Claudio Arrau (Claudio Arrau) |

Claudio Arrau

A cikin shekarunsa na raguwa, uban wasan pian na Turai, Edwin Fischer, ya tuna: “Da wani mutum da ba na sani ba ya zo mini da ɗa wanda yake so ya nuna mini. Na tambayi yaron abin da yake son yin wasa, sai ya amsa: “Me kake so? Ina wasa duka Bach..." A cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan, na yi sha'awar cikakkiyar hazaka na ɗan yaro ɗan shekara bakwai. Amma a lokacin ban ji sha'awar koyarwa ba, na aika shi wurin malamina Martin Krause. Daga baya, wannan ƙwararren yaro ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƴan wasan pian a duniya.

• Kiɗa na Piano a cikin shagon kan layi na Ozon →

Wannan yaro mai bajinta Claudio Arrau. Ya zo Berlin ne bayan ya fara fitowa a dandalin yana yaro dan shekara 6 a Santiago babban birnin kasar Chile, inda ya gabatar da wani kade-kade na ayyukan Beethoven, Schubert da Chopin da kuma burge mahalarta taron har gwamnati ta ba shi guraben karatu na musamman. don yin karatu a Turai. Dan kasar Chile mai shekaru 15 ya sauke karatu daga makarantar Stern Conservatory a Berlin ajin M. Krause, wanda ya riga ya kasance gogaggen dan wasan kade-kade - ya fara halarta a nan a shekara ta 1914. Amma duk da haka, da kyar za a iya rarraba shi a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yara ba tare da shi ba. ajiyar zuciya: ayyukan kide-kide bai tsoma baki tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ilimantarwa da faɗaɗa hangen nesa. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa Shternovsky Conservatory a cikin 1925 ya yarda da shi a cikin ganuwar riga a matsayin malami!

Hakanan cin nasarar matakan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya ya kasance a hankali kuma ba ma sauƙi ba - ya biyo bayan haɓaka haɓakawa, tura iyakokin repertoire, shawo kan tasirin, wani lokacin ma mai ƙarfi (Busoni na farko, d'Albert, Teresa Carregno, daga baya Fischer da Schnabel), haɓaka nasu. aiwatar da ka'idoji . Lokacin da a cikin 1923 mai zane ya yi ƙoƙari ya "guguwa" jama'ar Amurka, wannan ƙoƙari ya ƙare da rashin nasara; sai bayan 1941, daga karshe ya koma Amurka, Arrau ya samu karbuwa a duniya. Hakika a kasarsa nan take aka karbe shi a matsayin gwarzon kasa; ya fara komawa nan ne a shekarar 1921, kuma bayan wasu ‘yan shekaru, titunan babban birnin kasar da kuma garinsa na Chillan sun sanya wa sunan Claudio Arrau, kuma gwamnati ta ba shi fasfo na diflomasiyya mai iyaka don saukaka yawon bude ido. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 1941, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo bai rasa hulɗa da Chile ba, ya kafa makarantar kiɗa a nan, wanda daga baya ya girma ya zama gidan ajiyar kayayyaki. Sai da dadewa, lokacin da Pinochet farjist suka kwace mulki a kasar, Arrau ya ki yin magana a gida don nuna adawa. "Ba zan koma can ba yayin da Pinochet ke kan mulki," in ji shi.

A Turai, Arrau yana da suna na dogon lokaci a matsayin "super-technologist", "mafi kyau fiye da kowa".

