Salon kiɗan |

Salon Faransanci, daga lat. jinsi - jinsi, nau'in

Wani mahimmin ra'ayi wanda ke nuna tarihin kafuwar jinsi da nau'ikan muses. yana aiki dangane da asalinsu da manufar rayuwa, hanya da yanayi (wuri) na aiki da fahimta, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi abun ciki da nau'i. Tunanin nau'in ya kasance a cikin kowane nau'in fasaha, amma a cikin kiɗa, saboda ƙayyadaddun fasaharsa. hotuna, yana da ma'ana ta musamman; Yana tsaye, kamar yadda yake, a kan kan iyaka tsakanin nau'ikan abun ciki da tsari, kuma yana ba mutum damar yin hukunci a kan maƙasudin abubuwan da aka yi amfani da shi. kudade.

Matsala da rashin fahimta na tunanin Zh. m. Hakanan ana haɗa su tare da gaskiyar cewa ba duk abubuwan da ke ƙayyade shi ke aiki a lokaci ɗaya kuma tare da ƙarfi daidai ba. Waɗannan abubuwan da kansu suna da tsari daban-daban (misali, tsari da wurin aiki) kuma suna iya aiki cikin haɗuwa daban-daban tare da mabanbantan matakan daidaita juna. Saboda haka, a cikin kimiyyar kiɗa ya haɓaka daban-daban. tsarin rarrabawa na Zh. m. Sun dogara da wanne daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da Zh. m. an dauke shi a matsayin babba. Misali, BA Zuckerman yana haskaka abubuwan abun ciki (nau'i - nau'in abun ciki), AH Coxop - al'umma. wanzuwa, watau manufar rayuwa ta kiɗa da muhalli don aiwatarwa da tsinkayenta. Mafi ƙanƙantaccen ma'anar kiɗan falsafa yana ƙunshe a cikin litattafan "Tsarin Ayyukan Kiɗa" na L. A. Mazel da "Bincike na Ayyukan Kiɗa" na L. A. Mazel & BA Zuckerman. Matsalolin rarrabuwa na Zh. m. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da juyin halittar su. Canza yanayin wanzuwar muses. aiki, hulɗar Nar. kere-kere da Prof. art-va, kazalika da ci gaban muses. Harsuna suna haifar da gyara tsoffin tsoffin nau'ikan da fitowar sababbi. Zh. m. nuni da nat. ƙayyadaddun samfurin kiɗan, na ɗaya ko wata fasahar akida. shugabanci (misali, babban wasan opera na romantic na Faransa). Sau da yawa ana iya siffanta aiki iri ɗaya daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban, ko kuma nau'in nau'in iri ɗaya na iya kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyoyin nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya siffanta opera a mafi yawan kalmomi a matsayin nau'in kiɗa. kerawa. Sannan zaku iya dangana shi ga rukunin wok.-instr. (hanyar wasan kwaikwayo) da wasan kwaikwayo da ban mamaki. (wurin yin aiki da haɗin kai tare da da'awar kusa) na ayyuka. Bugu da ari, yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade bayyanar ta tarihi, hade da zamanin, hadisai (sau da yawa na kasa) na zabar wani makirci, gini, ko da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da dai sauransu. (misali Salon opera na Italiyanci seria da buffa, wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci ko opera lyric). Ƙarin mutum. halaye na kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo. abun ciki da nau'i na opera zai haifar da ƙarin haɓaka nau'ikan adabi (Mozart's buffa opera The Marriage of Figaro ne lyric-comedy opera, Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko ne mai almara opera, da sauransu). Waɗannan ma'anoni na iya bambanta da girman ko ƙarami, kuma wani lokacin a cikin wani sabani; Wani lokaci mawaƙin ya ba su ("The Snow Maiden" - tatsuniya ta bazara, "Eugene Onegin" - al'amuran lyrical, da dai sauransu). Yana yiwuwa a ware "nau'i a cikin nau'i-nau'i". Don haka, arias, ensembles, recitatives, choirs, symphony. Hakanan za'a iya bayyana gutsuttsuran da ke cikin opera a matsayin dec. nau'ikan wok. da instr. kiɗa. Bugu da ari, ana iya fayyace halayen nau'ikan su bisa nau'ikan nau'ikan yau da kullun (misali, Juliet's waltz daga Gounod's Romeo da Juliet ko waƙar rawa ta Sadko daga Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko), duka suna dogara ga umarnin mawaki kuma suna ba da nasu. ma'anoni (Cherubino's aria "The Heart Excites" soyayya ce, Susanna's aria serenade ne).

