Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (Gertrud Elisabeth Mara) |

Gertrud Elisabeth Mara

A shekara ta 1765, Elisabeth Schmeling 'yar shekaru goma sha shida ta yi ƙarfin hali don ba da wani kade-kade na jama'a a ƙasarta - a birnin Kassel na Jamus. Ta riga ta ji daɗin wasu suna - shekaru goma da suka wuce. Elizabeth ta tafi ƙasar waje a matsayin ƙwararren violin. Yanzu ta dawo daga Ingila a matsayin mai son yin waka, kuma mahaifinta, wanda kodayaushe yana raka diyarsa a matsayin abin burgewa, ya yi mata talla mai karfi domin ya jawo hankalin kotun Kassel: duk wanda zai zabi waka a matsayin sana'arsa dole ne ya yi. yi wa kanshi murna da mai mulki ya shiga opera dinsa. The Landgrave of Hesse, a matsayin kwararre, ya aika da shugaban opera opera, wani Morelli, zuwa wurin wasan kwaikwayo. Jumlar sa ya karanta: "Ella canta come una tedesca." (Tana waƙa kamar Jamusanci - Italiyanci.) Babu wani abu da zai iya zama mafi muni! Elizabeth, ba shakka, ba a gayyaci zuwa matakin kotu ba. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne: a lokacin an ambaci mawaƙan Jamus masu ƙarancin ƙarfi. Kuma daga wanne ne suka yi amfani da irin wannan fasaha don su iya yin gogayya da kyawawan halaye na Italiyanci? A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, wasan opera na Jamus shine ainihin Italiyanci. Dukkanin manyan sarakuna ko žasa suna da ƙungiyoyin opera, waɗanda aka gayyata, a ka'ida, daga Italiya. Italiyawa ne gaba ɗaya suka halarta, tun daga maestro, wanda aikinsa kuma ya haɗa da tsara kiɗa, kuma ya ƙare tare da prima donna da mawaƙa na biyu. Mawakan Jamus, idan an jawo hankalin su, sun kasance ne kawai don ayyukan kwanan nan.

Ba zai zama karin gishiri ba a ce manyan mawakan Jamus na marigayi Baroque ba su yi wani abin da ya taimaka wajen bullowar nasu wasan opera na Jamus ba. Handel ya rubuta wasan operas kamar ɗan Italiyanci, kuma oratorios kamar ɗan Ingilishi. Gluck ya hada wasan operas na Faransa, Graun da Hasse – na Italiyanci.

Shekaru hamsin da suka shude kafin kuma bayan farkon karni na XNUMX, lokacin da wasu al'amura suka ba da bege ga fitowar gidan wasan opera na Jamus. A lokacin, a yawancin biranen Jamus, gine-ginen wasan kwaikwayo sun tashi kamar namomin kaza bayan ruwan sama, ko da yake sun maimaita gine-ginen Italiyanci, amma sun kasance cibiyar fasaha, wanda ko kadan bai kwafin wasan opera na Venetian ba. Babban rawa a nan ya kasance na gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Gänsemarkt a Hamburg. Gidan birni na birni mai arziki na patrician yana goyon bayan mawaƙa, mafi yawan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Reinhard Kaiser, da masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na Jamusanci. Sun dogara ne akan Littafi Mai Tsarki, tatsuniyoyi, kasada da labarun tarihi na gida tare da kiɗa. Ya kamata, duk da haka, a gane cewa sun yi nisa sosai daga al'adun muryar Italiyanci.

Singspiel na Jamus ya fara haɓaka ne bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, lokacin da, ƙarƙashin rinjayar Rousseau da marubutan motsi na Sturm und Drang, an yi taho-mu-gama tsakanin tasiri mai ladabi (saboda haka, Baroque opera) a gefe guda, da dabi'a da jama'a. a daya. A cikin Paris, wannan arangama ta haifar da jayayya tsakanin masu buffonists da masu adawa da buffonists, wanda ya fara tun farkon tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. Wasu daga cikin mahalarta taron sun dauki rawar da ba a saba ba a gare su - masanin falsafa Jean-Jacques Rousseau, musamman, ya kasance a gefe na opera buffa na Italiya, kodayake a cikin mashahurin mawaƙinsa mai suna "Masihun Ƙasa" ya girgiza ikon mawaƙan bam. bala'i - wasan opera na Jean Baptiste Lully. Tabbas, ba asalin marubucin ne ya yanke hukunci ba, amma ainihin tambaya na kerawa na operatic: menene haƙƙin wanzuwa - ƙawancin baroque mai salo ko wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, artificiality ko komawa ga yanayi?

