Cello: bayanin kayan aiki, tsari, sauti, tarihi, fasaha na wasa, amfani

Ana ɗaukar cello a matsayin kayan kida mafi bayyanawa. Mai wasan kwaikwayo wanda zai iya yin wasa a kai yana iya samun nasarar solo, ba tare da yin nasara ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Menene cello

Cello na dangin kayan kida masu ruku'u masu zare. Zane ya sami kyan gani na al'ada godiya ga ƙoƙarin masters na Italiya, waɗanda suka kira kayan aikin violencello (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "kananan bass biyu") ko gajere a matsayin cello.

A waje, cello yayi kama da violin ko viola, kawai ya fi girma. Mai yin wasan baya rike shi a hannunsa, ya sanya shi a kasa a gabansa. Ana ba da kwanciyar hankali na ƙananan ɓangaren ta hanyar tsayawa na musamman da ake kira spire.

The cello yana da arziki, m sauti. Ƙungiyar makaɗa tana amfani da ita lokacin da ya zama dole don bayyana baƙin ciki, rashin jin daɗi, da sauran yanayi mai zurfi. Sautunan shiga sun yi kama da muryar ɗan adam da ke fitowa daga zurfafan ruhi.

Kewayon shine cikakken octave 5 (farawa daga "zuwa" babban octave, yana ƙarewa da "mi" na octave na uku). Ana kunna kirtani octave a ƙasan viola.

Duk da bayyanar ban sha'awa, nauyin kayan aiki yana da ƙananan - kawai 3-4 kg.

Menene sautin cello?

The cello sauti mai wuce yarda bayyana, zurfi, da karin waƙa kama da mutum magana, a zuciya-da-zuciya zance. Babu kayan aiki guda ɗaya da ke da ikon yin daidai haka, da raini da isar da kusan ɗaukacin motsin zuciyar da ke akwai.

Cello ba shi da daidai a cikin yanayin da kake son isar da bala'i na lokacin. Da alama tana kuka tana kuka.

Ƙananan sautunan kayan aiki suna kama da bass na maza, na sama suna kama da muryar alto na mace.

Tsarin cello ya ƙunshi rubuta bayanin kula a bass, treble, tenor clefs.

Tsarin cello

Tsarin yana kama da sauran kirtani (guitar, violin, viola). Manyan abubuwan sune:

• Shugaban. Abun da ke ciki: akwatin peg, pegs, curl. Haɗa zuwa wuyansa.
• ungulu. Anan, kirtani suna cikin tsagi na musamman. Yawan kirtani shine daidaitattun - guda 4.
• Frame Abubuwan samarwa - itace, varnished. Abubuwan da aka haɗa: babba, ƙananan bene, harsashi (bangaren gefe), efs (ramukan resonator a cikin adadin guda 2 waɗanda ke ƙawata gaban jiki ana kiran su don haka suna kama da harafin "f" a cikin siffar).
• Zuciya Ana samuwa a ƙasa, yana taimakawa tsarin ya huta a ƙasa, yana ba da kwanciyar hankali.
• Ruku'u Mai alhakin samar da sauti. Yana faruwa a cikin girma dabam (daga 1/8 zuwa 4/4).

Tarihin kayan aiki

Tarihin hukuma na cello ya fara a cikin karni na XNUMX. Ta kori magabacinta, viola da gamba, daga ƙungiyar makaɗa, yayin da take jin daɗin jituwa. Akwai samfura da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta da girman, siffar, ƙarfin kiɗan.

XVI - XVII ƙarni - lokacin da masters na Italiya suka inganta ƙira, suna neman bayyana duk damarsa. Godiya ga ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa, samfurin tare da daidaitaccen girman jiki, nau'i ɗaya na kirtani, ya ga haske. Sunayen masu sana'a waɗanda ke da hannu wajen ƙirƙirar kayan aikin an san su a duk duniya - A. Stradivari, N. Amati, C. Bergonzi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa - cellos mafi tsada a yau sune hannun Stradivari.

Cello na gargajiya da sauri ya sami shahara. An rubuta mata ayyukan solo, sa'an nan kuma shine lokacin da za a yi girman kai a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Karni na 8 wani mataki ne na sanin duniya. Cello ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan kida, ana koya wa ɗaliban makarantun kiɗa da wasa da shi, idan ba tare da shi ba ba za a iya tunanin yin ayyukan gargajiya ba. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙunshi mafi ƙarancin sel na XNUMX.

Repertoire na kayan aiki ya bambanta sosai: shirye-shiryen kide kide, sassan solo, sonatas, rakiya.

Girman girman

Mawaƙi na iya yin wasa ba tare da fuskantar matsala ba idan an zaɓi girman kayan aikin daidai. Girman kewayon ya haɗa da zaɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa:

• 1/4
• 1/2
• 3/4
• 4/4

Zaɓin na ƙarshe shine ya fi kowa. Wannan shine abin da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ke amfani da su. 4/4 ya dace da balagagge tare da daidaitaccen ginin, matsakaicin tsayi.

Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan an yarda da su ga mawaƙa marasa girma, ɗaliban makarantun kiɗa na yara. Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da girma sama da matsakaita ana tilasta su yin odar kera kayan aikin da ya dace (wanda ba daidai ba).

Dabarun wasa

Virtuoso cellists suna amfani da dabarun wasa masu zuwa:

• masu jituwa (cire sautin sauti ta hanyar latsa kirtani da ɗan yatsa);
• pizzicato (cire sauti ba tare da taimakon baka ba, ta hanyar zazzage kirtani tare da yatsunsu);
• trill (buga babban bayanin kula);
• legato (mai laushi, daidaitaccen sauti na bayanin kula da yawa);
• babban yatsan yatsa (yana sauƙaƙa yin wasa cikin babban harka).

Tsarin wasa yana ba da shawara mai zuwa: mawaƙin yana zaune, yana sanya tsarin tsakanin ƙafafu, karkatar da jiki kaɗan zuwa jiki. Jiki yana dogara a kan capstan, yana sauƙaƙa wa mai yin wasan don riƙe kayan aiki a daidai matsayi.

Cellists suna shafa bakansu da wani nau'in rosin na musamman kafin yin wasa. Irin waɗannan ayyuka suna inganta mannewa da gashin baka da kirtani. A ƙarshen kunna kiɗa, ana cire rosin a hankali don guje wa lalacewar kayan aikin da wuri.