Don haka, lokacin da yake aji na iri-iri, ya zama dole a kiyaye kowane lokaci wanda gwargwado ko haɗuwa da yawancin dalilai shine yanke hukunci. According to the purpose of genres, genres can be divided into genres that are directly related to the needs of human life, sounding in everyday life – household and folk-everyday genres, and genres that do not carry certain vital and everyday functions. Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan rukuni na farko sun taso a zamanin da kiɗa bai riga ya rabu da nau'ikan fasaha masu alaƙa ba (wasika, choreography) kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kowane nau'ikan ayyukan aiki, ayyuka na al'ada (raye-rayen zagaye, raye-raye na nasara ko jerin gwanon soja. tsafi, tsafi, da sauransu).

Decl. masu bincike sun gano mahimman ka'idoji na nau'o'i daban-daban. Don haka, BA Zuckerman ya ɗauki waƙa da rawa a matsayin "nau'i na farko", CC Skrebkov yayi magana game da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan CC Skrebkov suna magana game da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan CC Skrebkov suna magana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan CC Skrebkov suna da la'akari da BA Zuckerman. AH Coxop yana ƙara ƙarin nau'ikan guda biyu zuwa waɗannan nau'ikan guda uku - instr. sigina da hoton sauti.

Siffofin nau'ikan na iya haɗuwa, suna kawo rayuwa gauraye, alal misali. waƙa da rawa, nau'o'i. A cikin nau'o'in jama'a na yau da kullum, da kuma a cikin nau'o'in da ke nuna abubuwan da ke cikin rayuwa a cikin wani tsari mai mahimmanci, tsaka-tsaki, akwai, tare da rarrabuwa na gaba ɗaya, wanda aka bambanta. Yana haɓaka duka maƙasudin aiki da abun ciki, yanayin samfurin. (misali, lullaby, serenade, barcarolle a matsayin nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙoƙi, baƙin ciki da macijin nasara, da sauransu).

Sabbin nau'ikan yau da kullun sun bayyana koyaushe, sun rinjayi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban kuma sun shiga hulɗa tare da su. Renaissance ya haɗa da, alal misali, farkon samuwar instr. suite, wanda ya ƙunshi raye-rayen yau da kullun na wancan lokacin. Rukunin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tushen wasan kwaikwayo. Gyaran minuet a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sassan wasan kwaikwayo ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙira wannan mafi girman nau'i na instr. kiɗa. Tare da da'awar karni na 19. an haɗa wakoki da raye-raye. nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ne, suna wadatar da waƙoƙin su da tunani. abun ciki, symphonization, da dai sauransu.

Gidan Zh. m., maida hankali a kansu na hali. raye-rayen zamani, yanayin zamantakewa, mutanen da suka haife su, suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban prof. kiɗa. Waƙar gida da rawa. nau'o'in (Jamus, Austrian, Slavic, Hungarian) na ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka kafa na Viennese classic. makaranta (J. Haydn's folk-Genre symphonism ne musamman nuni a nan). Sabbin nau'ikan juyin juya halin kiɗa. Faransa ta nuna a cikin jarumtaka. symphonism na L. Beethoven. Fitowar makarantun kasa a kodayaushe yana da nasaba da yadda mawaƙin ya zayyana nau’o’in rayuwar yau da kullum da nar. kiɗa. Babban dogaro akan nau'ikan yau da kullun da na jama'a na yau da kullun, wanda ke aiki duka a matsayin hanyar haɓakawa da haɓakawa ("gabaɗaya ta hanyar nau'in" - kalmar da AA Alschwang ta gabatar dangane da wasan opera na Bizet "Carmen"), yana nuna ainihin gaskiya. opera (PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, J. Bizet, G. Verdi), pl. abubuwan mamaki instr. kiɗan ƙarni na 19th da 20th. (F. Schubert, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, DD Shostakovich da sauransu). Don kiɗa na ƙarni na 19-20th. babban tsarin haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halaye ne, wanda aka bayyana a cikin haɗin gwiwa (sau da yawa a cikin maudu'in guda ɗaya) fasalulluka na raguwa. nau'ikan nau'ikan (ba kawai kiɗan yau da kullun ba) da kuma magana game da wadatar ta musamman na mahimman abun ciki na samfurin. (misali, F. Chopin). Ma'anar nau'in nau'i yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na hadaddun "waka" nau'i na romanticism. kiɗa na karni na 19, alal misali. dangane da ka'idar tauhidi.

