Tarihin Cello

Cello kayan kida ne, rukuni na kirtani, watau don kunna shi, ana buƙatar abu na musamman da ke gudana tare da kirtani - baka. Yawancin lokaci ana yin wannan wand ɗin daga itace da gashin doki. Har ila yau, akwai hanyar yin wasa tare da yatsunsu, wanda aka "cire kirtani". Ana kiranta pizzicato. Cello kayan aiki ne mai igiyoyi hudu masu kauri iri-iri. Kowane kirtani yana da nasa bayanin kula. Da farko, an yi kirtani daga tumaki, sa'an nan kuma, ba shakka, sun zama karfe.

Ana iya ganin bayanin farko ga cello a cikin fresco ta Gaudenzio Ferrari daga 1535-1536. An ambaci ainihin sunan “cello” a cikin tarin sonnets ta J.Ch. Arrest a 1665.

Idan muka juya zuwa Turanci, to, sunan kayan aiki yana kama da wannan - cello ko violencello. Daga wannan a bayyane yake cewa cello asalin kalmar Italiyanci ne "violoncello", wanda ke nufin ƙaramin bass biyu.

Tarihin cello mataki-mataki

Bincika tarihin samuwar wannan kayan aikin kirtani na ruku'u, an bambanta matakai masu zuwa a cikin samuwarsa:

1) An ambaci cellos na farko a kusa da 1560, a Italiya. Mahaliccinsu shine Andrea Mati. Sa'an nan kuma an yi amfani da kayan aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na bass, ana yin waƙoƙi a ƙarƙashinsa ko kuma an yi sautin wani kayan aiki.

2) Bugu da ari, Paolo Magini da Gasparo da Salo (XVI-XVII ƙarni) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. Na biyu daga cikinsu sun yi nasarar kawo kayan aikin kusa da wanda yake a zamaninmu.

3) Amma duk gazawar an kawar da shi ta wurin babban masanin kida, Antonio Stradivari. A shekara ta 1711, ya kirkiro Duport cello, wanda a halin yanzu ana daukarsa a matsayin kayan kida mafi tsada a duniya.

4) Giovanni Gabrieli (karni na 17) ya fara ƙirƙirar sonatas da ricercars don cello. A zamanin Baroque, Antonio Vivaldi da Luigi Boccherini sun rubuta suites don wannan kayan kida.

5) Tsakanin karni na 18 ya zama kololuwar shahara ga kayan kirtani na ruku'u, wanda ke fitowa a matsayin kayan kide-kide. The cello ya haɗu da symphonic da ɗakin ensembles. Masu sihirin fasaharsu - Jonas Brahms da Antonin Dvorak ne suka rubuta mata kide-kide daban-daban.

6) Ba shi yiwuwa a ambaci Beethoven, wanda kuma ya kirkiro ayyuka don cello. A lokacin yawon shakatawa a 1796, babban mawaki ya buga a gaban Friedrich Wilhelm II, Sarkin Prussia da cellist. Ludwig van Beethoven ya hada sonata biyu don cello da piano, Op. 5, don girmama wannan sarki. Beethoven's cello solo suites, waɗanda suka jure gwajin lokaci, an bambanta su ta sabon salo. A karo na farko, babban mawaƙin yana sanya cello da piano a kan daidaitattun daidaito.

7) Ƙarshe na ƙarshe a cikin yada cello ya kasance ta hanyar Pablo Casals a karni na 20, wanda ya kirkiro makaranta na musamman. Wannan mawallafin ya yaba da kayan aikin sa. Don haka, a cewar wani labari, ya sanya sapphire a cikin ɗayan bakuna, kyauta daga Sarauniyar Spain. Sergei Prokofiev da Dmitri Shostakovich sun fi son cello a cikin aikin su.

Za mu iya a amince cewa shaharar cello ya ci nasara saboda girman kewayon. Yana da kyau a ambaci cewa muryoyin maza daga bass zuwa tenor sun yi daidai da kewayo tare da kayan kida. Sautin wannan girman kirtani-bakan da ya yi kama da muryar ɗan adam "ƙananan", kuma sautin yana ɗauka daga bayanan farko tare da juicinsa da bayyanawa.

Cello a yau

Yana da kyau a lura cewa a halin yanzu duk mawaƙa suna godiya ga cello - duminsa, ikhlasi da zurfin sauti, kuma halayensa sun daɗe suna lashe zukatan mawaƙa da kansu da masu sauraronsu masu sha'awar. Bayan violin da piano, cello shine kayan aikin da aka fi so wanda mawaƙa suka juya idanunsu, suna sadaukar da ayyukansu zuwa gare shi, wanda aka yi niyya don yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa ko piano. Tchaikovsky musamman a yalwace amfani da cello a cikin ayyukansa, Bambance-bambance a kan Rococo Jigo, inda ya gabatar da cello da irin wannan hakkin da ya sanya wannan karamin aiki na ya cancanci adon da dukan concert shirye-shirye, da bukatar gaske kamala a cikin ikon sarrafa mutum kayan aiki daga. wasan kwaikwayon.

Concerto na Saint-Saëns, kuma, da rashin alheri, da wuya Beethoven ta yi wasan kide-kide sau uku don piano, violin da cello, suna samun babban nasara tare da masu sauraro. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi so, amma kuma ba a cika yin su ba, akwai Cello Concertos na Schumann da Dvořák. Yanzu zuwa gaba daya. Don ƙãre duk abin da ke cikin kayan kida da aka rusuna yanzu an yarda da su a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na kade-kade, ya rage don “faɗi” kaɗan kawai game da bass biyu.

Asalin "bass" ko "contrabass viola" yana da igiyoyi shida kuma, a cewar Michel Corratt, marubucin sanannen "School for Double Bass", wanda shi ya buga a rabi na biyu na karni na 18, ana kiransa "violone". ” ta Italiyanci. Sa'an nan kuma sau biyu bass ya kasance mai rahusa wanda ko a 1750 Paris Opera yana da kayan aiki guda ɗaya kawai. Menene bass biyu na ƙungiyar makaɗa na zamani ke iya iyawa? A cikin fasaha, lokaci ya yi da za a gane bass biyu a matsayin cikakken kayan aiki. Basses biyu an ba su amana da sassan virtuoso gaba daya, wanda aka yi su tare da fasaha na gaske da fasaha.

Beethoven a cikin waƙarsa na fastoci, tare da ƙarar sautin bass biyu, ya yi nasarar kwaikwayi kukan iskar, da tsawa, kuma gabaɗaya yana haifar da cikakken jin abubuwan da ke tashi a lokacin tsawa. A cikin kiɗan ɗaki, ayyukan bass biyu galibi suna iyakance ga tallafawa layin bass. Waɗannan su ne, a cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya, fasahar fasaha da iya aiki na membobin “ƙungiyar kirtani”. Amma a cikin makada na kade-kade na zamani, ana yawan amfani da “bakan quintet” a matsayin “kakar kade-kade a cikin makada.”