maryamu Stuart kafin a kashe shi, huɗubar ƙarshe na J. Savonarola da gutsuttsura daga rubutun ɗan falsafa Boethius na dā, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Har ila yau, sha'awar 'yanci ta kasance a cikin opera The Prisoner (1948), inda aka yi amfani da makircin gajeren labari na V. Lil-Adan da kuma labari The Legend of Ulenspiegel na C. de Coster.

Rushewar fasikanci ya ba Dallapiccola damar samun tasiri mai tasiri a rayuwar kiɗa: a farkon shekarun yaƙi, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sukar kiɗa ga jaridar Il Mondo da sakataren ƙungiyar kiɗan zamani na Italiyanci. Sunan mawaki ya zama mai iko kuma a kasashen waje. An gayyace shi don koyarwa a Amurka: zuwa Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Berkshire (Tanglewood, Massachusetts, 1951-52), zuwa Kwalejin Queens (New York, 1956-57), da kuma Austria - don darussan bazara na Mozarteum (Salzburg) ).

Tun daga 50s. Dallapiccola ya rikitar da salonsa, wanda kuma ya bayyana a cikin mafi mahimmancin aikin waɗannan shekarun - opera Ulysses (Odysseus), wanda aka yi a 1968 a Berlin. Da yake tunawa da ƙuruciyarsa, mawallafin ya rubuta cewa duk haruffan da ke cikin waƙar Homer (godiya ga sana'ar mahaifinsa) "sun kasance kamar raye-raye da dangi na kusa ga iyalinmu. Mun san su kuma mun yi magana da su a matsayin abokai. Dallapikkola ko da a baya (a cikin 40s) ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa don murya da haɗakar kayan aiki zuwa kalmomin mawaƙa na tsohuwar Girka: Sappho, Alkey, Anacreon. Amma babban abin a gare shi shi ne opera. A cikin 60s. bincikensa "Kalma da kiɗa a cikin opera. Bayanan kula akan Opera na zamani” da sauransu. "Opera a gare ni ita ce hanya mafi dacewa don bayyana tunanina… yana burge ni," mawaƙin da kansa ya bayyana halinsa ga nau'in da ya fi so.

K. Zankin