Dogara a kan zamantakewa-tarihi. abubuwan yanayi na wuri, yanayin aiki da kasancewar muses. samfur. rayayye tasiri samuwar da juyin halitta na nau'in. daga manyan fadace-fadace zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a sun canza da yawa a cikinsa kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga crystallization a matsayin nau'in. Yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya haɗa irin wannan dec. ta hanyar sassa da hanyar yin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. nau'o'i kamar opera, ballet, vaudeville, operetta, kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. t-pe, da sauransu B 17 c. sababbin nau'ikan kiɗan fim, kiɗan rediyo, da kiɗan pop sun tashi.

An yi aiki na dogon lokaci, aikin haɗakarwa da ayyukan solo. (quartets, trios, sonatas, romances da songs, guda don kowane kayan kida, da dai sauransu) a cikin gida, "zama" muhalli ya haifar da ƙayyadaddun nau'o'in ɗakin ɗakin tare da zurfin zurfin su, wani lokacin kusanci na magana, lyrical da falsafar daidaitawa ko , akasin haka, kusanci zuwa nau'ikan yau da kullun (saboda yanayin aiki iri ɗaya). Ƙayyadaddun nau'o'in ɗakin ɗakin suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar iyakacin adadin mahalarta a cikin wasan kwaikwayon.

Ci gaban conc. rayuwa, canja wurin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. yana aiki a kan babban mataki, karuwar yawan masu sauraro kuma ya haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙarshen. nau'ikan nau'ikan kyawawan halaye, mafi girman jin daɗin jigogi, sau da yawa suna ɗaukaka sautin “baƙi” na muses. jawabai, da sauransu. Asalin irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna komawa ga ayyukan gabobin jiki. J. Frescobaldi, D. Buxtehude, GF Handel kuma musamman JS Baxa; Halayen halayensu an buga su a cikin nau'in "na musamman" na wasan kide-kide (musamman don kayan aikin solo guda ɗaya tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa), a cikin conc. guda na soloists da makada (piano guda na F. Mendelssohn, F. Liszt, da sauransu). Canja wurin zuwa conc. zauren mataki, na gida har ma da koyarwa-koda. nau'o'i (etudes) na iya samun sababbin fasali, bi da bi. ƙare ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Na musamman iri ɗaya shine abin da ake kira da ake kira masu amfani da kayan iska (Music waje), riga sun wakilci a cikin ayyukan GF Mikeel ("Music akan ruwa", "Kiɗa akan ruwa", "Music Music") kuma wanda ya zama ya zama yadawa a cikin zamanin babban Faransawa. juyin juya hali. Tare da wannan misali, mutum zai iya ganin yadda wurin wasan kwaikwayon ya rinjayi thematicism kanta tare da zuriyarsa, lapidarity da iyaka.

Halin yanayin yanayin aiki yana da alaƙa da matakin aiki na mai sauraro a cikin fahimtar kiɗan. yana aiki - har zuwa kai tsaye shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Don haka, a kan iyaka tare da garken yau da kullun sune nau'ikan nau'ikan taro (wakar Mass), an haife shi a cikin juyin juya halin. zamanin kuma ya sami babban ci gaba a cikin kiɗan mujiya. B karni na 20-wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa ya yadu. Tsarin kwayoyin, wanda aka tsara don shigarwar Propert. yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƴan kallo (wasan operas na yara na P. Hindemith da B. Britten).

Abubuwan da ke tattare da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma hanyar yin aiki sun ƙayyade mafi yawan nau'o'in nau'i. Wannan da farko rarrabuwa ce zuwa wok. da instr. nau'o'i.

