Béla Bartók (Béla Bartók) |
Béla Bartók
Idan mutanen nan gaba suna so su san yadda mutumin zamaninmu ya yi yaƙi da wahala da kuma yadda a ƙarshe ya sami hanyar samun 'yanci na ruhaniya, jituwa da zaman lafiya, ya sami bangaskiya cikin kansa da rayuwa, to, yana nufin misalin Bartok. , za su sami maƙasudin dagewar da ba za a iya girgizawa ba da kuma misali na jarumtakar ci gaban ruhin ɗan adam. B. Sabolchi
B. Bartok, mawaƙin ƙasar Hungary, ɗan wasan pian, malami, masanin kida da almara, na cikin taurarin taurari na fitattun mawaƙa na ƙarni na 3. tare da C. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich. Asalin fasahar Bartok yana da alaƙa da zurfafa nazari da haɓakar ƙirƙira na mafi arziƙin tatsuniyoyi na Hungary da sauran mutanen Gabashin Turai. Zurfafa zurfafa cikin abubuwan rayuwar ƙauye, fahimtar fasaha da ɗabi'a da ɗabi'a na fasahar jama'a, fahimtarsu ta falsafa ta fuskoki da yawa sun tsara halayen Bartok. Ya zama misali ga mutanen zamani da zuriyarsu misali na jajircewa da aminci ga manufofin ɗan adam, dimokraɗiyya da kishin ƙasa da ƙasa, jahilci, jahilci da tashin hankali. Ayyukan Bartok sun nuna rashin tausayi da rikice-rikice na lokacinsa, rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa na duniyar ruhaniya na zamaninsa, saurin ci gaba na al'adun fasaha na zamaninsa. Barók na Legacy a matsayin mai mawaki yana da kyau kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan: 2 Mataki na aiki (opera mataki da 3); Symphony, suites; Cantata, 2 concertos don piano, 1 don violin, 6 don viola (ba a gama ba) tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa; adadi mai yawa na ƙira don kayan aikin solo daban-daban da kiɗa don ƙungiyoyin ɗaki (ciki har da quartets XNUMX kirtani).
An haifi Bartok a cikin dangin darektan makarantar aikin gona. Yaran farko sun wuce a cikin yanayin yin kiɗan iyali, yana ɗan shekara shida mahaifiyarsa ta fara koya masa yin piano. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, malaman yaron sune F. Kersh, L. Erkel, I. Hirtle, haɓakar kiɗansa a lokacin samartaka ya rinjayi abota da E. Donany. Bela ya fara tsara kiɗa yana ɗan shekara 9, bayan shekaru biyu ya fara yin waƙa kuma ya yi nasara sosai a gaban jama'a. A cikin 1899-1903. Bartok dalibi ne a Budapest Academy of Music. Malaminsa a piano shine I. Toman (dalibi na F. Liszt), a cikin abun da ke ciki - J. Kessler. A cikin shekarun ɗalibinsa, Bartok ya yi abubuwa da yawa kuma tare da babban nasara a matsayin ɗan wasan pianist, kuma ya ƙirƙira abubuwa da yawa waɗanda tasirin mawaƙan da ya fi so a wancan lokacin ya zama sananne - I. Brahms, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, R. Strauss. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa da ƙwazo daga Kwalejin Kiɗa, Bartok ya yi tafiye-tafiyen kide kide da yawa zuwa Yammacin Turai. Babban nasara na farko na Bartók a matsayin mawaki ya kawo shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Kossuth, wanda aka fara a Budapest (1904). Wajen nuna wariyar launin fata na Kossuth, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga hoton gwarzon juyin juya halin 'yantar da kasar Hungary na 1848, Lajos Kossuth, ya kunshi manufofin kasa-kishin kasa na matashin mawaki. Lokacin da yake matashi, Bartok ya fahimci alhakinsa game da makomar ƙasarsa da fasaha na kasa. A wata wasiƙar da ya rubuta zuwa ga mahaifiyarsa, ya rubuta: “Kowane mutum, bayan ya manyanta, dole ne ya sami manufa domin ya yi yaƙi dominsa, ya ba da dukan ƙarfinsa da aikinsa. Amma ni, duk rayuwata, a ko'ina, ko da yaushe, kuma ta kowane hali, zan bauta wa manufa ɗaya: mai kyau na ƙasar uwa da mutanen Hungary "(1903).
Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makomar Bartok ya taka rawa ta hanyar abokantaka da haɗin gwiwa tare da Z. Kodaly. Bayan sanin hanyoyinsa na tattara waƙoƙin jama'a, Bartok ya gudanar da balaguro na al'ada a lokacin rani na 1906, yana rikodin waƙoƙin jama'a na Hungary da Slovak a ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Bartók ya fara aikin kimiyya da al'adu, wanda ya ci gaba a duk rayuwarsa. Nazarin tsohuwar tarihin ƙauyen ƙauye, wanda ya sha bamban sosai da sanannen salon Hungarian-gypsy na verbunkos, ya zama juyi a cikin juyin halittar Bartók a matsayin mawaki. Babban sabo na tsohuwar waƙar jama'ar Hungary ta zama abin ƙarfafawa a gare shi don sabunta tsarin kiɗan, kari, da ƙwanƙwasa. Ayyukan tattarawa na Bartók da Kodály shima yana da matuƙar mahimmancin zamantakewa. Yawaitar abubuwan sha'awar tarihin Bartók da yanayin balaguron balaguro na ci gaba da faɗaɗa. A cikin 1907, Bartók kuma ya fara aikin koyarwa a matsayin farfesa a Budapest Academy of Music (ajin piano), wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1934.
Daga karshen 1900s zuwa farkon 20s. a cikin aikin Bartok, lokacin bincike mai tsanani ya fara, wanda ke hade da sabunta harshen kiɗa, samuwar salon mawaƙansa. Ya samo asali ne daga haɗakar abubuwa na tatsuniyoyi na duniya da kuma sabbin abubuwa na zamani a fagen yanayi, jituwa, waƙa, kari, da hanyoyin kiɗan kala-kala. An ba da sababbin abubuwan haɓakawa ta hanyar sanin aikin Debussy. Yawancin opuses na piano sun zama nau'in dakin gwaje-gwaje don hanyar mawaƙa (14 bagatelles op. 6, kundi na daidaitawa na waƙoƙin jama'a na Hungary da Slovak - "Ga Yara", "Allegro barbare", da dai sauransu). Bartók kuma ya juya zuwa ƙungiyar makaɗa, ɗaki, da nau'ikan mataki (2 suites na orchestral, zane-zane 2 don ƙungiyar makaɗa, wasan opera The Castle of Duke Bluebeard, ballet The Wooden Prince, pantomime ballet The Wonderful Mandarin).
An maye gurbin lokutan aiki mai tsanani da kuma aiki akai-akai da rikice-rikice na wucin gadi na Bartók, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin jama'a ke nuna halin ko-in-kula da ayyukansa, da tsananta wa zargi, wanda bai goyi bayan binciken da mawallafin ya yi ba - da yawa kuma na asali. m. Sha'awar Bartók ga al'adun kade-kade na mutanen makwabta fiye da sau daya ya haifar da munanan hare-hare daga jaridar Hungarian chauvinistic. Kamar yawancin masu ci gaba na al'adun Turai, Bartok ya ɗauki matsayin yaki a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A lokacin samuwar Jamhuriyar Hungarian Soviet (1919), tare da Kodaly da Donany, ya kasance memba na Musical Directory (shugaban B. Reinitz), wanda ya shirya dimokuradiyya gyare-gyare na music al'adu da ilimi a kasar. Don wannan aiki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Horthy, Bartok, kamar abokansa, gwamnati da kuma jagorancin Cibiyar Nazarin Kiɗa sun fuskanci zalunci.
