Veljo Tormis (Veljo Tormis) |

Sunan mahaifi Tormis

Don fahimtar da tsoffin al'adun gargajiya da kuma isa ga ɗan adam na zamani, ita ce babbar matsalar da mawakin ke fuskanta a yau a cikin aikinsa na al'ada. V. Tormis

Sunan mawakin Estoniya V. Tormis ba ya rabuwa da al'adun choral na Estoniya na zamani. Wannan fitaccen ubangida ya ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga haɓaka kiɗan kiɗan na zamani kuma ya buɗe sabbin damar bayyananniyar a ciki. Yawancin bincikensa da gwaje-gwajensa, bincikensa mai haske da bincikensa an gudanar da su ne a kan ƙasa mai kyau na daidaita wakokin gargajiya na Estoniya, wanda shi mai iko ne kuma mai tattarawa.

Tormis ya fara karatunsa na kiɗa a Tallinn Conservatory (1942-51), inda ya yi karatun sashin jiki (tare da E. Arro, A. Topman; S. Krull) da abun da ke ciki tare da (V. Kappa), sannan a Moscow Conservatory (1951-56). XNUMX- XNUMX) a cikin aji na abun da ke ciki (tare da V. Shebalin). Abubuwan sha'awa na mawaƙa na gaba sun samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin rayuwar kiɗan da ke kewaye da shi tun lokacin yaro. Mahaifin Tormis ya fito daga ƙauye (Kuusalu, wani yanki na Tallinn), ya yi aiki a matsayin organist a cocin ƙauye a Vigala (Estonia ta Yamma). Saboda haka, Velho yana kusa da mawaƙa na waƙa tun lokacin yaro, ya fara wasa da gabobi da wuri, yana ɗaukar chorales. Tushen asalin tarihin mawaƙin nasa ya koma ga al'adun kiɗan Estoniya, jama'a da ƙwararru.

A yau Tormis shine marubucin ayyuka masu yawa, duka biyun choral da kayan aiki, yana rubuta kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo da sinima. Ko da yake, ba shakka, yin waƙa ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa shine babban abin a gare shi. Maza, na mata, gauraye, ƙungiyar mawaƙa na yara, marasa rakiya, da kuma tare da rakiyar - wani lokacin ba a saba da su ba (misali, ganguna na shamanic ko rikodin tef) - a cikin kalma, duk damar da za a iya yin sauti a yau, hada sautin murya da kayan aiki, sun samo asali. aikace-aikace a cikin ɗakin studio. Tormis yana kusantar nau'o'i da nau'ikan kiɗan mawaƙa tare da buɗaɗɗen tunani, tare da ƙarancin tunani da ƙarfin hali, yana sake tunani nau'ikan gargajiya na cantata, zagayowar choral, yana amfani da sabbin nau'ikan ƙarni na 1980 ta hanyarsa. – waqoqin mawaqa, waqoqin mawaqa, al’amuran waqa. Ya kuma ƙirƙira ayyuka a gaba ɗaya na asali gauraye nau'o'i: cantata-ballet "Estoniya Ballads" (1977), mataki abun da ke ciki na tsohon rune songs "Women Ballads" (1965). Jirgin opera Swan (XNUMX) yana ɗauke da tambarin tasirin kiɗan choral.

Tormis ƙwararren marubuci ne kuma masanin falsafa. Yana da kyakkyawar hangen nesa na kyawun yanayi, a cikin mutum, a cikin ruhin mutane. Manyan ayyukansa na almara da almara suna magana ne ga manyan jigogi na duniya, galibi na tarihi. A cikin su, maigidan ya tashi zuwa juzu'in falsafa, ya sami sautin da ya dace da duniyar yau. Zagayen waƙoƙin waƙoƙin Kalanda na Estoniya (1967) sun keɓe ga jigon madawwamiyar jituwa ta yanayi da wanzuwar ɗan adam; Bisa ga kayan tarihi, Ballad game da Maarjamaa (1969), cantatas The Spell of Iron (sake yin la'akari da sihiri na tsohuwar shamans, yana ba mutum iko akan kayan aikin da ya ƙirƙira, 1972) da kalmomin Lenin (1972), kamar yadda da kuma Memories of the Plague" (1973).

