Domra: kayan aiki abun da ke ciki, tarihi, iri, wasa dabara, amfani

Saboda sautinsa, domra yana da matsayi na musamman a cikin dangin igiyoyi masu tsinke. Muryarta a sanyaye, mai tuno da guntun rafi. A cikin ƙarni na XVI-XVII, domrachi sun kasance mawaƙa na kotu, kuma mutane da yawa a koyaushe suna taruwa a kan titunan birane don sauraron wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa masu yawo suna buga domra. Bayan shiga cikin mawuyacin lokaci, kayan aikin ya sake shiga cikin rukunin ilimi, ana amfani da shi don yin kiɗan gargajiya da na gargajiya, sautin solo da kuma wani ɓangare na ensembles.

Domra na'urar

Jiki a cikin nau'i na hemisphere yana da lebur sautin sauti wanda ake manne wuyansa. Ana jan igiyoyi 3 ko 4 akansa, suna wucewa ta goro da goro. An sassaƙa ramukan resonator guda bakwai a tsakiyar allon sautin. Yayin Wasa, allon sauti yana kiyaye shi ta hanyar "harsashi" da ke haɗe a mahadar wuyan wuya da allon sauti. Yana kare kariya daga karce. Shugaban da aka siffa yana da turaku masu daidaitawa gwargwadon adadin kirtani.

Rarraba ilimi yana nufin domra zuwa wayoyi. Idan ba don jikin zagaye ba, domra zai iya kama da wani kayan gargajiya na Rasha - balalaika. Ana kuma yin jikin daga nau'ikan itace daban-daban. An kafa shi ta hanyar gluing igiyoyi na katako - rivets, gefuna tare da harsashi. Sirdi yana da maɓalli da yawa waɗanda ke gyara igiyoyin.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Samfuran farko an yi su ne daga busassun kabewa da fashe.

Tsarin ƙirƙirar domra yana da rikitarwa. Don kayan aiki ɗaya, ana amfani da nau'ikan itace da yawa:

• jikin yana yin birch;
• spruce da fir suna bushe da kyau don yin deco;
• allunan yatsa suna sawn daga ebony da ba kasafai ba;
• An kafa madaidaicin daga maple;
• kawai dazuzzuka masu tauri ne kawai ake amfani da su don kera wuya da harsashi.

Mai shiga tsakani ne ke samar da sautin. Girman sa na iya bambanta, tare da manyan kayan aiki mafi girma fiye da ƙananan. Ƙarshen masu shiga tsakani suna ƙasa a bangarorin biyu, suna yin chamfer. Tsawon - 2-2,5 cm, nisa kusan santimita daya da rabi.

Na'urorin haɗi na zamani, wanda ba tare da wanda mawaƙa ba za su iya yin wasan domra ba, an yi shi da nailan mai laushi ko caprolon. Akwai kuma zaɓen gargajiya da aka yi da harsashi na kunkuru. A kan kayan viola da domra bass, ana amfani da na'urar fata don fitar da sauti. Irin wannan matsakanci yana sa sautin a rufe.

Tarihin domra

Siffofin game da asalin waƙar chordophone sun bambanta. An yarda da cewa wannan kayan aiki ne na mutanen Rasha, Belarushiyanci, Ukrainian. A Rasha, ya bayyana a cikin karni na X, kamar yadda akwai rubutattun shaida. An ambace shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin kimiyyar gabas kuma masanin ilmin kimiya na Ibn Rust. Domra ya shahara a karni na 16.

A yau, masana tarihi suna magana game da asalin gabas na kayan kiɗan. Tsarinsa yayi kama da ginshiƙan Turkawa. Har ila yau, tana da bene mai lebur, kuma a lokacin Wasan, mawakan sun yi amfani da guntu na katako, kashin kifi, a matsayin ƙulli.

Mutane daban-daban na Gabas suna da nasu wakilan kayan kida na kirtani, waɗanda aka karɓi sunansu: Kazakh dombra, Baglama Baglama, Tajik rubaba. Sigar tana da hakkin wanzuwa, domra zai iya shiga cikin tsohuwar Rasha a lokacin karkiya ta Tatar-Mongol ko kuma 'yan kasuwa ne suka kawo su.

Na'urar na iya samun asalinsa ga lute, ɗan Turai na dangin kirtani da aka tsiro. Amma, idan kun shiga cikin tarihi, to, ya zo yamma daga yankunan gabas.