Nau'o'in akwatin da ke da ƴan keɓancewa (muryar murya) suna da alaƙa da waƙa. (da wuya prosaic) rubutu. Sun taso a mafi yawan lokuta a matsayin kida da waka. nau'o'i (a cikin kiɗa na tsohuwar wayewa, tsakiyar zamanai, a cikin kiɗan jama'a na ƙasashe daban-daban), inda aka halicci kalmar da kiɗa a lokaci ɗaya, suna da kari na gama gari. kungiya. Ayyukan akwatin an raba su zuwa solo (waƙa, soyayya, aria), gungu da mawaƙa. Za su iya zama zalla vocal (solo ko xop ba tare da rakiya ba, cappella, cappella abun da ke ciki ne musamman halayyar polyphonic music na Renaissance, kazalika da Rasha choral music na 17-18 ƙarni) da kuma vocal-instr. (yawanci sau da yawa, musamman daga karni na 17) - tare da ɗaya (yawanci keyboard) ko da yawa. kayan kida ko makada. Akwatin samfur. tare da rakiyar daya ko fiye. kayan kida na chamber woks ne. nau'o'i, tare da rakiyar makaɗa - zuwa manyan wok.-instr. nau'o'i (oratorio, taro, requiem, sha'awa). Duk waɗannan nau'o'in suna da tarihin tarihi wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala a rarraba su. Don haka, cantata na iya zama duka aikin solo na ɗaki da babban abun da ke ciki don kiɗan gauraye. abun da ke ciki (xop, soloists, orchestra). Domin ƙarni na 20 na al'ada sa hannu a wok.-instr. samfur. mai karatu, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, shigar pantomime, raye-raye, wasan kwaikwayo ( ban mamaki oratorios na A. Onegger, "stage cantatas" na K. Orff, kawo nau'ikan kayan sauti na murya kusa da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo).

Wasan opera da ke amfani da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo iri ɗaya (soloists, xop, orchestra) kuma galibi iri ɗaya ne kamar wok-instr. nau'ikan nau'ikan, an bambanta ta matakinsa. da dram. yanayi kuma shi ne ainihin roba. nau'in, wanda ke haɗa diff. iri da'awar.

Nau'in kayan aiki sun samo asali ne daga rawa, da yawa daga haɗin kiɗa tare da motsi. A lokaci guda, nau'ikan wok koyaushe suna tasiri ci gaban su. kiɗa. Babban nau'ikan instr. kiɗa - solo, gungu, ƙungiyar kade-kade - ya ɗauki tsari a zamanin gargajiya na Viennese (rabi na biyu na karni na 2). Waɗannan su ne raye-raye, sonata, quartet da sauran ƙungiyoyin ɗaki, concerto, overture, rondo, da dai sauransu. Ƙaddamar da mafi mahimmancin al'amuran rayuwar ɗan adam (aiki da gwagwarmaya, tunani da ji, hutawa da wasa, da sauransu) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. a cikin crystallization na waɗannan nau'ikan. ) a cikin yanayin sonata-symphonic. sake zagayowar.

Tsarin samar da instr na gargajiya. nau'ikan nau'ikan sun faru a layi daya tare da bambance-bambancen masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. abun da ke ciki, tare da ci gaba zai bayyana. da fasaha. kayan aiki damar. Hanyar wasan kwaikwayo ta bayyana a cikin ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan solo, gungu da nau'ikan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Don haka, nau'in sonata yana da babban matsayi na farkon mutum, wasan kwaikwayo - ta hanyar haɓakawa da ma'auni, yana nuna farkon taro, haɗin kai, concerto - haɗuwa da waɗannan yanayin tare da haɓakawa.

A zamanin romanticism a instr. kiɗa, abin da ake kira. nau'ikan wakoki - ballad, waƙa (fp. da symphonic), da kuma waƙoƙi. kadan. A cikin waɗannan nau'ikan, akwai tasirin zane-zane masu alaƙa, ɗabi'a zuwa tsara shirye-shirye, hulɗar ka'idojin zane-zane na lyrical-psychological da na hoto. Babban rawa wajen samuwar soyayya. ciki An buga nau'o'in nau'o'in ta hanyar bayyana wadatattun damar bayyanawa da damar FP. da makada.

