Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin (Feodor Chaliapin) |

Feodor Chaliapin

An haifi Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1873 a Kazan, a cikin dangin matalauta na Ivan Yakovlevich Chaliapin, wani baƙauye daga ƙauyen Syrtsovo, lardin Vyatka. Uwa, Evdokia (Avdotya) Mikhailovna (nee Prozorova), asali daga ƙauyen Dudinskaya a cikin wannan lardin. Tuni a lokacin ƙuruciya, Fedor yana da kyakkyawar murya (treble) kuma sau da yawa yana rera waƙa tare da mahaifiyarsa, "daidaita muryarsa." Tun yana dan shekara tara ya rera waka a cikin mawakan coci, ya yi kokarin koyon wasan violin, ya yi karatu da yawa, amma an tilasta masa yin aiki a matsayin mai koyan takalma, mai juyawa, kafinta, mai buga littattafai, kwafi. Yana da shekaru goma sha biyu, ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na yawon shakatawa a Kazan a matsayin kari. Wani sha'awar gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya kai shi ga ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, wanda ya zagaya biranen yankin Volga, Caucasus, Asiya ta Tsakiya, yana aiki ko dai a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya ko ɗan birgima a kan dutsen, sau da yawa yana fama da yunwa kuma yana kwana a kan jirgin. benci.

A cikin Ufa 18 Disamba 1890, ya rera sashin solo a karon farko. Daga cikin abubuwan tunawa na Chaliapin kansa:

“… A bayyane, ko da a cikin matsakaiciyar rawar mawaƙa, na sami nasarar nuna waƙara ta halitta da ma'anar murya mai kyau. A lokacin da wata rana daya daga cikin baritones na troupe ba zato ba tsammani, a kan Hauwa'u na wasan kwaikwayo, saboda wasu dalilai ya ƙi rawar da Stolnik a cikin wasan opera Moniuszko "Galka", kuma babu wani a cikin tawagar da ya maye gurbinsa, dan kasuwa Semyonov- Samarsky ya tambaye ni ko zan yarda in rera wannan bangare? Duk da tsananin kunyata na yarda. Ya kasance ma jaraba: rawar farko mai mahimmanci a rayuwata. Da sauri na koyi sashin na yi.

Duk da baƙin ciki da ya faru a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayo (Na zauna a kan mataki na kusa da kujera), Semyonov-Samarsky duk da haka ya motsa da na yi waƙa da kuma sha'awar da nake da shi na nuna wani abu mai kama da wani ɗan Poland. Ya kara wa albashina dubu biyar, ya kuma fara ba ni amana da wasu ayyuka. Har yanzu ina tunanin camfi: alama mai kyau ga mafari a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a kan mataki a gaban masu sauraro shine ya zauna bayan kujera. A cikin aikina na gaba, duk da haka, na kalli kujera a hankali kuma na ji tsoron ba kawai in zauna ba, har ma in zauna a kujerar wani…

A wannan kakar wasa tawa ta farko, na kuma rera Fernando a Il trovatore da Neizvestny a cikin Kabari na Askold. Nasara a ƙarshe ta ƙarfafa shawarar da na yi na sadaukar da kaina ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

Sa'an nan matashin mawaki ya koma Tiflis, inda ya dauki darussan waƙa kyauta daga shahararren mawaki D. Usatov, wanda ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma dalibai. A cikin 1894 ya raira waƙa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da suka faru a cikin lambun da ke kewayen St. Petersburg "Arcadia", sannan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Panaevsky. A Afrilu 1895, XNUMX, ya fara halarta a matsayin Mephistopheles a Gounod's Faust a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky.

A shekara ta 1896, S. Mamontov ya gayyaci Chaliapin zuwa Opera mai zaman kansa na Moscow, inda ya ɗauki matsayi mai girma kuma ya bayyana basirarsa, ya haifar da shekaru da yawa na aiki a cikin wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na dukan hotuna da ba za a manta da su ba a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha: Ivan the Terrible. a cikin N. Rimsky's Maid of Pskov -Korsakov (1896); Dositheus a cikin "Khovanshchina" na M. Mussorgsky (1897); Boris Godunov a cikin opera na wannan sunan da M. Mussorgsky (1898) da sauransu.

