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Jamus Choral, Late Lat. cantus choralis - waƙar waƙa

Sunan gaba ɗaya na gargajiya (canonized) waƙoƙin monophonic na Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Yamma (wani lokaci ma shirye-shiryen su na sautin murya). Ba kamar nau'ikan waƙoƙin ruhaniya iri-iri ba, ana yin X. a cikin coci kuma muhimmin sashi ne na hidimar, wanda ke ƙayyadad da ƙaya. ingancin X. Akwai manyan guda 2. nau'in X. - Gregorian (duba waƙar Gregorian), wanda ya kasance a cikin ƙarni na farko na kasancewar Katolika. majami'u (Gregorianscher Choral na Jamusanci, waƙar Ingilishi na gregorian, waƙar bayyananni, waƙar faransa, grégorien Faransanci, waƙar-ƙara, Italiyanci canto gregoriano, piano Canto na Sipaniya), da waƙar Furotesta waɗanda aka haɓaka a lokacin sauye-sauye (Jamus Choral, Turanci chorale, waƙa). , Faransa choral, Italiyanci murjani, Spanish murjani protestante). Kalmar "X." ya zama tartsatsi da yawa daga baya fiye da bayyanar abubuwan da aka ayyana da shi. Da farko (daga kusan karni na 14) wannan sifa ce kawai da ke nuna mai yin. abun da ke ciki (choral - choral). A hankali, kalmar ta zama mafi duniya, kuma daga karni na 15. a Italiya da Jamus, ana samun kalmar cantus choralis, wanda ke nufin mai kai ɗaya. kiɗan da ba a auna ba sabanin polygonal. mensural (musica mensurabilis, cantus mensurabilis), wanda kuma ake kira figurative (cantus figuratus). Tare da shi, duk da haka, ana kiyaye ma'anar farko: musica plana, cantus planus, cantus gregorianus, cantus firmus. An yi amfani da shi ga sarrafa kusurwa mai yawa na Gregorian X. ana amfani da kalmar tun ƙarni na 16. (misali, choralis Constantinus X. Isaac). Shugabannin farko na gyare-gyare ba su ambaci waƙoƙin Furotesta ba X. (Luther ya kira su korrekt canticum, zabura, waƙoƙin Jamus; a wasu ƙasashe sunaye na reclésiastique, Calvin cantique, da dai sauransu sun kasance na kowa); dangane da waƙar Furotesta, ana amfani da kalmar tare da con. Karni na 16 (Osiander, 1586); da con. Karni na 17 X. ana kiransa polygon. shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin Furotesta.

Matsayin tarihi na X. yana da girma: tare da X. da shirye-shiryen choral a ma'ana. mafi ƙarancin alaƙa da ci gaban Turai. fasahar mawaƙa, gami da juyin halittar yanayi, fitowar da ci gaban maƙasudi, jituwa, kiɗa. siffofin. Gregorian X. ya mamaye ko koma baya zuwa ga bayanan da ke kusa da kusanci da kyawawan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa: Ambrosian singing, Mozarabic (an karɓa kafin karni na 11 a Spain; tushen tsira - Leon antiphonary na karni na 10 ba za a iya kwatanta shi da kiɗa ba) da waƙar Gallican. , ƴan samfurori da aka karanta sun ba da shaida ga mafi girman yancin kiɗa daga rubutun, wanda wasu fasaloli na liturgy na Gallican suka fi so. Gregorian X. an bambanta shi da matsananciyar haƙiƙa, halin rashin mutumci (daidai da mahimmanci ga al'ummar addini duka). Bisa ga koyarwar cocin Katolika, "gaskiyar allahntaka" marar ganuwa tana bayyana a cikin "hangen nesa na ruhaniya", wanda ke nuna rashi a cikin X. na kowane batu, mutumtakar mutum; ta bayyana kanta a cikin “maganar Allah”, saboda haka waƙar X. tana ƙarƙashin rubutun liturgical, kuma X. yana nan a tsaye kamar yadda “Allah sau ɗaya ya furta kalmar.” X. - shari'ar monodic ("gaskiya ɗaya ce"), an tsara shi don ware mutum daga gaskiyar yau da kullun, don kawar da jin daɗin kuzarin motsin "muscular", wanda aka bayyana a cikin rhythmic. na yau da kullun.

