Evgeny Alexandrovich Mravinsky |

Evgeny Mravinsky ne adam wata

Mutane Artist na Tarayyar Soviet (1954). Laureate na Lenin Prize (1961). Jarumi na Socialist Labor (1973).

Rayuwa da aikin daya daga cikin manyan masu gudanarwa na karni na 1920 suna da alaƙa da Leningrad. Ya girma a cikin iyali na kiɗa, amma bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar ƙwadago (1921) ya shiga sashin ilimin halitta na Jami'ar Leningrad. A lokacin, duk da haka, saurayin ya riga ya haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Bukatar samun kuɗi ya kawo shi zuwa mataki na tsohon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mime. Wannan sana'a mai ban sha'awa, a halin yanzu, ya ba da damar Mravinsky ya fadada tunaninsa na fasaha, don samun ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa daga sadarwa ta kai tsaye tare da mawaƙa kamar mawaƙa F. Chaliapin, I. Ershov, I. Tartakov, madugu A. Coates, E. Cooper da sauransu. A cikin ƙarin aikin fasaha, an yi masa aiki da kyau ta hanyar ƙwarewar da aka samu yayin aiki a matsayin mai wasan pianist a Makarantar Leningrad Choreographic, inda Mravinsky ya shiga cikin XNUMX. A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya bar jami'a, inda ya yanke shawarar sadaukar da kansa ga ayyukan sana'a na kiɗa.

Yunkurin farko na shiga gidan ajiyar bai yi nasara ba. Domin kada ya ɓata lokaci, Mravinsky shiga cikin azuzuwan Leningrad Academic Chapel. Student shekaru ya fara a gare shi a cikin shekara ta gaba, 1924. Yana daukan darussa cikin jituwa da kayan aiki tare da M. Chernov, polyphony tare da X. Kushnarev, tsari da m abun da ke ciki tare da V. Shcherbachev. An yi ayyuka da yawa ta mawaƙin farko a cikin ƙaramin zauren Conservatory. Duk da haka, Mravinsky mai son kansa ya riga ya nemi kansa a wani fanni daban - a cikin 1927 ya fara gudanar da darussa a karkashin jagorancin N. Malko, kuma bayan shekaru biyu A. Gauk ya zama malaminsa.

Kokarin samun ci gaba mai amfani na gudanar da fasaha, Mravinsky ya ba da ɗan lokaci don yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kade-kade ta Tarayyar Soviet Ma'aikatan Kasuwanci. Ayyukan jama'a na farko tare da wannan rukunin sun haɗa da ayyukan da mawaƙa na Rasha suka yi kuma sun sami kyakkyawan bita daga manema labarai. A lokaci guda, Mravinsky ya kasance mai kula da sashin kiɗa na makarantar choreographic kuma an gudanar da shi a nan Glazunov ballet The Four Seasons. Bugu da ƙari, yana da aikin masana'antu a Opera Studio na Conservatory. Mataki na gaba na ci gaban mravinsky yana da alaƙa da aikinsa a Opera da Ballet Theater mai suna bayan SM Kirov (1931-1938). Da farko shi mataimaki ne madugu a nan, kuma bayan shekara guda ya fara zama mai zaman kansa. Ya kasance Satumba 20, 1932. Mravinsky gudanar da ballet "Barci Beauty" tare da sa hannu na G. Ulanova. Babban nasara na farko ya zo ga mai gudanarwa, wanda aka ƙarfafa ta ayyukansa na gaba - Tchaikovsky's ballets "Swan Lake" da "The Nutcracker", Adana "Le Corsaire" da "Giselle", B. Asafiev "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" da " Matukar Batattu”. A ƙarshe, a nan masu sauraro sun san kawai wasan opera na Mravinsky - "Mazepa" na Tchaikovsky. Don haka, ya zama kamar mawaƙin mai hazaka a ƙarshe ya zaɓi hanyar gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo.

Gasar Masu Gudanar da Duk-Ƙungiyoyin a cikin 1938 ta buɗe sabon shafi mai ban sha'awa a cikin tarihin halitta mai fasaha. A wannan lokacin, Mravinsky ya riga ya sami kwarewa mai yawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Leningrad Philharmonic. Musamman mahimmanci shine ganawarsa tare da aikin D. Shostakovich a cikin shekaru goma na kiɗa na Soviet a 1937. Sa'an nan kuma an yi waƙar ta biyar na fitaccen mawaki a karon farko. Daga baya Shostakovich ya rubuta: “Na san Mravinsky sosai a lokacin aikin haɗin gwiwa a kan Symphony ta biyar. Dole ne in furta cewa da farko na ɗan tsorata da hanyar Mravinsky. Da alama a gare ni ya zurfafa zurfin tunani, yana mai da hankali sosai ga bayanai da yawa, kuma a gare ni cewa hakan zai lalata tsarin gaba ɗaya, ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya. Game da kowane dabara, game da kowane tunani, Mravinsky ya sanya ni ainihin tambaya, yana neman amsa daga gare ni ga duk shakku da suka taso a cikinsa. Amma riga a rana ta biyar da yin aiki tare, na gane cewa wannan hanya ita ce ta dace. Na fara ɗaukar aikina da muhimmanci, ina kallon yadda Mravinsky ke aiki da gaske. Na gane cewa kada madugu ya yi waƙa kamar ɗan dare. Da farko dole ne a haɗa hazaka tare da dogon aiki mai ƙwazo.