Tauraron operas na Gluck na kawo sauyi ya sake nuna ma'auni don goyon bayan tatsuniyoyi da cututtuka. Mawakin nan na Jamus ya shiga dandalin duniya na birnin Paris a ƙarƙashin tutar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da ƙwaƙƙwaran rinjaye na coloratura da sunan gaskiyar rayuwa; amma abubuwa sun juya ta yadda nasararta kawai ta tsawaita rugujewar ikon tsohowar alloli da jarumai, castrati da prima donnas, wato marigayi baroque opera, wanda ke nuna alatu na kotunan sarki.

A Jamus, boren adawa da shi ya samo asali ne daga kashi uku na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 1776. Wannan abin yabo na mallakar Singspiel na Jamus ne na farko, wanda shine batun samar da gida kawai. A shekara ta 1785, Sarkin sarakuna Joseph II ya kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kotuna a Vienna, inda suka rera waƙa da Jamusanci, kuma bayan shekaru biyar an gudanar da wasan opera na Jamus na Mozart The Abduction from Seraglio. Wannan shine farkon kawai, kodayake yawancin Singspiel guda ne suka shirya da mawaƙa na Jamusanci da Austriya. Abin takaici, Mozart, zakara mai kishi kuma mai yada farfagandar "Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus", ba da daɗewa ba ya sake komawa ga taimakon masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Italiya. "Idan da akwai aƙalla ƙarin Jamusanci guda ɗaya a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo," in ji ya yi gunaguni a cikin XNUMX, "da wasan kwaikwayon ya bambanta sosai! Wannan aiki mai ban sha'awa zai bunƙasa ne bayan da mu Jamusawa suka fara tunani da gaske cikin Jamusanci, mu yi aiki cikin Jamusanci kuma mu rera waƙa cikin Jamusanci!"

Amma duk abin da ya kasance har yanzu da nisa daga wannan, a lokacin da a Kassel a karo na farko da matasa singer Elisabeth Schmeling yi a gaban Jamus jama'a, guda Mara wanda daga baya ya ci manyan biranen Turai, ya tura Italiyanci prima donnas a cikin inuwa, kuma a Venice. kuma Turin ta ci su da taimakon makamansu. Frederick the Great ya bayyana cewa ya gwammace ya saurari arias da dawakansa ke yi da ya kasance a cikin wasan opera nasa. Mu tuna cewa raininsa ga fasahar Jamus, gami da wallafe-wallafe, ya kasance na biyu bayan raininsa ga mata. Abin farin ciki ne ga Mara cewa ko wannan sarki ya zama abin sha'awarta!

Amma bai bauta mata a matsayin "mawaƙin Jamus" ba. Hakazalika nasarar da ta samu a matakin Turai bai daga darajar wasan opera na Jamus ba. A tsawon rayuwarta ta yi waka na musamman a cikin Italiyanci da Ingilishi, kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci kawai, ko da marubutan su Johann Adolf Hasse, mawaƙin kotu na Frederick the Great, Karl Heinrich Graun ko Handel. Idan ka saba da wakokinta, a kowane mataki sai ka ci karo da sunayen mawakan da ta fi so, wadanda makinsu ke yin rawaya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, suna tarar kura ba a ce komai ba a rumbun adana bayanai. Waɗannan su ne Nasolini, Gazzaniga, Sacchini, Traetta, Piccinni, Iomelli. Ta tsira daga Mozart da arba'in, da Gluck da shekaru hamsin, amma ko daya ko daya bai ji dadin ta. Abinda ta kasance shine tsohuwar Neapolitan bel canto opera. Da dukan zuciyarta ta sadaukar da makarantar waƙa ta Italiya, wanda ta ɗauka ita ce kawai gaskiya, kuma ta raina duk wani abu da zai iya yin barazanar rushe cikakkiyar ikon prima donna. Bugu da ƙari, daga mahangarta, prima donna dole ne ta yi waƙa da kyau, kuma duk abin da ba shi da mahimmanci.

