Ciwon daji |
motsin wariyar launin fata, komawa, ko baya, motsi (lat. cankering, cankering, ta retrograde motsi; ital riverso, alla riversa, rivoltato, al rovescio kuma suna nuna juyar da jigon, juzu'i; Jamus Krebsgang - shellfish) - wani nau'i na musamman na canza launin waƙa, polyphonic. jigogi ko gabaɗayan kiɗan. gini, wanda ya kunshi aikin wannan wakar (gini) tun daga karshe zuwa farkonsa. R. da dai sauransu. kama da tsohon nau'in wasan fasaha na magana - palindrome, amma, sabanin shi kamar Ch. ar. siffan gani, R. da dai sauransu. ana iya gane shi ta kunne. Complex fasaha R. da dai sauransu. samu kawai a prof. kwat da wando; hasashe nasa yana tasiri halin muses. hotuna, amma a cikin mafi kyawun misalan wannan dabarar tana ƙarƙashin maƙasudin bayyanawa mafi girma, da sauransu da yawa. fitattun mawaƙa ba su ketare shi a cikin aikinsu ba. Misalin farko da aka sani na R. da dai sauransu. kunshe a cikin daya daga cikin clauses na lokutan Paris School (Notre Dame). Daga baya R. da dai sauransu. Masanan na yin amfani da su akai-akai, kuma a wasu lokuta, an ƙaddara abin da ake kira da ma'anar rubutu. R. da dai sauransu. sau da yawa dauke a matsayin kayan gargajiya. alama ce ta ra'ayoyin dawwama, rashin iyaka (misali, canon kashi uku na S. Scheidt a cikin “Tabulatura nova” tare da kalmomin daga zabura ta 30 “ba da kunya ba har abada” ko kuma a yi amfani da shi azaman daki-daki (misali, a cikin Pierre de la Rue ta Missa Alleluia zuwa kwatanta kalmomin da ke cikin Bisharar Markus “vade retro Satanas” – “ka rabu da ni, Shaiɗan”). Daya daga cikin shahararriyar kida mai jan hankali. sautin misalai - rondo mai kashi uku ta G. de Machaux "Ƙarshena shine farkona, farkona shine ƙarshena": a nan, gaba ɗaya, an ƙirƙiri tsari mai ma'ana. tsari, inda kashi na 2 (daga ma'auni 21) ya samo asali ne daga kashi na 1 (tare da sake tsara manyan muryoyin). Yawan amfani da dabarar komawar motsi ta tsohuwar masu hana ruwa gudu (musamman, mawaƙa na makarantar Dutch; duba, alal misali, motet isorhythmic “Balsamus et mundi” na Dufay) yakamata a tantance shi azaman prof. bincike a kan daban-daban fasaha da kuma bayyana. da yiwuwar polyphony a lokacin samuwar harsashin wannan art (canon a cikin 35th Magnificat na Palestrina gamsu da cikakken gwaninta na fasaha, misali). Mawaƙa con. Karni na 17-18 kuma sun yi amfani da R. ko da yake ya zama kasa gama gari. Iya, I. C. Bach, a fili yana so ya jaddada mahimmancin ci gaba na musamman a cikin "Bayarwa ta Kiɗa" na "jigon sarauta", ya gabatar da kashi biyu na "Canon cancricans" mara iyaka na rukuni na farko a farkonsa. A cikin minuet daga Haydn's sonata A-dur (Hob. XVI, No 26) kowane ɓangaren hadadden tsari mai kashi uku kashi biyu ne tare da amfani da motsin dawowa, da kuma sautin R. da dai sauransu. baya zuwa cikin rikici da kyawun kiɗan. Kwaikwayo Rakohodnaya a farkon matakan ci gaban 4th motsi na symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") V. A.
A aikace, lokuta masu zuwa na amfani da R. d. an bambanta: 1) a c.-l. a cikin murya ɗaya (kamar misalin da aka ambata na WA Mozart da L. Beethoven); 2) a cikin duk muryoyin a matsayin hanyar samar da ginin da aka samo asali (kama da misalan da aka bayar daga ayyukan H. de Machaux da J. Haydn); 3) Canon Canon (misali, a JS Bach). Bugu da kari, R. d. na iya samar da hadaddun haɗaɗɗiya tare da sauran hanyoyin waƙa. jigogi canje-canje. Don haka, ana samun misalan canon na madubi-reverse a WA Mozart (canons huɗu don violin biyu, K.-V. Anh. 284 dd), J. Haydn.