Waƙar waƙar Gregorian X. da farko ya saba wa juna: ruwa, ci gaba da waƙar duka suna cikin haɗin kai tare da dangi. 'yancin kai na sautunan da ke yin waƙar; X. al'amari ne na layin layi: kowane sauti (ci gaba, mai dogaro da kai a halin yanzu) "yana malalowa" ba tare da wata alama ba zuwa wani, kuma yana aiki a hankali. dogara a tsakanin su yana bayyana ne kawai a cikin maɗaukaki gabaɗaya; duba Tenor (1), Tuba (4), Repercussion (2), Medianta (2), Finalis. A lokaci guda, haɗin kai na katsewa (waƙar waƙar ya ƙunshi sauti-tsayawa) da kuma ci gaba (samar da layin "a kwance") shine tushen asali na yanayin X. zuwa polyphony, idan an fahimci shi a matsayin rashin daidaituwa. na melodic. igiyoyin ruwa ("a kwance") da kuma jituwa. cika ("tsaye"). Ba tare da rage asalin polyphony zuwa al'adun choral ba, ana iya jayayya cewa X. shine abin da prof. counterpoint. Bukatar ƙarfafawa, ƙaddamar da sautin X. ba ta hanyar ƙarawa na farko ba (misali, haɓakar haɓakawa), amma mafi mahimmanci - ta hanyar ninkawa (biyu, sau uku a cikin tazara ɗaya ko wani), yana haifar da wuce iyakokin monody (misali. duba Organum, Gmel, Faubourdon). Sha'awar ƙara girman girman sararin sautin X. yana sa ya zama dole a shimfiɗa launin waƙa. Layuka (duba madaidaicin), gabatar da kwaikwayi (mai kama da hangen nesa a zanen). A tarihi, ƙungiyar ƙarni na X. da fasaha na polyphony sun haɓaka, suna nuna kanta ba kawai a cikin nau'i na shirye-shiryen choral daban-daban ba, har ma (a cikin ma'ana mafi girma) a cikin nau'i na musamman na kayan tarihi na muses. tunani: a polyphony. kiɗa (ciki har da kiɗan da ba a haɗa shi da X.), samuwar hoto wani tsari ne na sabuntawa wanda ba ya haifar da sabon inganci (al'amarin ya kasance iri ɗaya da kansa, tun da ƙaddamarwa ya ƙunshi fassarar fassarar, amma ba rashin amincewarsa ba. ). Kamar dai yadda X. ya ƙunshi wani saɓani na wasu. lambobi masu waƙa, nau'ikan sautin polyphonic (ciki har da fugue na baya) suma suna da bambance-bambancen tushe da bambancin tushe. Rikicin salon salo mai tsauri, wanda ba a iya tsammani a waje da yanayin X., shine sakamakon da kidan Zap ya jagoranta. Turai Gregorian X.

Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a fagen X. sun kasance ne saboda farkon gyare-gyaren da aka yi, wanda ya shafi dukkan kasashen yammacin duniya. Turai. The postulates na Furotesta ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga Katolika wadanda, kuma wannan shi ne kai tsaye alaka da peculiarities na Furotesta X. harshe da kuma m, aiki assimilation na jama'a song karin waƙa (duba Luther M.) immeasurably ƙarfafa wani tunanin da na sirri lokaci a cikin X. (Al'umma kai tsaye, ba tare da limamin tsaka-tsaki ba, suna addu'a ga Allah). Sillabi. ka'idar tsari, wanda a cikinsa akwai sauti guda ɗaya a kowace kalma, a cikin yanayin fifikon rubutun waƙa, ƙayyade daidaitattun mita da rarraba jimla. Ƙarƙashin tasirin kiɗa na yau da kullum, inda a baya kuma mafi ƙwazo fiye da ƙwararrun kiɗan, sauti na homophonic-harmonic ya bayyana. dabi'un, waƙar mawaƙa ta sami ƙirar ƙira mai sauƙi. Shigarwa don aikin X. ta dukan al'umma, ban da hadadden polyphonic. gabatarwa, ya fifita fahimtar wannan ƙarfin: aikin 4-manufa ya yadu sosai. daidaitawar X., wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa luwadi. Wannan bai yi watsi da aikace-aikacen zuwa Furotesta X. na babban gwaninta na polyphonic ba. aiki, tarawa a cikin zamanin da ya gabata, a cikin ci gaban nau'ikan kiɗan Furotesta (choral prelude, cantata, "sha'awar"). Furotesta X. ya zama tushen nat. Prof. art-va Jamus, Jamhuriyar Czech (mai harbin Furotesta X. sun kasance waƙoƙin Hussite), sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kiɗan. al'adu na Netherlands, Switzerland, Faransa, Birtaniya, Poland, Hungary da sauran ƙasashe.