Mun sami bita mai daɗi daga mutanen zamani game da dabararta ta virtuoso (duk abin da ya fi daukar hankali cewa Elizabeth ta kasance cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar koyar da kai). Muryar ta, bisa ga shaidar, tana da mafi girman kewayo, ta rera waƙa a cikin fiye da octaves biyu da rabi, cikin sauƙin ɗaukar bayanin kula daga B na ƙaramin octave zuwa F na octave na uku; "Duk sautunan sun yi daidai daidai da tsabta, ko da, kyakkyawa da rashin ƙarfi, kamar ba mace ce ta rera waƙa ba, amma an buga kyakkyawan jituwa." Salon aiki mai salo da daidaito, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwaƙƙwaro, masu kyau da kuma abubuwan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba sun kasance cikakke sosai har a cikin Ingila ana cikin yaɗuwar kalmar "waƙa da kida kamar Mara". Amma babu wani abu na yau da kullun game da bayanan wasan kwaikwayon nata. Lokacin da aka zage ta don ko a fagen soyayya takan kasance cikin nutsuwa kuma ba ta damu ba, sai kawai ta dafa kafaɗarta don amsawa: “Me zan yi - raira waƙa da ƙafafu da hannuna? Ni mawaki ne. Abin da ba za a iya yi da murya ba, ban yi ba. Siffarta ta kasance mafi kowa. A cikin hotuna na d ¯ a, an nuna ta a matsayin mace mai ƙwanƙwasa da fuskar amincewa da kanta wadda ba ta mamakin kyan gani ko ruhi.

A birnin Paris, an yi wa rashin ladabi a cikin tufafinta. Har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, ba ta taɓa kawar da wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida da lardunan Jamus ba. Duk rayuwarta ta ruhaniya tana cikin kiɗa, kuma a cikinta kaɗai. Kuma ba wai kawai a cikin waƙa ba; ta kware sosai a bass na dijital, ta fahimci koyaswar jituwa, har ma ta tsara kiɗa da kanta. Wata rana Maestro Gazza-niga ya shaida mata cewa bai iya samun jigon addu’ar ariya ba; da daddare kafin fara wasan, ta rubuta aria da hannunta, don jin daɗin marubucin. Kuma don gabatar da dabaru daban-daban na coloratura a cikin aria da bambance-bambance ga dandano, kawo su zuwa ga nagarta, gabaɗaya an ɗauke su a wancan lokacin haƙƙin alfarma na kowane prima donna.

Babu shakka Mara ba za a iya danganta shi da adadin ƙwararrun mawaƙa ba, wanda shine, in ji Schroeder-Devrient. Idan ta kasance Italiyanci, ba ƙaramin daraja ba zai faɗo ga rabonta, amma za ta kasance a cikin tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo kawai ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa a cikin jerin gwanon prima donnas. Amma Mara Bajamushe ne, kuma wannan yanayin shine mafi mahimmanci a gare mu. Ta zama wakiliyar farko ta wannan mutane, cikin nasara ta shiga cikin phalanx na sarauniyar muryar Italiya - prima donna na farko na Jamusanci na duniya da babu shakka.

Mara ya rayu tsawon rai, kusan a lokaci guda da Goethe. An haife ta ne a garin Kassel a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1749, wato a wannan shekarar da babban mawakin ya rasu, ta rayu da shi kusan shekara daya. Shahararriyar shahararriyar shahararriyar jarumar zamanin da ta shude, ta rasu ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1833 a Reval, inda mawaka suka ziyarce ta a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Rasha. Goethe ya sha jin waƙarta, a karon farko lokacin da yake ɗalibi a Leipzig. Sa'an nan kuma ya sha'awar "mafi kyawun mawaƙa", wanda a wancan lokacin ya kalubalanci dabino mai kyau daga kyakkyawan Crown Schroeter. Koyaya, tsawon shekaru, abin mamaki, sha'awarsa ta daidaita. Amma lokacin da tsofaffin abokai suka yi bikin cika shekaru tamanin da biyu na Maryamu, dan wasan Olympia bai so ya tsaya a gefe ba ya sadaukar da wakoki guda biyu gare ta. Ga na biyu:

Zuwa Madame Mara Zuwa ranar daukakar haihuwarta Weimar, 1831

Da waƙa aka bugi hanyarka, Dukan zukatan waɗanda aka kashe; Ni ma na rera waka, na zuga Torivshi zuwa sama. Har yanzu ina tunawa don Game da jin daɗin waƙa Ina muku barka da warhaka.