Sadarwa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mammoth tare da mafi kyawun masu fasaha na Rasha (V. Polenov, V. da A. Vasnetsov, I. Levitan, V. Serov, M. Vrubel, K. Korovin da sauransu) sun ba wa mawaƙa karfi ƙarfafawa don kerawa: su. shimfidar wurare da kuma kayayyaki sun taimaka wajen samar da tursasawa matakin halarta. Singer ya shirya da dama na opera sassa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo tare da novice shugaba da mawaki Sergei Rachmaninoff. Ƙirƙirar abokantaka ta haɗa manyan masu fasaha guda biyu har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Rachmaninov sadaukar da dama romances ga singer, ciki har da "Fate" (Ayoyin A. Apukhtin), "Kun san shi" (Ayoyin F. Tyutchev).

Sana'ar mawaƙin na ƙasa ta faranta wa mutanen zamaninsa daɗi. "A cikin fasahar Rasha, Chaliapin wani zamani ne, kamar Pushkin," in ji M. Gorky. Dangane da mafi kyawun al'adun makarantar murya na ƙasa, Chaliapin ya buɗe sabon zamani a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan ƙasa. Ya sami abin mamaki a zahiri ya haɗa mahimman ka'idoji guda biyu na fasahar wasan opera - ban mamaki da kiɗa - don ƙaddamar da kyautarsa ​​mai ban tausayi, matakin filastik na musamman da zurfin kiɗa zuwa ra'ayi ɗaya na fasaha.

Daga Satumba 24, 1899 Chaliapin, babban soloist na Bolshoi da kuma Mariinsky Theater a lokaci guda yawon bude ido kasashen waje tare da nasara nasara. A cikin 1901, a cikin La Scala na Milan, ya rera tare da babban nasara bangaren Mephistopheles a cikin opera na wannan suna ta A. Boito tare da E. Caruso, wanda A. Toscanini ke gudanarwa. An tabbatar da shaharar mawaƙin Rasha ta hanyar yawon shakatawa a Roma (1904), Monte Carlo (1905), Orange (Faransa, 1905), Berlin (1907), New York (1908), Paris (1908), London (1913/). 14). Kyakkyawar muryar Allah ta Chaliapin ta burge masu sauraron dukkan ƙasashe. Babban bass ɗinsa, wanda aka kawo ta yanayi, tare da velvety, timbre mai laushi, mai cike da jinni, mai ƙarfi kuma yana da palette mai ɗimbin sautin murya. Sakamakon sauye-sauye na fasaha ya ba masu sauraro mamaki - ba kawai bayyanar waje ba, amma har ma da zurfin ciki, wanda aka gabatar da shi ta hanyar muryar murya na mawaƙa. A cikin samar da capacious da scenically bayyana hotuna, singer yana taimaka da m versatility: shi duka biyu sculptor da artist, ya rubuta shayari da litattafan. Irin wannan fasaha mai mahimmanci na babban mai fasaha yana tunawa da masanan Renaissance - ba daidai ba ne cewa mutanen zamani sun kwatanta jarumawan opera tare da titan Michelangelo. Fasahar Chaliapin ta ketare iyakokin ƙasa kuma ta yi tasiri ga ci gaban gidan wasan opera na duniya. Yawancin masu gudanarwa na yammacin Turai, masu fasaha da mawaƙa za su iya maimaita kalmomin madugu na Italiyanci kuma mawaƙa D. Gavazeni: "Ƙirƙirar Chaliapin a fagen gaskiyar wasan opera ta yi tasiri mai ƙarfi ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiya… Mawaƙin ya bar alama mai zurfi kuma mai ɗorewa ba kawai a fagen wasan opera na Rasha ta mawaƙan Italiyanci ba, amma gabaɗaya, akan duk salon fassarar muryar su da fassarar matakinsu, gami da ayyukan Verdi…”

"Chaliapin ya jawo hankalin mutane masu karfi, sun rungumi ra'ayi da sha'awa, suna fuskantar wasan kwaikwayo na ruhaniya mai zurfi, da kuma hotuna masu ban dariya," in ji DN Lebedev. - Tare da gaskiyar gaskiya da ƙarfi mai ban mamaki, Chaliapin ya bayyana bala'i na uban da ba shi da kyau ya damu da baƙin ciki a cikin "Mermaid" ko kuma rashin tausayi na tunani da kuma nadama da Boris Godunov ya fuskanta.

A cikin jinƙai ga wahalar ɗan adam, an nuna babban ɗan adam - wani abu marar lahani na fasaha na Rasha mai ci gaba, bisa ga kabilanci, a kan tsabta da zurfin ji. A cikin wannan ƙasa, wanda ya cika dukan halitta da dukan aikin Chaliapin, ƙarfin gwaninta ya samo asali, sirrin lallashinsa, fahimtar kowa da kowa, har ma ga wanda ba shi da kwarewa.