A cikin 20s. Salon Bartok yana ci gaba da haɓakawa: haɓakar ginshiƙi, tashin hankali da tsattsauran harshe na kiɗan kiɗa, halayen aikin 10s - farkon 20s, daga tsakiyar wannan shekaru goma yana ba da hanya mafi daidaituwa na ɗabi'a, sha'awar tsabta, samun dama. da laconism na magana; muhimmiyar rawa a nan ta taka rawar da mawakin ya yi ga fasahar mashahuran baroque. A cikin 30s. Bartok ya zo zuwa mafi girman balagaggen ƙirƙira, ƙirar salo; wannan shine lokacin ƙirƙirar ayyukansa mafi kyau: Secular Cantata ("Mai sihiri na tara"), "Music for Strings, Percussion da Celesta", Sonatas don Pianos guda biyu da Percussion, Piano da Violin Concertos, String Quartets (Lambobi 3- 6), wani zagaye na koyar da piano guda "Microcosmos", da sauransu. A lokaci guda, Bartok yana yin balaguron kide-kide da yawa zuwa Yammacin Turai da Amurka. A shekara ta 1929, Bartok ya ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet, inda aka gana da abubuwan da ya rubuta tare da babban sha'awa. Aikin kimiyya da na al'ada yana ci gaba kuma yana ƙara aiki; Tun 1934, Bartók ya tsunduma cikin binciken almara a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary. A ƙarshen 1930s halin da ake ciki na siyasa ya sa Bartók ba zai yiwu ya zauna a ƙasarsa ba: jawabansa masu tsayin daka game da wariyar launin fata da farkisanci don kare al'adu da dimokuradiyya sun zama dalilin ci gaba da tsananta wa ɗan adam mai fasaha ta hanyar da'irar amsawa a Hungary. A 1940 Bartok ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da iyalinsa. Wannan lokaci na rayuwa ya kasance yana da yanayi mai wuyar gaske da raguwar ayyukan kirkire-kirkire da ke haifar da rabuwa da ƙasar gida, buƙatun abin duniya, da rashin sha'awar aikin mawaƙi daga jama'ar kiɗa. A cikin 1941, Bartok ya kamu da rashin lafiya mai tsanani wanda ya sa ya mutu da wuri. Duk da haka, ko da a cikin wannan mawuyacin lokaci na rayuwarsa, ya ƙirƙiri abubuwa masu ban mamaki, kamar Concerto for Orchestra, Concerto na Piano na Uku. Sha'awar komawa Hungary bai cika ba. Shekaru goma bayan mutuwar Bartók, al'ummar duniya masu ci gaba sun girmama tunawa da fitaccen mawakin - Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta karrama shi da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta duniya. A ranar 10 ga Yuli, an mayar da tokar ɗan Hungary mai aminci zuwa ƙasarsu; Ragowar babban mawakin ya kasance a makabartar Farkasket da ke Budapest.
Bartok's art ya buga tare da haɗuwa da ƙa'idodi masu ban sha'awa: ƙarfin farko, sassaucin ra'ayi da hankali mai zurfi; dynamism, kaifi bayyana ra'ayi da mayar da hankali detachment; ƙwaƙƙwaran fantasy, ƙwaƙƙwalwa da ingantaccen tsabta, horo a cikin ƙungiyar kayan kida. Mai jan hankali ga wasan kwaikwayo na rikice-rikice, Bartók ya yi nisa daga kasancewa baƙon abu ga lyricism, wani lokacin yana ƙin sauƙi mara fasaha na kiɗan jama'a, wani lokaci yana jan hankali zuwa ga ingantaccen tunani, zurfin falsafa. Bartok mai wasan kwaikwayo ya bar alama mai haske a kan al'adun pianistic na karni na XNUMX. Wasan da ya yi ya burge masu sauraro da kuzari, a lokaci guda kuma, sha'awarsa da tsananinsa a kodayaushe suna karkashin irada da hankali ne. Ra'ayoyin ilimi da ka'idodin koyarwa na Bartok, da kuma abubuwan da ya shafi pianism, sun kasance a fili da cikakkiyar bayyana a cikin ayyukan yara da matasa, wanda ya ƙunshi babban ɓangaren abubuwan al'adunsa.
Da yake magana game da muhimmancin Bartók ga al'adun fasaha na duniya, abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Kodály ya ce: "Sunan Bartók, ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan tunawa ba, alama ce ta manyan ra'ayoyi. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shi ne neman cikakkiyar gaskiya a fannin fasaha da kimiyya, kuma daya daga cikin sharudan hakan shi ne tsananin dabi'a wanda ya fi dukkan raunin dan Adam. Ra'ayi na biyu shi ne rashin son kai dangane da halayen jinsi daban-daban, al'ummomi, sakamakon haka - fahimtar juna, sannan 'yan uwantaka tsakanin mutane. Bugu da ari, sunan Bartok yana nufin ka'idar sabunta fasaha da siyasa, bisa ruhin mutane, da kuma buƙatar irin wannan sabuntawa. A ƙarshe, yana nufin yada tasirin fa'idar kiɗa zuwa mafi fa'ida na jama'a.
A. Malinkovskaya