Kwallon da Mravinsky ya yi na Symphony na Biyar na daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi fice a gasar. An bai wa jagoran Leningrad lambar yabo ta farko. Wannan taron ya fi mayar da hankali a kan makomar Mravinsky - ya zama babban darektan kungiyar kade-kade na Leningrad Philharmonic, yanzu ya cancanci gungu na jamhuriyar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, babu wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin rayuwar Mravinsky. Shekara bayan shekara, yana renon ƙungiyar makaɗa, yana faɗaɗa repertore. Yayin da yake haɓaka ƙwarewarsa, Mravinsky ya ba da fassarori masu ban mamaki na waƙoƙin Tchaikovsky, ayyukan Beethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler da sauran mawaƙa.

An katse rayuwar lumana na ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin 1941, lokacin da, bisa ga umarnin gwamnati, Leningrad Philharmonic aka kwashe zuwa gabas kuma ya buɗe kakar wasa ta gaba a Novosibirsk. A waɗancan shekarun, kiɗan Rasha sun shagaltar da wani muhimmin wuri a cikin shirye-shiryen madugu. Tare da Tchaikovsky, ya yi ayyukan Glinka, Borodin, Glazunov, Lyadov… A Novosibirsk, Philharmonic ya ba da kide-kide na kade-kade na 538 wanda mutane 400 suka halarta…

Ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na Mravinsky ya kai kololuwa bayan komawar kungiyar makada zuwa Leningrad. Kamar yadda yake a baya, mai gudanarwa yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Philharmonic tare da wadatattun shirye-shirye daban-daban. Ana samun kyakkyawan fassara a cikinsa ta mafi kyawun ayyukan mawaƙa na Soviet. A cewar masanin kida V. Bogdanov-Berezovsky, "Mravinsky ya ɓullo da nasa salon wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke da alaƙa da kusanci da ka'idodin tunani da tunani, labarin yanayi da ma'auni mai ma'ana na tsarin aikin gabaɗaya, wanda Mravinsky ya haɓaka da farko a cikin Ayyukan ayyukan Soviet, wanda ya ba da kyauta kuma ya ba da hankali sosai ".

An yi amfani da fassarar Mravinsky a karon farko ta ayyukan da yawa daga marubutan Soviet, ciki har da Prokofiev's Sixth Symphony, A. Khachaturian's Symphony-Poem, da kuma, sama da duka, fitattun halittun D. Shostakovich, sun haɗa a cikin asusun zinariya na musika na musika. Shostakovich ya ba wa Mravinsky amana na farko na wasansa na biyar, na shida, na takwas (wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga mai gudanarwa), wasan kwaikwayo na tara da na goma, waƙar oratorio Song of the Forests. Dalili ne cewa, da yake magana game da Symphony na Bakwai, marubucin ya nanata a shekara ta 1942: “A ƙasarmu, an yi taron kade-kaɗe a birane da yawa. Muscovites sun saurare shi sau da yawa a karkashin jagorancin S. Samosud. A cikin Frunze da Alma-Ata, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta jaha ce ta gudanar da bikin, wanda N. Rakhlin ya jagoranta. Ina matukar godiya ga shugabannin Soviet da na kasashen waje don kauna da kulawa da suka nuna wa kade-kade na. Amma ya fi kusantar ni a matsayin marubucin, wanda ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra ta Evgeny Mravinsky ke gudanarwa.

Babu shakka cewa a karkashin jagorancin Mravinsky ne kungiyar makada ta Leningrad ta girma ta zama babban taron wasan kwaikwayo na duniya. Wannan shi ne sakamakon jajircewar mai gudanar da aikin, da rashin gajiyawar sha'awarsa na neman sababbin, mafi zurfi kuma ingantacciyar karatun ayyukan kiɗa. G. Rozhdestvensky ya rubuta: “Mravinsky yana neman kansa da kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa. A lokacin yawon shakatawa na haɗin gwiwa, lokacin da na ji irin waɗannan ayyukan sau da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, koyaushe ina mamakin ikon Evgeny Alexandrovich kada ya rasa jin daɗin sabo tare da maimaita maimaitawa. Kowane wasan kwaikwayo na farko ne, kafin kowane wasan kwaikwayo dole ne a sake maimaita komai. Kuma yaya wahala wani lokaci!

A cikin shekarun bayan yakin, amincewa da kasa da kasa ya zo ga Mravinsky. A bisa ka'ida, madugu yana tafiya kasashen waje yawon shakatawa tare da kungiyar makada da yake jagoranta. Sai kawai a 1946 da 1947 ya kasance bako na Prague Spring, inda ya yi tare da Czechoslovak Orchestras. Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na Leningrad Philharmonic a Finland (1946), Czechoslovakia (1955), ƙasashen Yammacin Turai (1956, 1960, 1966), da Amurka ta Amurka (1962) sun kasance nasara mai nasara. Cunkoson dakunan, tafi daga jama'a, m reviews - duk wannan shi ne gane da farko-aji gwaninta na Leningrad Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra da kuma babban shugaba Evgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky. Ayyukan koyarwa na Mravinsky, farfesa a Leningrad Conservatory, kuma ya sami karɓuwa mai kyau.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969