J. Haydn. Canon madubi.
Dangane da karuwar sha'awar kiɗan farko a ƙarni na 20. akwai sabon sha'awa a cikin fasaha na R. d. A cikin aikin mawaƙa, akwai misalai biyu masu sauƙi (misali, Kwaikwayo EK Golubev, a cikin tarin “Polyphonic Pieces”, fitowar 1, M., 1968), da ƙarin hadaddun (misali, a cikin No. 8 daga Shchedrin's “Polyphonic) Littafin rubutu”, reprise wani bambance-bambancen na farko na ginin mashaya 14; a cikin fugue mai murya uku a cikin F, an kafa wani tsari mai ma'ana daga mashaya 31 daga P. Hindemith's neoclassical in general orientation of piano cycle "Ludus tonalis" ) , wani lokacin kai sophistication (a cikin wannan op. Hindemith, da bude prelude sake zagayowar da postlude kawo karshen shi wakiltar farko da kuma m hade da madubi-cracker counterpoint; a No18 daga Schoenberg ta Lunar Pierrot, na farko 10 matakan ne na farko hade a cikin. nau'i na canon biyu, sa'an nan - abin da aka samo rakokhodny, mai rikitarwa ta hanyar gina fugue a cikin ɓangaren fp.). Amfani da kiɗan rhythmic a cikin jerin waƙar ya bambanta sosai. Yana iya zama mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin tsarin kanta (misali, a cikin jerin fec-agd-as-des-es-ges-bh da ke ƙarƙashin Berg's Lyric Suite, rabi na 2 shine bambance-bambancen farko na farko); sauye-sauye na lokaci-lokaci na duka jeri (duba Dodecaphony) da dukan sassan aikin na'urar haɗakarwa ce ta kowa a cikin kiɗan dodecaphonic. Ƙarshen bambancin wasan kwaikwayo na symphony op. 21 Webern (duba misalin da ke ƙasa).
Babban muryar jigon (clarinet) jerin sauti ce 12, rabi na 2 wanda shine juzu'i na 1st; nau'i na 1st bambancin rakohodny (duba ma'auni 7 a ciki) sau biyu canon a wurare dabam dabam; R.d. yana ƙunshe a cikin kowane bambance-bambancen na ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo. Halin yin amfani da tsarin rhythmic yana ƙayyade ta hanyar ƙirƙirar mawallafin mawallafin; aikace-aikace na rhythmic abun da ke ciki a cikin tsarin serial music iya zama daban-daban. Alal misali, a cikin wasan karshe na wasan kwaikwayo na 3 na Karaev, inda tsarin tsarin ya dogara da halaye na Azerbaijan Nar. frets, ginin farko yana maimaita (duba lamba 4) a cikin nau'i na fili na rakokhodny.
A cikin "Polyphonic Symphony" est. ta mawaki A. Pärt, matakan 40 na farko daga lambar kashi na 1 (lamba 24) sune canon da ke tafiya crescendo, sannan canon a cikin R. d. raguwa; Ƙaƙƙarfan ginin sauti a cikin wannan yanayin mai sauraro yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarshe, fahimta, taƙaitaccen ma'ana na maɗaukakin kiɗan baya. ayyuka. R.d. ana samunsa a ƙarshen Op. IDAN Stravinsky; misali, a cikin Ricercar II daga Cantata zuwa rubutun Turanci. mawaƙa, ɓangaren tenor mai rikitarwa ta canons an sanya shi "Cantus cancri-zans" kuma ya ƙunshi bambance-bambancen 4 na jerin. A cikin "Canticum sacrum" motsi na 5 shine bambancin na 1st, kuma irin wannan amfani da R. d. (kamar da yawa a cikin alamar kida na wannan Op.) yayi daidai da yanayin tsohuwar masu hana ruwa gudu. Abubuwan da aka saba da juna da aka samu sakamakon amfani da R. d., na zamani. ka'idar polyphony ta bambanta kanta. irin hadadden counterpoint.
References: Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Vol. 2, Sashe na 1, Lpz., 1907, 1920; Feininger LKJ, Tarihin farko na canon har zuwa Josquin des Prez, Emsdetten, 1937.
VP Frayonov