Chaliapin ya bambanta da simulated, motsin rai na wucin gadi: “Dukkan waƙa koyaushe suna bayyana ji ta hanya ɗaya ko wata, kuma inda akwai ji, watsa injin yana barin ra'ayi mai muni. Aria mai ban sha'awa tana jin sanyi da na al'ada idan ba a haɓaka shigar da kalmar a cikinta ba, idan sautin ba shi da launi tare da inuwar motsin zuciyar da suka dace. Har ila yau kiɗan Yamma yana buƙatar wannan ƙarar ... wanda na gane a matsayin wajibi don watsa kiɗan Rasha, kodayake yana da ƙarancin girgizar hankali fiye da kiɗan Rasha. "

Chaliapin ana siffanta shi da haske, ayyukan kide-kide masu wadata. Masu sauraro sun yi matukar farin ciki da wasan kwaikwayonsa na soyayya The Miller, The Old Corporal, Dargomyzhsky's Titular Counsellor, The Seminarist, Mussorgsky's Trepak, Glinka's Doubt, Rimsky-Korsakov's Annabi, Tchaikovsky's The Nightingale, The Double Schubert, "Bana fushi , "A cikin mafarki na yi kuka mai zafi" na Schumann.

Ga abin da ƙwararren masanin kida na Rasha B. Asafiev ya rubuta game da wannan ɓangaren ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na mawaƙin:

"Chaliapin ya rera waƙa na gaske na ɗaki, wani lokacin yana mai da hankali sosai, mai zurfi har ya zama kamar ba shi da wani abu da ya dace da gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma bai taɓa yin la'akari da na'urorin haɗi da kuma bayyanar da yanayin da ake bukata ba. Cikakken nutsuwa da kamun kai suka mallake shi. Alal misali, na tuna da Schumann na "A cikin mafarki na yi kuka mai zafi" - sauti ɗaya, murya a cikin shiru, ladabi, motsin rai na ɓoye, amma da alama babu mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma wannan babba, mai fara'a, mai karimci tare da ban dariya, ƙauna, bayyananne. mutum. Muryar kaɗaici tana sauti - kuma duk abin da ke cikin muryar: duk zurfin da cikar zuciyar ɗan adam… Fuskar ba ta motsi, idanu suna bayyanawa sosai, amma a cikin hanya ta musamman, ba kamar, ce, Mephistopheles a cikin sanannen wurin tare da dalibai ko a cikin sarcastic serenade: a can sun ƙone ƙeta, ba'a, sa'an nan kuma idanun mutumin da ya ji abubuwan baƙin ciki, amma wanda ya fahimci cewa kawai a cikin tsauraran horo na hankali da zuciya - a cikin kullun dukan bayyanarsa. - shin mutum yana samun iko akan sha'awa da wahala.

’Yan jarida suna son yin lissafin kuɗaɗen mai zane, suna goyan bayan tatsuniyar dukiya mai ban mamaki, kwadayin Chaliapin. Mene ne idan wannan labari ya karyata ta hotuna da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na sadaka da yawa, shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa a Kyiv, Kharkov da Petrograd a gaban manyan masu sauraro masu aiki? Jita-jita maras aiki, jita-jita na jarida da tsegumi fiye da sau ɗaya sun tilasta wa mai zane ya ɗauki alƙalami, ya karyata abubuwan da suka ji da kuma hasashe, da fayyace gaskiyar tarihin rayuwarsa. Mara amfani!

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, yawon shakatawa na Chaliapin ya daina. Mawakin ya bude ma'aikatan jinya guda biyu ga sojojin da suka jikkata a kan kudinsa, amma bai tallata "ayyukansa nagari ba". Lauya MF Volkenstein, wanda ya kula da harkokin kuɗin mawaƙin na shekaru da yawa, ya tuna: “Da sun san nawa kuɗin Chaliapin ya bi don taimaka wa waɗanda suke bukata!”

Bayan Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917, Fyodor Ivanovich aka tsunduma a cikin m sake ginawa na tsohon daular sinimomi, shi ne zaba memba na gudanarwa na Bolshoi da Mariinsky gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma a 1918 directed da m bangaren na karshen. A wannan shekarar, ya kasance na farko a cikin masu fasaha da aka ba da lambar yabo ta Mawaƙin Jama'ar Jamhuriyar. Mawakin ya nemi ya rabu da siyasa, a cikin littafin tarihinsa ya rubuta: “Idan a rayuwata ba wani abu bane illa dan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaki, na duƙufa sosai ga aikina. Amma ko kadan ni dan siyasa ne.”

