Domenico Cimarosa (Domenico Cimarosa) |

Domenico Cimarosa

Salon kiɗan Cimarosa yana da zafi, zafi da fara'a… B. Asafiev

Domenico Cimarosa ya shiga tarihin al'adun kiɗa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun wakilan makarantar opera na Neapolitan, a matsayin mai kula da wasan kwaikwayo na buffa, wanda ya kammala juyin halitta na wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci na karni na XNUMX a cikin aikinsa.

An haifi Cimarosa a cikin dangin mai bulo da wanki. Bayan mutuwar mijinta, a cikin 1756, mahaifiyarta ta sanya ƙaramin Domenico a makarantar matalauta a ɗaya daga cikin gidajen ibada a Naples. A nan ne mawaƙin nan gaba ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Cimarosa ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci kuma a cikin 1761 an shigar da shi a Site Maria di Loreto, mafi tsufan ɗakunan ajiya a Naples. Kwararrun malamai da suke koyarwa a wurin, daga cikinsu akwai manya, wasu lokuta ma fitattun mawaka. Domin shekaru 11 na Conservatory Cimarosa ya tafi ta hanyar da kyau mawaki mawaki: ya rubuta da yawa talakawa da motets, ƙware da fasaha na singing, wasa da violin, cembalo da gabobin zuwa kammala. Malamansa su ne G. Sacchini da N. Piccinni.

A 22, Cimarosa ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory kuma ya shiga filin wasan opera. Ba da daɗewa ba a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Neapolitan dei Fiorentini (del Fiorentini) wasan opera na farko na buffa, The Count's Whims, an shirya shi. Sauran wasan operas na ban dariya sun bi ta a ci gaba. Shahararriyar Cimarosa ta karu. Yawancin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Italiya sun fara gayyatarsa. Rayuwa mai wahala ta mawakin opera, mai alaƙa da tafiye-tafiye akai-akai, ta fara. Kamar yadda aka yi a wancan lokacin, ya kamata a yi wasan opera a cikin birnin da aka shirya su, domin mawakin ya yi la’akari da iyawar qungiyar da kuma irin abubuwan da jama’ar gari suke da shi.

Godiya ga tunaninsa marar ƙarewa da fasaha mara ƙarewa, Cimarosa ya haɗa da saurin da ba a iya ganewa. Wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na barkwanci, sananne a cikinsu An shirya shi ɗan Italiyanci a Landan (1778), Gianina da Bernardone (1781), Kasuwar Malmantile, ko Rushewar Banza (1784) da Intrigues marasa nasara (1786), an shirya su a Rome, Venice, Milan, Florence, Turin. da sauran garuruwan Italiya.

Cimarosa ya zama shahararren mawaki a Italiya. Ya yi nasarar maye gurbin masanan kamar G. Paisiello, Piccinni, P. Guglielmi, waɗanda suke ƙasar waje a lokacin. Duk da haka, mawaƙi mai tawali'u, ya kasa yin sana'a, ba zai iya samun matsayi mai tsaro a ƙasarsa ba. Saboda haka, a 1787, ya yarda da gayyatar zuwa post na kotu bandmaster da kuma "mawaƙin music" a Rasha daular kotu. Cimarosa ya shafe kimanin shekaru uku da rabi a Rasha. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, mawaƙin bai yi waƙa ba kamar yadda yake a Italiya. Ya ba da ƙarin lokaci don gudanar da gidan wasan opera na kotu, shirya wasan kwaikwayo, da koyarwa.

A kan hanyar komawa ƙasarsa, inda mawaki ya tafi a 1791, ya ziyarci Vienna. Barka da warhaka, gayyata zuwa ga mukamin ma'aikacin kotu kuma - abin da ke jiran Cimarosa ke nan a kotun Sarkin Ostiriya Leopold II. A Vienna, tare da mawaƙin J. Bertati, Cimarosa ya ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun abubuwan da ya halitta - buff opera The Secret Marriage (1792). Nasarar farko ta yi nasara sosai, an zana opera gabaɗaya.

Komawa a cikin 1793 zuwa ƙasarsa ta Naples, mawaƙin ya ɗauki matsayin mawaƙin kotu a can. Ya rubuta opera seria da opera buffa, cantatas da kayan aiki. Anan, opera "Auren Sirrin" ya jure fiye da wasanni 100. Ba a taɓa jin wannan ba a cikin ƙarni na 1799 a Italiya. A cikin 4, juyin juya halin bourgeois ya faru a Naples, kuma Cimarosa da ƙwazo ya gaishe da shelar jamhuriyar. Shi, kamar ɗan kishin ƙasa na gaske, ya amsa wannan taron tare da abin da ya ƙunshi "Waƙar Kishin Kishin Ƙasa". Duk da haka, jamhuriyar ta kasance 'yan watanni kawai. Bayan ta sha kaye, an kama mawakiyar aka jefa a kurkuku. An lalata gidan da yake zaune, kuma sanannen clavichembalo nasa, wanda aka jefa a kan shimfidar dutsen dutse, an farfasa shi har ya kai ga smithereen. Watanni XNUMX Cimarosa yana jiran kisa. Kuma koken masu fada aji ne kawai ya kawo masa sakin da ake so. Zaman gidan yari ya yi illa ga lafiyarsa. Ba ya son zama a Naples, Cimarosa ya tafi Venice. A can, duk da rashin lafiya, ya hada da onepy-seria "Artemisia". Duk da haka, mawaki bai ga farkon aikinsa ba - ya faru kwanaki kadan bayan mutuwarsa.

Fitaccen masanin wasan opera na Italiya na karni na 70. Cimarosa ya rubuta sama da wasan kwaikwayo na XNUMX. G. Rossini ya yaba wa aikinsa sosai. Game da mafi kyawun aikin mawaki - onepe-buffa "Auren Sirrin" E. Hanslik ya rubuta cewa "yana da launi na zinariya na gaske, wanda shine kawai wanda ya dace da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa ... tare da lu'ulu'u, mai haske da farin ciki, wanda mai sauraro zai iya jin dadi kawai. Wannan cikakkiyar halittar Cimarosa har yanzu tana rayuwa a cikin wasan opera na duniya.

I. Vetlitsyna