Lallai, lokacin da aka fara ƙirƙirar hoton mawaƙin, fasaharsa ta riga ta kai ga kamala da haske. Ko da yake tarko na waje na nasara suna tare da shi koyaushe, koyaushe suna tare da wani ɗan ƙaramin hali na masu suka waɗanda suka zarge shi saboda munanan dabi'u na gargajiya - girman kai, fassarori na yau da kullun, saurin gudu da gangan. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru a rangadin farko a Tarayyar Soviet, lokacin da ya zo wurinmu a cikin halo na wanda ya lashe daya daga cikin gasa na farko na duniya na zamaninmu, wanda aka gudanar a Geneva a shekara ta 1927. Arrau ya buga a maraice guda uku tare da kide kide da wake-wake. ƙungiyar makaɗa - Chopin (No. 2), Beethoven (No. 4) da Tchaikovsky (No. 1), sa'an nan kuma babban shirin solo wanda ya hada da Stravinsky's "Petrushka", Balakirev's "Islamey", Sonata a B qananan Chopin, Partita da Preludes biyu da fugues daga Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, guntun Debussy. Ko da a baya na kwararowar mashahuran kasashen waje, Arrau ya buge da fasaha mai ban mamaki, "matsi na son rai", 'yancin mallakar duk wani abu na wasan piano, dabarar yatsan hannu, wasan motsa jiki, daidaita sautin ringi, launi na palette. Buge - amma bai lashe zukatan Moscow music masoya.

Ra'ayin yawon shakatawa na biyu a 1968 ya bambanta. Critic L. Zhivov ya rubuta: “Arrau ya nuna salon wasan pian na ƙwazo kuma ya nuna cewa bai yi hasarar kome ba a matsayinsa na ɗabi’a, kuma mafi mahimmanci, ya sami hikima da balaga na fassara. Mawaƙin pian ba ya nuna halin da ba a iya jurewa ba, baya tafasa kamar saurayi, amma, kamar mai siyar da kayan ado yana sha'awar fuskokin dutse mai daraja ta gilashin gani, bayan ya fahimci zurfin aikin, ya ba da labarin bincikensa tare da masu sauraro. yana nuna bangarori daban-daban na aikin, wadata da dabarar tunani, kyawun ji da ke tattare da shi. Don haka waƙar da Arrau ya yi ta daina zama wani lokaci na nuna halayensa; akasin haka, mai zane-zane, a matsayin jarumi mai aminci na ra'ayin mawaki, ko ta yaya ya haɗu da mai sauraro kai tsaye tare da mahaliccin kiɗa.

Kuma irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, muna ƙarawa, a babban ƙarfin lantarki na wahayi, yana haskaka zauren tare da walƙiya na wuta na gaske. "Ruhun Beethoven, tunanin Beethoven - abin da Arrau ya mamaye ke nan," ya jaddada D. Rabinovich a cikin nazarinsa na wasan kwaikwayo na solo na mai zane. Ya kuma yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na Brahms's concertos: “A nan ne zurfin tunani na Arrau na al'ada tare da ɗabi'a ga ilimin halin ɗan adam, shigar da waƙoƙi tare da sautin furci mai ƙarfi, 'yancin yin aiki tare da tsayayye, daidaiton ma'ana na tunanin kiɗa da gaske ya yi nasara. - saboda haka nau'i na ƙirƙira, haɗuwa da ƙonawa na ciki tare da kwanciyar hankali na waje da tsananin kamun kai wajen bayyana ji; don haka fifikon da aka ba wa takushe taki da matsakaicin kuzari.

Tsakanin ziyarar biyu na pianist zuwa Tarayyar Soviet akwai shekaru arba'in na aiki mai wuyar gaske da kuma ci gaban kai, shekarun da suka gabata wanda ya sa ya yiwu a fahimta da kuma bayyana abin da masu sukar Moscow, waɗanda suka ji shi "a lokacin" da "yanzu", ya zama kamar. zama wani canji da ba zato ba tsammani na mai zane, wanda ya tilasta musu su watsar da tsoffin ra'ayoyinsu game da shi. Amma da gaske ne haka ba kasafai ba?