A zahiri, yana iya zama kamar rayuwar Chaliapin tana da wadata kuma tana da wadata. Ana gayyatarsa ​​don yin wasan kwaikwayo a wuraren kide-kide na hukuma, yana kuma yi wa jama'a da yawa, ana ba shi lakabin girmamawa, an nemi ya jagoranci ayyukan juriyoyin fasaha daban-daban, majalisar wasan kwaikwayo. Amma sai akwai kira mai kaifi don "zama Chaliapin", "sanya basirarsa a hidimar mutane", ana nuna shakku game da "amincin aji" na mawaƙa. Wani yana buƙatar shigar da danginsa na wajibi a cikin aikin sabis na aiki, wani ya yi barazanar kai tsaye ga tsohon mai zane na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na daular ... "Na ga kuma a fili cewa babu wanda ke buƙatar abin da zan iya yi, cewa babu wani ma'ana a ciki. aikina" , - mai zanen ya yarda.

Tabbas, Chaliapin na iya kare kansa daga rashin adalci na ma'aikata masu himma ta hanyar yin buƙatun sirri ga Lunacharsky, Peters, Dzerzhinsky, Zinoviev. Amma kasancewa cikin dogaro akai-akai ga umarnin hatta manyan jami'an gudanarwa na jam'iyyar yana wulakanta mai fasaha. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ba su bada garantin cikakken tsaro na zamantakewa ba kuma tabbas ba su ƙarfafa amincewa a nan gaba ba.

A cikin bazara na 1922, Chaliapin bai dawo daga balaguron balaguron waje ba, kodayake na ɗan lokaci ya ci gaba da ɗaukar rashin dawowar na ɗan lokaci. Yanayin gida ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abin da ya faru. Kula da yara, tsoron barin su ba tare da rayuwa ba ya tilasta Fedor Ivanovich ya yarda da balaguron balaguro mara iyaka. Babbar 'yar Irina ta zauna a Moscow tare da mijinta da mahaifiyarta Paula Ignatievna Tornagi-Chaliapina. Sauran yara daga farkon aure - Lydia, Boris, Fedor, Tatyana - da yara daga na biyu aure - Marina, Marta, Dassia da 'ya'yan Maria Valentinovna (mata na biyu), Edward da Stella, zauna tare da su a Paris. Chaliapin ya yi alfahari da dansa Boris musamman, wanda, a cewar N. Benois, ya samu "babban nasara a matsayin mai shimfidar wuri da mai zane." Fyodor Ivanovich da son rai ya gabatar da dansa; Hotuna da zane-zane na mahaifinsa da Boris ya yi "wasu abubuwan tarihi ne masu daraja ga babban mai zane...".

A wata ƙasa, mawaƙin ya ci nasara akai-akai, yana yawon shakatawa a kusan dukkanin ƙasashen duniya - a Ingila, Amurka, Kanada, China, Japan, da tsibirin Hawai. Daga 1930, Chaliapin ya yi aiki a cikin kamfanin Opera na Rasha, wanda wasan kwaikwayon ya shahara saboda babban matakin al'adu. Wasan operas Mermaid, Boris Godunov, da Prince Igor sun yi nasara musamman a birnin Paris. A cikin 1935, an zaɓi Chaliapin memba na Royal Academy of Music (tare da A. Toscanini) kuma an ba shi takardar shaidar difloma. Repertoire na Chaliapin ya ƙunshi sassa kusan 70. A operas na Rasha composers, ya halicci hotuna na Melnik (Mermaid), Ivan Susanin (Ivan Susanin), Boris Godunov da Varlaam (Boris Godunov), Ivan the Terrible (The Maid of Pskov) da sauransu da yawa, unsurpassed a ƙarfi da kuma gaskiya. rayuwa. . Daga cikin mafi kyawun rawar wasan opera na Yammacin Turai akwai Mephistopheles (Faust da Mephistopheles), Don Basilio (The Barber of Seville), Leporello (Don Giovanni), Don Quixote (Don Quixote). Kamar dai yadda Chaliapin ya kasance mai girma a cikin rawar murya. Anan ya gabatar da wani kashi na wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya kirkiro wani nau'in "wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya". Wakokinsa sun hada da wakoki har guda dari hudu, na soyayya da sauran nau'ikan kade-kade da wake-wake. Daga cikin fitattun zane-zane akwai "Bloch", "An manta", "Trepak" na Mussorgsky, "Night Review" na Glinka, "Annabi" na Rimsky-Korsakov, "Grenadiers biyu" na R. Schumann, "Biyu" na F Schubert, da kuma waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha "Bakwai, farin ciki", "Ba sa gaya wa Masha ya wuce kogin", "Saboda tsibirin zuwa ainihin".