Girmama tsohuwar da takwarorinta suka yi ya zama daya daga cikin farin cikinta na karshe. Kuma ta kasance "kusa da manufa"; a cikin fasaha, ta cimma duk abin da za ta so na dogon lokaci, kusan har zuwa kwanakin ƙarshe ta nuna ayyuka na ban mamaki - ta ba da darussan waƙa, kuma a cikin tamanin ta nishadantar da baƙi tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ta taka rawar Donna. Anna. Hanyar rayuwarta mai wahala, wanda ya jagoranci Mara zuwa kololuwar ɗaukaka, ta ratsa cikin ramin buƙata, baƙin ciki da bacin rai.

An haifi Elisabeth Schmeling a cikin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan bourgeois. Ita ce ta takwas a cikin yara goma na mawaƙin birni a Kassel. Sa’ad da yarinyar take da shekara shida ta nuna nasara wajen buga violin, nan da nan Uba Schmeling ya gane cewa mutum zai iya amfana daga iyawarta. A wannan lokacin, wato, tun kafin Mozart, akwai babban salon ga yara masu ba da kyauta. Elizabeth, duk da haka, ba yarinya bace, amma kawai suna da iyawar kiɗa, waɗanda suka bayyana kansu kwatsam wajen kunna violin. Da farko uban da 'yar sun yi kiwo a kotunan kananan sarakuna, sannan suka koma Holland da Ingila. Lokaci ne na juye-juye da kasala, tare da kananan nasarori da talauci mara iyaka.

Ko dai Father Schmeling yana la'akari da dawowar mafi girma daga rera waka, ko kuma a cewar majiyoyi, da gaske ya shafe shi da kalaman wasu manyan matan Ingila na cewa bai dace yarinya karama ta buga violin ba, a kowane hali, daga tana da shekara goma sha ɗaya, Elizabeth ta kasance tana yin ta musamman a matsayin mawaƙa da mawaƙa. Darussan waƙa - daga shahararren malamin London Pietro Paradisi - ta ɗauki tsawon makonni huɗu kawai: don koyar da ita kyauta tsawon shekaru bakwai - kuma shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata a wancan lokacin don cikakkiyar horon murya - ɗan Italiyanci, wanda nan da nan ya gan ta ba kasafai ba. bayanan halitta, sun yarda kawai akan yanayin cewa a nan gaba zai sami raguwa daga kudin shiga na tsohon ɗalibi. Da wannan tsohon Schmeling ya kasa yarda. Da kyar ne kawai suka sami 'yarsu. A Ireland, Schmeling ya tafi kurkuku - ya kasa biyan kudin otal dinsa. Bayan shekaru biyu, bala'i ya same su: daga Kassel ya zo da labarin rasuwar mahaifiyarsu; bayan shekaru goma shafe a wata ƙasa, Schmeling aka ƙarshe game da komawa zuwa ga mahaifarsa, amma sai wani ma'aikacin kotu ya bayyana da Schmeling aka sake sa a baya sanduna ga basusuka, wannan lokaci na watanni uku. Fatan ceto kawai ita ce 'yar shekara goma sha biyar. Babu shakka, ta haye magudanar ruwa a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi, ta nufi Amsterdam, ga tsoffin abokai. Sun ceci Schmeling daga zaman talala.

Rashin gazawar da aka yi wa kan dattijon bai fasa masa sana'ar ba. Godiya ga kokarinsa ne aka gudanar da kide-kide a Kassel, inda Elisabeth ta rera waka kamar Bajamushe. Babu shakka zai ci gaba da shigar da ita cikin sababbin al'adu, amma Elizabeth mai hikima ta fita daga biyayya. Ta so ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa Italiya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kotu, ta saurari yadda suke rera waƙa, kuma ta koyi wani abu daga gare su.