Ana ganin wannan tsari a fili a cikin repertoire na Arrau - akwai duka abin da ya rage baya canzawa da kuma abin da ya zama sakamakon ci gaban fasaha na mai fasaha. Na farko shi ne sunayen manyan litattafai na karni na 1956, wadanda suka zama tushe na repertore: Beethoven, Schumann, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt. Tabbas, wannan ba duka ba ne - yana fassara fassarar kide-kide na Grieg da Tchaikovsky, da son rai yana wasa Ravel, ya juya zuwa kiɗan Schubert da Weber akai-akai. Zagayensa na Mozart, wanda aka bayar a shekara ta 200 dangane da bikin cika shekaru 1967 na haihuwar mawakin, ya kasance wanda ba za a manta da shi ba ga masu sauraro. A cikin shirye-shiryensa za ku iya samun sunayen Bartok, Stravinsky, Britten, har da Schoenberg da Messiaen. A cewar mai zane da kansa, ta hanyar 63 ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsa ta kiyaye kide-kide na 76 tare da mawaƙa da kuma sauran ayyukan solo da yawa waɗanda za su isa don shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na XNUMX!

Haɗuwa a cikin fasahar fasaharsa na makarantu daban-daban na ƙasa, yanayin duniya na repertoire da daidaituwa, kamala na wasan har ma ya ba mai binciken I. Kaiser dalilin yin magana game da "asirin Arrau", game da wahalar tantance halayen a cikin. bayyanarsa ta halitta. Amma a zahiri, tushensa, tallafinsa yana cikin kiɗan karni na 1935. Halin Arrau ga waƙar da ake yi yana canjawa. A cikin shekaru da yawa, ya zama mafi "zaɓi" a cikin zaɓin ayyuka, wasa kawai abin da ke kusa da halinsa, yana ƙoƙari ya ɗaure tare da matsalolin fasaha da fassarar, yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga tsabtar salon da tambayoyin sauti. Yana da kyau ganin yadda wasansa a sassauƙa yake nuna daidaitaccen juyin halittar Beethoven a cikin rikodin duk kide kide da wake-wake guda biyar da aka yi tare da B. Haitink! Dangane da wannan, halinsa ga Bach kuma yana nuna - Bach guda ɗaya wanda ya buga "kawai" a matsayin matashi mai shekaru bakwai. A cikin 12, Arrau ya gudanar da hawan Bach a Berlin da Vienna, wanda ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na XNUMX, wanda kusan dukkanin ayyukan clavier na mawaƙa sun yi. "Don haka na yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin takamaiman salon Bach da kaina, cikin sautin duniyarsa, don sanin halayensa." Lallai Arrau ya gano abubuwa da yawa a Bach ga kansa da kuma na masu sauraronsa. Kuma lokacin da ya buɗe shi, sai ya “gano ba zato ba tsammani cewa ba zai yiwu a buga ayyukansa a kan piano ba. Kuma duk da girmamawar da nake yiwa hazikin mawaki, daga yanzu ba na wasa da ayyukansa a gaban jama’a “... Arrau gaba xaya ya yi imanin cewa ya wajaba a yi wa mawaqin yin nazari da nazari da salon kowane marubuci, “wanda ke buqatar ilimi mai tarin yawa. ilmi mai tsanani na zamanin da mawakin ke hade da shi, yanayin tunaninsa a lokacin halitta. Ya tsara ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙa'idodinsa duka a cikin aiki da koyarwa kamar haka: “Ka guji aƙida. Kuma mafi mahimmancin abu shine haɗakar da "kalmar waƙa", wato, cikakkiyar ƙwarewar fasaha wanda babu wasu bayanai guda biyu iri ɗaya a cikin crescendo da decrescendo. Wannan bayanin da Arrau ya yi shi ma abin lura ne: “Ta hanyar nazarin kowane aiki, na yi ƙoƙari in ƙirƙira wa kaina wani abin da ya kusan gani na yanayin sautin da zai fi dacewa da shi.” Kuma da zarar ya faɗi cewa ya kamata ɗan wasan pian na gaske ya kasance a shirye don "cimma ta gaskiya ba tare da taimakon feda ba." Waɗanda suka ji wasan Arrau da ƙyar ba za su yi shakkar cewa shi da kansa ba zai iya wannan...