A cikin 20s da 30s ya yi rikodin kusan ɗari uku. "Ina son rikodin gramophone..." Fedor Ivanovich ya furta. "Na yi farin ciki kuma ina jin daɗin ra'ayin cewa makirufo ba alama ce ta kowane mai sauraro ba, amma miliyoyin masu sauraro." Mawaƙin ya kasance mai sha'awar yin rikodi, daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi so akwai rikodi na "Elegy" na Massenet, waƙoƙin jama'a na Rasha, wanda ya haɗa a cikin shirye-shiryen kide-kide na rayuwarsa a duk rayuwarsa. A cewar Asafiev tunawa, "babban, mai ƙarfi, numfashin da ba za a iya tserewa ba na babban mawaƙi ya ji daɗin waƙar, kuma, an ji shi, babu iyaka ga filayen da ciyayi na ƙasarmu."

A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1927, Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a ta amince da wani kuduri na hana Chaliapin lakabin Mawaƙin Jama'a. Gorky bai yi imani da yiwuwar cire lakabin Mawaƙin Jama'a daga Chaliapin, wanda aka riga aka yayatawa a cikin bazara na 1927: zai yi. " Koyaya, a zahiri, komai ya faru daban, ba kamar yadda Gorky yayi tunani ba…

Da yake tsokaci game da shawarar da Majalisar Komitin Jama'a ta yanke, AV Lunacharsky ya yi watsi da ra'ayin siyasa, yana mai cewa "abin da ya sa ya hana Chaliapin lakabin shi ne rashin son zuwansa akalla na wani dan lokaci zuwa mahaifarsa da fasaha da fasaha. mutane ne da aka yi shelarsa mai zane. ”…

Duk da haka, a cikin USSR ba su yi watsi da ƙoƙarin dawo da Chaliapin ba. A cikin kaka na 1928, Gorky ya rubuta wa Fyodor Ivanovich daga Sorrento: "Sun ce za ku raira waƙa a Roma? Zan zo in saurare. Suna son sauraron ku sosai a Moscow. Stalin, Voroshilov da sauransu sun gaya mani wannan. Ko da "dutse" a cikin Crimea da wasu abubuwa za a mayar muku.

Taron a Roma ya faru a watan Afrilu 1929. Chaliapin ya rera waka "Boris Godunov" tare da babban nasara. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, mun hallara a dakin karatu. “Kowa yana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Alexei Maksimovich da Maxim sun fada abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa game da Tarayyar Soviet, sun amsa tambayoyi da yawa, a ƙarshe Alexei Maksimovich ya gaya wa Fedor Ivanovich: "Ku koma gida, ku dubi ginin sabuwar rayuwa, ga sababbin mutane, sha'awar su. kana da girma, ganin za ka so ka zauna a can, na tabbata." Surukar marubuciya NA Peshkova ta ci gaba da cewa: “Maria Valentinovna, wadda take sauraren shiru, ba zato ba tsammani ta furta da gaske, ta juya ga Fyodor Ivanovich: “Za ku je Tarayyar Soviet ne kawai a kan gawana. Hankalin kowa ya sauke, da sauri suka shirya suka nufi gida. Chaliapin da Gorky basu sake haduwa ba.

Nisa daga gida, ga Chaliapin, tarurruka tare da Rasha sun kasance masu ƙauna - Korovin, Rachmaninov, Anna Pavlova. Chaliapin ya saba da Toti Dal Monte, Maurice Ravel, Charlie Chaplin, Herbert Wells. A 1932, Fedor Ivanovich ya taka leda a cikin fim Don Quixote bisa shawarar da Jamus darektan Georg Pabst. Fim ɗin ya shahara a wurin jama'a. Tuni a cikin shekarunsa na raguwa, Chaliapin ya yi sha'awar Rasha, a hankali ya rasa farin ciki da kyakkyawan fata, bai rera sababbin sassan opera ba, kuma ya fara rashin lafiya sau da yawa. A watan Mayu 1937, likitoci sun gano shi da cutar sankarar bargo. Afrilu 12, 1938, babban singer ya mutu a Paris.

Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, Chaliapin ya kasance dan kasar Rasha - bai yarda da zama dan kasa ba, ya yi mafarkin an binne shi a mahaifarsa. Burinsa ya zama gaskiya, toka na singer aka kai zuwa Moscow da kuma Oktoba 29, 1984 da aka binne su a hurumi Novodevichy.