Yawancin tsoffin nau'ikan nau'ikan (rabin 17-1st na ƙarni na 18) ana ci gaba da amfani da su. Wasu daga cikinsu na soyayya. zamanin da aka canza (alal misali, prelude da fantasy, a cikin abin da improvisation taka babban rawa, da suite, farfado a cikin nau'i na romantic sake zagayowar na miniatures), wasu ba su fuskanci gagarumin canje-canje (concerto grosso, passacaglia, abin da ake kira). kananan polyphonic sake zagayowar - prelude da fugue, da dai sauransu).

Mafi mahimmanci ga samuwar nau'in shine abun ciki. Buga kiɗa. abun ciki a cikin wani kida. siffa (a cikin faffadan ma'anar kalmar) shine ainihin ma'anar Zh. m. Rarraba Zh. m., kai tsaye yana nuna nau'in abun ciki, an aro shi daga ka'idar wallafe-wallafe; daidai da shi, an bambanta nau'ikan ban mamaki, waƙoƙi da almara. Duk da haka, ci gaba da saƙa na waɗannan nau'o'in bayyanawa yana sa da wuya a ayyana irin wannan rarrabuwa. Don haka, ci gaba mai ban mamaki zai iya fitar da waƙar. kadan fiye da waka. nau'ikan (C-moll Chopin's nocturne), labari-epic. yanayin nau'in ballad na iya zama mai rikitarwa ta hanyar waƙar. yanayin jigo da wasan kwaikwayo. ci gaba (Chopin's ballads); Ana iya haɗawa da waƙoƙin ban mamaki da ka'idodin waƙoƙin waƙa na wasan kwaikwayo, jigogi (Schubert's h-moll symphony, Tchaikovsky's symphonies, da sauransu).

Matsalolin Zh. m. abin ya shafa a duk fannonin ilimin kida. Game da rawar da Zh. m. a cikin bayyanar da abun ciki na muses. samfur. An ce a cikin ayyukan da aka keɓe ga matsaloli iri-iri da abubuwan mamaki na muses. kerawa (misali, a cikin littafin A. Dolzhansky "Instrumental Music of PI Tchaikovsky", a cikin ayyukan LA Mazel game da F. Chopin, DD Shostakovich, da dai sauransu). Hankali pl. cikin gida da kasashen waje, masu bincike suna jan hankalin tarihin sashen. nau'o'i. B60-70s. Matsalolin karni na 20 na Zh. m. suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da muses. aesthetics da zamantakewa. An tsara wannan shugabanci a cikin nazarin kiɗa na mata a cikin ayyukan BV Asafiev ("Kiɗa na Rasha daga Farkon 1930th Century", XNUMX). Da daraja ga musamman ci gaban ka'idar m music nasa ne Soviet kimiyyar kiɗa (ayyukan AA Alschwang, LA Mazel, BA Zuckerman, SS Skrebkov, AA Coxopa, da sauransu).

Daga ra'ayi na mujiya. A cikin diogwology, Elucidation na Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin ya zama dole kuma mafi mahimmanci ɓangarorin bincike na kayan tarihi. yana aiki, yana taimakawa wajen gano abubuwan zamantakewa na muses. fasaha kuma yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da matsalar gaskiyar a cikin kiɗa. Ka'idar nau'i na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fannonin ilimin kiɗa.

References: Alschwang AA, Opera nau'ikan "Karmen", a cikin littafinsa: Abubuwan da aka zaɓa, M., 1959; Zuckerman BA, nau'ikan kiɗa da tushe na nau'ikan kiɗa, M., 1964; Skrebkov CC, Ƙa'idodin Fasaha na Salon Kiɗa (Gabatarwa da Bincike), a cikin: Kiɗa da Zamani, vol. 3, M., 1965; nau'ikan kiɗan. Sat. labarai, ed. TB Popova, M., 1968; Coxop AH, Halin kyan gani na nau'in kiɗan, M., 1968; nasa, Ka'idar nau'o'in kiɗa: ayyuka da al'amura, a cikin tarin: Matsalolin ka'idar na nau'ikan kiɗa da nau'ikan kiɗa, M., 1971, p. 292-309.

EM Tsareva