Sakamakon kai tsaye na wannan hali game da kiɗa shine tsinkayar Arrau ga shirye-shirye da kuma rikodin taƙaice. Ka tuna cewa a ziyararsa ta biyu a Moscow, ya fara gabatar da Beethoven sonatas biyar, sa'an nan kuma Brahms concertos guda biyu. Wannan ya bambanta da 1929! Amma a lokaci guda, bai bi bayan samun nasara cikin sauƙi ba, ya yi zunubi mafi ƙanƙanta da ilimi. Wasu, kamar yadda suka ce, "overplayed" qagaggun (kamar "Appassionata") wani lokacin ba ya hada a cikin shirye-shirye na shekaru. Yana da mahimmanci cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman sau da yawa ya juya zuwa aikin Liszt, wasa, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan, duk fa'idodin wasan kwaikwayo. "Waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne kawai," Arrau ya jaddada. "Wadanda suke so su farfado da Liszt da virtuoso sun fara ne daga tsarin karya. Zai zama mafi mahimmanci don sake godewa Liszt mawaƙin. Ina so a ƙarshe in kawo ƙarshen tsohuwar rashin fahimtar da Liszt ya rubuta nassi don nuna fasaha. A cikin muhimman abubuwan da ya rubuta suna zama hanyar magana - har ma a cikin mafi wuyar fassarar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya kirkiro wani sabon abu daga jigon, wani nau'i na wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ƙananan. Za su iya zama kamar tsattsauran kida na kirki idan an kunna su tare da tsarin aikin metronomic wanda yake a yanzu. Amma wannan "gyara" mummunar al'ada ce kawai, ta hanyar jahilci. Irin wannan aminci ga bayanin kula ya saba wa numfashin kiɗa, ga duk abin da gaba ɗaya ake kira kiɗa. Idan an yi imani da cewa ya kamata a buga Beethoven a cikin 'yanci kamar yadda zai yiwu, to a cikin Liszt daidaitaccen metronomi shine cikakken rashin hankali. Yana son mai wasan piano na Mephistopheles!”

Irin wannan da gaske "Mephistopheles pianist" shine Claudio Arrau - mara gajiya, cike da kuzari, koyaushe yana ƙoƙarin gaba. Dogayen tafiye-tafiye, rikodin rikodi da yawa, ayyukan koyarwa da edita - duk wannan shine abubuwan da ke cikin rayuwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka taɓa kiransa da "super virtuoso", kuma yanzu ana kiransa "Piano strategist", "Aristocrat a piano" , wakilin "ilimin waƙa". A shekarar 75 Arrau ya yi bikin cika shekaru 1978 a duniya inda ya yi balaguro zuwa kasashe 14 na Turai da Amurka, inda ya gabatar da kide-kide da wake-wake 92 tare da rubuta sabbin bayanai da dama. "Ba zan iya yin ƙasa da yawa sau da yawa ba," in ji shi. "Idan na huta, to ya zama abin ban tsoro a gare ni in sake fita kan mataki"… Kuma bayan da ya shiga cikin shekaru goma na takwas, sarki na pianism na zamani ya zama mai sha'awar sabon nau'in aiki don kansa - yin rikodi akan kaset na bidiyo. .

A jajibirin cikarsa shekaru 80 da haihuwa, Arrau ya rage yawan wasannin wake-wake a kowace shekara (daga dari zuwa sittin ko saba'in), amma ya ci gaba da rangadi a kasashen Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Brazil da Japan. A shekara ta 1984, a karon farko bayan dogon hutu, an gudanar da kide-kide da kide-kide na pianist a kasarsa ta Chile, shekara guda kafin hakan ya samu lambar yabo ta kasar Chile.

Claudio Arrau ya mutu a Ostiriya a cikin 1991 kuma an binne shi a mahaifarsa, Chillan.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.