Boris Nikolayevich Lyatoshinsky (Boris Lyatoshinsky) |

Boris Lyatoshinsky

Sunan Boris Nikolaevich Lyatoshinsky an hade ba kawai tare da wata babbar kuma, watakila, mafi daukaka lokaci a cikin ci gaban Ukrainian Soviet music, amma kuma tare da memory na babban iyawa, ƙarfin hali da gaskiya. A cikin lokuta mafi wahala na ƙasarsa, a cikin mafi ɗaci na rayuwarsa, ya kasance mai gaskiya, jaruntaka mai fasaha. Lyatoshinsky ne da farko a symphonic mawaki. A gare shi, symphonism wata hanya ce ta rayuwa a cikin kiɗa, ka'idar tunani a cikin duk ayyukan ba tare da togiya ba - daga mafi girman zane zuwa ƙaramin mawaƙa ko tsari na waƙar jama'a.

Hanyar Lyatoshinsky a cikin fasaha ba ta da sauƙi. A hereditary hankali, a 1918 ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Law na Kyiv University, a shekara daga baya - daga Kyiv Conservatory a cikin abun da ke ciki aji na R. Gliere. Shekaru masu rikice-rikice na shekaru goma na farko na karni kuma sun bayyana a cikin ayyukan farko na matashin mawaki, wanda a cikinsa ya riga ya ji a fili. Rubutun Ƙarfafa Na Farko da Na Biyu, Symphony na Farko yana cike da tashin hankali na soyayya, jigogin kiɗan da aka ƙera tun daga ƙarshen Scriabin. Babban kulawa ga kalmar - waƙar M. Maeterlinck, I. Bunin, I. Severyanin, P. Shelley, K. Balmont, P. Verlaine, O. Wilde, mawaƙan mawaƙa na kasar Sin na da sun kasance cikin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin soyayya tare da waƙa mai rikitarwa. na ban mamaki iri-iri na masu jituwa da hanyoyin rhythmic. Haka za a iya ce game da piano ayyuka na wannan zamani (Reflections, Sonata), wanda aka halin sharply bayyana hotuna, aphoristic laconism na jigogi da su mafi aiki, ban mamaki da kuma tasiri ci gaba. Babban abun da ke ciki shine Symphony na Farko (1918), wanda a fili ya bayyana kyautar polyphonic, kyakkyawan umarni na timbres na orchestral, da sikelin ra'ayoyi.

A shekara ta 1926, Overture ya bayyana akan jigogi hudu na Ukrainian, wanda ke nuna farkon sabon lokaci, wanda ke da hankali sosai ga tarihin tarihin Ukrainian, shiga cikin asirin tunanin jama'a, cikin tarihinsa, al'ada (operas The Golden Hoop da The Golden Hoop). Kwamandan (Shchors) ); cantata "Zapovit" a kan T. Shevchenko; alama da mafi kyau lyricism, shirye-shirye na Ukrainian jama'a songs for murya da piano da mawaka cappella, a cikin abin da Lyatoshinsky gaba gaba ya gabatar da hadaddun polyphonic dabaru, kazalika da sabon abu ga jama'a music, amma musamman m da kuma Organic jituwa). Wasan opera The Golden Hoop (bisa labarin da I. Franko yayi) godiya ga wani makirci na tarihi daga karni na XNUMX. ya sa ya yiwu a zana hotunan mutane, da ƙauna mai ban tausayi, da kyawawan halaye. Harshen kiɗa na opera yana da bambanci, tare da tsarin tsarin leitmotifs da ci gaba da ci gaban symphonic. A lokacin yakin shekaru, tare da Kyiv Conservatory Lyatoshinsky aka kwashe zuwa Saratov, inda aiki tukuru ya ci gaba a karkashin yanayi mai wuya. Mawaƙin ya ci gaba da yin haɗin gwiwa tare da editocin gidan rediyon. T. Shevchenko, wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryenta ga mazauna da kuma 'yan adawa na yankin da aka mamaye na Ukraine. A cikin shekarun guda, an ƙirƙiri Quintet na Ukrainian, Quartet na huɗu na Kiti na huɗu, da Suite for String Quartet akan jigogin al'ummar Ukrainian.

Shekarun baya-bayan nan sun kasance masu tsanani sosai kuma suna da amfani. Domin shekaru 20 Lyatoshinsky da aka samar da kyau choral miniatures: a St. T. Shevchenko; zagayowar "Seasons" akan st. A. Pushkin, a tashar. A. Fet, M. Rylsky, "Daga baya".

Symphony na Uku, wanda aka rubuta a 1951, ya zama babban aiki. Babban jigon sa shi ne gwagwarmaya tsakanin nagarta da mugunta. Bayan wasan farko da aka yi a zauren taron kungiyar mawakan kasar Ukraine, an fuskanci suka da kakkausar murya mara adalci, wanda aka saba yi a wancan lokacin. Dole ne mawakin ya sake yin scherzo da wasan karshe. Amma, an yi sa'a, kiɗan ya kasance da rai. Ta hanyar tsarin mafi hadaddun ra'ayi, tunanin kiɗa, mafita mai ban mamaki, Symphony na uku na Lyatoshinsky za a iya sanya shi daidai da Symphony na bakwai na D. Shostakovich. 50-60s alama ta babban sha'awar mawallafin game da al'adun Slavic. A cikin neman tushen gama gari, ana nazarin gama gari na Slavs, Yaren mutanen Poland, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgariya. A sakamakon haka, "Concerto Slavic" na piano da makada ya bayyana; 2 mazurkas akan jigogi na Poland don cello da piano; soyayya a kan st. A. Mitskevich; waqoqin waqoqin “Grazhina”, “A kan bankunan Vistula”; "Suite na Yaren mutanen Poland", "Slavic Overture", na biyar ("Slavic") Symphony, "Slavic Suite" don kade-kade na kade-kade. Pan-Slavism Lyatoshinsky yana fassara daga manyan matsayi na ɗan adam, a matsayin al'umma na ji da fahimtar duniya.

Mawaƙin ya kasance jagora da irin wannan manufa a cikin ayyukansa na koyarwa, wanda ya haifar da fiye da ƙarni na Ukrainian composers. Makarantar Lyatoshinsky shine, da farko, ganewar mutum, girmamawa ga ra'ayi daban-daban, 'yancin bincike. Abin da ya sa ɗalibansa V. Silvestrov da L. Grabovsky, V. Godzyatsky da N. Poloz, E. Stankovich da I. Shamo sun bambanta da juna a cikin aikinsu. Kowannensu, bayan ya zaɓi hanyarsa, duk da haka, a cikin kowane ɗayan ayyukansa, ya kasance mai gaskiya ga babban ka'idar Malam - don zama ɗan ƙasa mai gaskiya da rashin daidaituwa, bawa na ɗabi'a da lamiri.

S. Filstein