Tsawon karni biyu, domra yana nishadantar da jama'a, kayan aiki ne na bulo da masu ba da labari. Tsars da boyars suna da nasu domrachi a kotu, amma cizon waƙoƙin izgili da halaye, rayuwa, da fushin kowa da komai yakan haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin manyan mutane. A cikin karni na XNUMX, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ya ba da wata doka ta hanyar da ya sa masu cin zarafi ga zalunci, kuma domra ya ɓace tare da su, Wasan da ya kira "Wasannin Aljanu".

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. A karkashin jagorancin sarki na All Russia Nikon, an tattara kayan aikin buffoon da yawa daga birane da ƙauyuka, an kawo a kan kuloli zuwa gaɓar kogin Moscow kuma an kone su. Wutar ta ci na kwanaki da yawa.

Shugaban kungiyar kade-kade ta kasar Rasha, mawaki kuma mai bincike VV Andreev ya sake farfado da wakar chordophone a shekarar 1896. Tarin wasansa na balalaika ba shi da ƙwararrun ƙungiyar waƙa. Tare da master SI Nalimov, sun yi nazarin kayan aikin da suka yi hasarar shahara kuma sun tsara na'urar da ta dace don kunna jerin waƙoƙin. Tun daga farkon karni na XNUMX, domra ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin kirtani, inda ya kasance na musamman.

Nau'in domra

Wannan kayan kida iri biyu ne:

• Kirtani uku ko Ƙananan - yana da tsarin quart a cikin kewayon daga "mi" na farkon octave zuwa "re" na hudu. Yawan frets akan fretboard shine 24. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da alto, bass da domra-piccolo.
• Kirtani huɗu ko babba - dabarar yin wasa da ita tana kama da guitar bass, galibi masu wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ke amfani da su. Tsarin yana cikin kashi biyar, adadin frets shine 30. Matsakaicin yana da cikakkun octaves uku daga "sol" ƙarami zuwa "la" na huɗu, wanda aka haɓaka da semitones goma. Kirtani 4 sun haɗa da bass domra, alto da piccolo. Kadan da aka saba amfani da contrabass da tenor.

Kyakkyawan sauti mai laushi, kauri, katako mai nauyi yana da bass. A cikin ƙananan rajista, kayan aiki ya cika layin bass a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Domras mai kirtani 3 ana saurara cikin tazarar kwata, fara kunnawa na prima yana farawa da buɗaɗɗen kirtani na biyu.

Dabarun wasa

Mawakin yana zaune akan kujera rabi, ya dan karkatar da jikin gaba, yana rike da na'urar. Ya sanya kafar dama ta hagu, sandar yana rike da hannun hagu, ya lankwashe a kusurwar dama. Ana koya wa masu farawa wasa da yatsa, ba da zaɓe ba. Ana kiran dabarar pizzicato. Bayan motsa jiki 3-4, zaku iya fara wasa azaman matsakanci. Taɓa kirtani da latsa kirtani a cikin damuwa da ake so tare da yatsun hannun hagu, mai yin wasan yana sake sake sautin. Motsi ɗaya ko mai canzawa, ana amfani da rawar jiki.

Shahararrun Masu Wasa

Kamar violin a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na kade-kade, domra a cikin kiɗan jama'a shine ainihin prima. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman kayan aikin solo. A cikin tarihin kiɗa, mawaƙa masu daraja sun ƙetare shi ba tare da cancanta ba. Amma mawaƙa na zamani sun sami nasarar rubuta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Tchaikovsky, Bach, Paganini, Rachmaninoff kuma suna ƙara su a cikin repertoire na mawaƙa.

Daga cikin mashahuran ƙwararrun ƴan gida, Farfesa na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Rasha. Gnesinykh AA Tsygankov. Ya mallaki halittar asali maki. Babban gudummawa ga ci gaban kayan aikin da RF Belov ya bayar shine marubucin tarin tarin repertoire da masu karatu don domra.

Ba koyaushe akwai lokuta masu ɗaukaka ba a cikin tarihin kayan aikin gargajiya na Rasha na ƙasa. Amma a yau adadi mai yawa na mutane suna koyon yin wasa da shi, dakunan kide-kide suna cike da masu sha'awar sautin timbre.