An fara daga ser. 18th karni manyan Masters kusan ba su juya zuwa X., kuma idan an yi amfani da shi, to, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin hadisai. nau'o'i (misali, a cikin Mozart's requiem). Dalilin (ban da sanannen gaskiyar cewa JS Bach ya kawo fasahar sarrafa X. zuwa mafi girman kamala) shine cewa kyawawan dabi'u na X. (mahimmanci, ra'ayin duniya da aka bayyana a cikin X.) ya zama marar amfani. Samun zurfafan al'ummomi. tushen canjin da ya faru a cikin kiɗa a tsakiya. 18th karni (duba Baroque, Classicism), a cikin mafi general form bayyana kanta a cikin rinjaye na ra'ayin na ci gaba. Ci gaban jigo a matsayin cin zarafin mutuncinta (watau symphonic-development, kuma ba choral-bambance-bambancen), ikon halaye. canji a cikin hoton asali (al'amarin ba ya zama daidai da kansa) - waɗannan kaddarorin sun bambanta sabon kiɗa kuma ta haka nege hanyar tunanin da ke cikin fasaha na zamanin da ya gabata kuma ya ƙunshi farko a cikin tunani, metaphysical X. A cikin kiɗa. na karni na 19. roko zuwa X., a matsayin mai mulkin, an ƙaddara ta shirin ("Symphony Reformation" na Mendelssohn) ko ta hanyar makirci (opera "Huguenots" ta Meyerbeer). An yi amfani da ambato na Choral, musamman mabiyin Gregorian Dies irae, a matsayin alama tare da ingantacciyar ma'ana; An yi amfani da X. sau da yawa kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban a matsayin abu na salo (farkon aikin 1st na opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers by Wagner). Manufar chorality ya haɓaka, wanda ya haɗa nau'o'in nau'in nau'in X. - ɗakunan ajiya na chordal, rashin gaggawa, auna motsi, da mahimmancin hali. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙayyadaddun abun ciki na alama ya bambanta: chorality yayi aiki a matsayin mutuniyar dutsen (fantasy "Romeo da Juliet" ta Tchaikovsky), hanyar da ke tattare da daukaka (fp. Prelude, chorale da fugue ta Frank Frank. ) ko kuma halin da aka keɓe da baƙin ciki (ɓangare na biyu na wasan kwaikwayo No 2 Bruckner), wani lokaci, kasancewa nuni na ruhaniya, tsarki, ya saba wa son rai, zunubi, sake halitta ta wasu hanyoyi, samar da ƙaunatacciyar ƙauna. antithesis (wasan operas Tannhäuser, Parsifal ta Wagner), lokaci-lokaci ya zama tushen kyawawan hotuna - romantic (ƙarshen Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony) ko satirical (waƙar Jesuits a cikin "Scene ƙarƙashin Kromy" daga Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov"). . Romanticism ya buɗe babban damar bayyanawa a cikin haɗuwa na X. tare da alamun lalata. nau'ikan nau'ikan (X. da fanfare a gefen gefen Liszt's sonata a h-moll, X. da lullaby a g-moll nocturne op. 4 No 15 ta Chopin, da sauransu).

A cikin kiɗa na karni na 20 X. kuma chorality ya ci gaba da zama hanyar fassara Ch. arr. mai tsanani asceticism (milayi a cikin ruhu, motsi na 1st na Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms), ruhaniya (mafi kyawun mawaƙa na ƙarshe daga Mahler's 8th symphony) da tunani ("Es sungen drei Engel" a cikin motsi na 1 da "Lauda Sion Salvatorem" a cikin Karshen wasan kwaikwayo na Hindemith mai suna “The Painter Mathis”, shubuhar X., wanda aka zayyana ta hanyar kwat da wando na romantics, ya juya zuwa karni na 20. zuwa duniyar ma’ana: X. a matsayin siffa mai ban mamaki da launi na lokaci da wurin aiki. (fp. prelude "The Sunken Cathedral" by Debussy), X. a matsayin tushen kiɗa. hoton da ke nuna rashin tausayi, rashin tausayi ("The Crusaders in Pskov" daga cantata "Alexander Nevsky" na Prokofiev). X. na iya zama wani abu. abu na parody (bambancin na 4 daga waƙar symphonic "Don Quixote" na R. Strauss; "Labarin Soja" na Stravinsky), wanda aka haɗa a cikin Op. azaman haɗin gwiwa (X. "Es ist genung, Herr, wenn es dir). gefällt" daga Bach's Cantata No. 60 a wasan karshe na Berg's Violin Concert o).

References: gani a Art. Ambrosian song, Gregorian waka, Furotesta waka.

TS Kyuregyan