Dieterich Buxtehude (Dieterich Buxtehude) |

Dieterich Buxtehude

D. Buxtehude fitaccen marubuci ne dan kasar Jamus, mawaƙin halitta, shugaban makarantar koyar da ilimin gaɓoɓin jiki na Jamus, mafi girman ikon kiɗa na zamaninsa, wanda kusan shekaru 30 ke rike da matsayin organist a shahararriyar Cocin St. Mary's da ke Lübeck, wanda magajinsa ya kasance. an yi la'akari da girmamawa daga manyan mawakan Jamus. Shi ne wanda a cikin Oktoba 1705 ya zo daga Arnstadt (kilomita 450) don sauraron JS Bach kuma, ya manta game da sabis da ayyukan doka, ya zauna a Lübeck tsawon watanni 3 don yin karatu tare da Buxtehude. I. Pachelbel, wanda ya fi girma a zamaninsa, shugaban makarantar tsakiyar Jamus ta tsakiya, ya sadaukar da abubuwan da ya rubuta a gare shi. A. Reinken, sanannen marubuci kuma mawaƙi, ya yi wasiyya da ya binne kansa kusa da Buxtehude. GF Handel (1703) tare da abokinsa I. Mattheson sun zo sujada ga Buxtehude. Tasirin Buxtehude a matsayin mai tsarawa da mawaƙiya kusan dukkan mawakan Jamus na ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da farkon ƙarni na XNUMX sun dandana.

Buxtehude ya yi rayuwa mai tawali'u mai kama da Bach tare da ayyukan yau da kullun a matsayin organist da daraktan kide-kide na kide-kide na coci (Abendmusiken, “masu kida” da aka saba gudanarwa a Lübeck a ranar Lahadi 2 na karshe na Triniti da 2-4 Lahadi kafin Kirsimeti). Buxtehude ya tsara musu kida. A lokacin rayuwar mawaƙin, kawai 7 triosonates (op. 1 da 2) aka buga. Rubutun da suka rage a cikin rubuce-rubucen hannu sun ga hasken da ya wuce mutuwar mawakin.

Babu wani abu da aka sani game da Buxtehude na matasa da ilimin farko. Babu shakka, mahaifinsa, sanannen organist, shi ne mashawarcinsa na kiɗa. Tun 1657 Buxtehude ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da coci a Helsingborg (Skåne a Sweden), kuma tun 1660 a Helsingor (Denmark). Dangantaka ta kud-da-kud ta fuskar tattalin arziki da siyasa da al'adu da ta kasance a wancan lokaci tsakanin kasashen arewacin Turai ta bude mawakan Jamus kyauta zuwa kasashen Denmark da Sweden. Asalin Jamusanci (Lower Saxon) na Buxtehude yana tabbatar da sunan mahaifinsa (wanda ke da alaƙa da sunan ƙaramin gari tsakanin Hamburg da Stade), harshen Jamusanci tsarkakakke, da kuma hanyar sanya hannu kan ayyukan DVN - Ditrich Buxte - Hude , gama gari a Jamus. A cikin 1668, Buxtehude ya koma Lübeck kuma, bayan ya auri 'yar shugaban ƙungiyar Marienkirche, Franz Tunder (irin wannan al'adar gadon wannan wuri), ya haɗu da rayuwarsa da duk abubuwan da suka biyo baya tare da wannan birni na arewacin Jamus da sanannen babban cocinsa. .

The art na Buxtehude - ya yi wahayi da virtuoso gabobin improvisations, qagaggun cike da harshen wuta da girma, baƙin ciki da romance, a cikin wani m m nau'i na nuna ra'ayoyi, hotuna da kuma tunani na babban Jamus baroque, kunshe a cikin zanen A. Elsheimer da kuma I. Schönnfeld, a cikin waƙar A. Gryphius, I. Rist da K. Hoffmanswaldau. Manya-manyan tunanin gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓi a cikin ɗagaggen salon magana, maɗaukakiyar salo sun ɗauki wannan sarƙaƙƙiya kuma mai cin karo da hoton duniya kamar yadda ya yi kama da masu fasaha da masu tunani na zamanin Baroque. Buxtehude yana buɗe ƙaramin matakin gabaɗaya wanda yawanci yana buɗe sabis ɗin zuwa cikin babban kayan kida mai wadatar bambance-bambance, yawanci motsi biyar, gami da maye gurbin haɓakawa uku da fugues biyu. An yi niyyar haɓakawa don nuna ruɗi-hargitsi, duniyar da ba a iya faɗi ba ta zama, fugues - fahimtar falsafarta. Wasu fugues na fantasies na gabobin sun kasance daidai ne kawai tare da mafi kyawun fugues na Bach dangane da mummunan tashin hankali na sauti, girma. Haɗuwa da haɓakawa da fugues a cikin mawaƙa guda ɗaya sun haifar da hoto mai girma uku na sauyawar matakai da yawa daga matakin fahimta da fahimtar duniya zuwa wani, tare da haɗin kai mai ƙarfi, layin ci gaba mai ban mamaki, mai fafutuka zuwa ga karshen. Fantasies na gabobi na Buxtehude wani lamari ne na fasaha na musamman a tarihin kiɗa. Sun yi tasiri sosai akan abubuwan da aka tsara na gabobin Bach. Wani muhimmin yanki na aikin Buxtehude shine daidaitawar sassan jikin jama'a na mawakan Furotesta na Jamus. Wannan al'ada yankin na Jamus gabobi music a cikin ayyukan Buxtehude (da kuma J. Pachelbel) ya kai ga kololuwa. Gabatarwar waƙarsa, fantasies, bambance-bambancen karatu, partitas sun zama abin koyi ga shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin Bach duka a cikin hanyoyin haɓaka kayan kiɗan da kuma ka'idodin alaƙar sa tare da kayan kyauta, mai iko, wanda aka ƙera don ba da nau'ikan fasaha na "sharhinta" ga abun ciki na waka na rubutun da ke cikin chorale.

Harshen kida na abubuwan da Buxtehude ya yi yana bayyanawa da kuzari. Babban kewayon sauti, wanda ke rufe mafi girman rajista na gabobin, raguwa mai kaifi tsakanin babba da ƙasa; m launuka masu jituwa, rashin tausayi na magana - duk wannan ba shi da kwatanci a cikin kiɗa na karni na XNUMX.

Ayyukan Buxtehude bai iyakance ga kiɗan gaɓa ba. Mawaƙin ya kuma juya zuwa nau'ikan ɗaki (trio sonatas), kuma zuwa oratorio (ƙididdigar waɗanda ba a kiyaye su ba), kuma zuwa cantata (na ruhaniya da na duniya, sama da 100 gabaɗaya). Duk da haka, kiɗan gabobin shine cibiyar aikin Buxtehude, ba wai kawai mafi girman bayyanar fantasy na mawaƙiya ba, fasaha da ƙwarin gwiwa, amma kuma mafi cikakke kuma cikakkiyar kwatancen ra'ayoyin fasaha na zamaninsa - nau'in kiɗan "baroque". novel".

Y. Evdokimov