Kiɗa na Tormis yana siffanta ta da bayyananniyar alama, galibi kyan gani da hoto, waɗanda kusan koyaushe suna cike da ilimin halin ɗan adam. Don haka, a cikin mawakansa, musamman a cikin raye-raye, zane-zanen shimfidar wuri suna tare da sharhin wakoki, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayin shimfidar yanayi na Autumn (1964), kuma akasin haka, zazzafan bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka dace da su ta hanyar hoton abubuwan halitta, kamar a cikin Hamlet. Wakoki (1965).

Harshen kiɗa na ayyukan Tormis yana da haske na zamani da asali. Dabarunsa na nagarta da basirar sa suna ba wa mawaƙa damar faɗaɗa dabarun rubutun mawaƙa. Hakanan ana fassara ƙungiyar mawaƙa azaman tsararrun sauti mai yawa, waɗanda aka ba da ƙarfi da ƙima, kuma akasin haka - azaman sassauƙa, kayan aikin hannu na sonority na ɗaki. Yaren choral ko dai polyphonic ne, ko kuma yana ɗaukar launuka masu jituwa, yana haskaka jituwa mai ɗorewa mara motsi, ko kuma, akasin haka, da alama yana numfashi, shimmer tare da sabani, sauyin yanayi da yawa da yawa, nuna gaskiya da yawa. Tormis ya gabatar da dabarun rubuce-rubuce a cikinsa daga kiɗan kayan aiki na zamani, sonorous (mai launin timbre), da kuma tasirin sararin samaniya.

Tormis da sha'awar nazarin mafi tsoho yadudduka na Estoniya m da kuma m labarin, aikin da sauran Baltic-Finnish mutanen: Vodi, Izhorians, Vepsians, Livs, Karelians, Finns, yana nufin Rasha, Bulgarian, Swedish, Udmurt da sauran almara kafofin, zane. abu daga gare su don ayyukansu. A kan wannan tushen, ya "Sha uku Estoniya Lyrical Folk Songs" (1972), "Izhora Epic" (1975), "Arewacin Rasha Epic" (1976), "Ingrian Maraice" (1979), a sake zagayowar na Estoniya da Swedish songs "Hotuna". daga Tsohon Tsibirin Vormsi" (1983), "Bulgarian Triptych" (1978), "Hanyoyin Viennese" (1983), "XVII Song na Kalevala" (1985), da yawa shirye-shirye don mawaƙa. Nitsewa cikin faɗuwar labaran tatsuniyoyi ba wai yana wadatar da yaren kiɗan Tormis kawai tare da shigar da ƙasa ba, har ma yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin sarrafa shi (rubutu, jituwa, haɗaɗɗen abubuwa), kuma yana ba da damar samun wuraren tuntuɓar ƙa'idodin harshen kiɗan zamani.

Tormis ya ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga sha'awarsa ga labarin tatsuniya: "Ina sha'awar gadon kade-kade na zamani daban-daban, amma mafi mahimmanci, tsoffin yadudduka waɗanda ke da ƙima ta musamman… Yana da mahimmanci a isar da wa mai sauraro-mai kallo abubuwan da suka bambanta da jama'a. kallon duniya, halin dabi’u na duniya, wanda asali da hikima aka bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi”.

Ayyukan Tormis ana yin su ta hanyar manyan ƙungiyoyin Estoniya, daga cikinsu akwai gidajen opera na Estoniya da Vanemuine. Mawakan Mawakan Ilimi na Jihar Estoniya, Mawakan Filharmonic na Estoniya, Mawakan Tallinn Chamber, Gidan Talabijin na Estoniya da Mawakan Rediyo, da yawan mawakan ɗalibai da matasa, da mawaƙa daga Finland, Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Jamus.

Sa’ad da madugun mawaƙa G. Ernesaks, dattijon makarantar mawaƙa ta Estoniya, ya ce: “Kiɗan Veljo Tormis na bayyana ruhin mutanen Estoniya,” ya sanya wata ma’ana ta musamman a cikin kalmominsa, yana nufin tushen ɓoye, babban mahimmancin ruhaniya na fasahar Tormis.

M. Katunyan