Fiye da kowa, ta fahimci ƙarancinta. Samun, a fili, babban ƙishirwa na ilimi da iyawar kida na ban mamaki, ta samu a cikin ƴan watanni abin da wasu ke ɗaukar shekaru na aiki tuƙuru. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo a kananan kotuna da kuma a birnin Göttingen, a 1767 ta halarci a cikin "Great Concerts" na Johann Adam Hiller a Leipzig, wanda su ne farkon na kide-kide a cikin Leipzig Gewandhaus, kuma nan da nan aka tsunduma. A Dresden, matar mai zaɓe da kanta ta shiga cikin makomarta - ta sanya Elizabeth a cikin wasan opera na kotu. Yarinyar tana sha'awar fasaharta kawai, yarinyar ta ki amincewa da masu neman hannunta da yawa. Sa'o'i hudu a rana ta tsunduma cikin rera waƙa, kuma ban da haka - piano, rawa, har ma da karatu, lissafi da rubutun kalmomi, saboda shekarun yara na yawo sun ɓace don ilimin makaranta. Ba da daɗewa ba suka fara magana game da ita har a Berlin. Mawallafin kide-kide na Sarki Friedrich, dan wasan violin Franz Benda, ya gabatar da Elisabeth a kotu, kuma a cikin 1771 an gayyace ta zuwa Sanssouci. Rashin raini da sarki ya yi wa mawaƙa na Jamus (wanda, ta hanyar, ta gaba ɗaya ta raba) ba asiri ba ne ga Elizabeth, amma wannan bai hana ta bayyana a gaban sarki mai iko ba tare da inuwar abin kunya ba, ko da yake a lokacin halayen rashin tausayi da rashin tausayi. despotism, irin na "Old Fritz". Cikin sauƙi ta raira masa waƙa daga cikin takardar, wani bravura aria cike da arpeggio da coloratura daga opera na Graun Britannica kuma ta sami lada: Sarkin da ya gigice ya ce: “Duba, tana iya waƙa!” Yafada da karfi yana fadin bravo.

A lokacin ne farin ciki ya yi murmushi ga Elisabeth Schmeling! Maimakon “saurari maƙwabtan dokinta”, sarki ya umarce ta da ta yi wasan opera na farko na Jamusawa, wato a gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda har zuwa wannan rana Italiyawa kaɗai suke rera waƙa, gami da shahararrun jarumai biyu!

Frederick ya yi matukar sha'awar cewa tsohon Schmeling, wanda kuma ya yi aiki a nan a matsayin dan kasuwa mai ban sha'awa ga 'yarsa, ya yi shawarwari da ita don biyan albashi mai ban mamaki na thalers dubu uku (daga baya an kara karuwa). Elisabeth ta shafe shekaru tara a kotun Berlin. Sarki ya kula da ita, don haka ta riga ta sami karbuwa sosai a duk kasashen Turai tun kafin ita kanta ta ziyarci manyan wuraren kade-kade na nahiyar. Ta wurin alherin sarki, ta zama wata mace mai daraja ta kotu, inda wasu ke neman wurinta, amma makircin da babu makawa a kowace kotu bai yi wa Elizabeth komai ba. Ha'inci ko soyayya bata motsa zuciyarta ba.

Ba za ku iya cewa an yi mata nauyi da ayyukanta ba. Babban abin da ya kasance shi ne yin waka a maraice na kade-kade na sarki, inda shi da kansa ya buga sarewa, sannan kuma ya taka rawar gani a wasanni kusan goma a lokacin bukukuwan Carnival. Tun 1742, wani gini mai sauƙi amma mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa na Prussia ya bayyana akan Unter den Linden - wasan opera na sarauta, aikin gine-ginen Knobelsdorff. Ƙwararriyar basirar Elisabeth, 'yan Berliners "daga mutane" sun fara ziyartar wannan haikalin fasahar harshen waje don manyan mutane sau da yawa - bisa ga ra'ayin Friedrich a fili, ana yin operas a Italiyanci.

Shiga kyauta ne, amma ma'aikatansa ne suka ba da tikitin ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma dole ne su makale a hannunsu akalla don shayi. An rarraba wurare daidai da matsayi da matsayi. A matakin farko - 'yan kotu, a na biyu - sauran masu mulki, a na uku - 'yan ƙasa na gari. Sarki ya zauna a gaban kowa a rumfar, bayansa sarakunan zaune. Ya bi abubuwan da suka faru a kan mataki a cikin lornette, kuma "bravo" ya kasance alama ce ta tafi. Sarauniyar, wadda ta rayu dabam da Frederick, da 'ya'yan sarakuna sun mamaye akwatin tsakiya.

Gidan wasan kwaikwayo bai yi zafi ba. A ranakun sanyi na sanyi, lokacin da zafin kyandir da fitulun mai ke fitarwa bai isa ya dumama dakin ba, sarki ya yi amfani da wani gwajin gwaji da aka gwada: ya umarci sassan sojojin Berlin da su yi aikin soja a ginin gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ba da umarni. rana. Ayyukan masu hidima ya kasance mai sauƙi - don tsayawa a cikin rumfuna, yada dumin jikinsu. Lallai haɗin gwiwa mara misaltuwa tsakanin Apollo da Mars!

Wataƙila Elisabeth Schmeling, wannan tauraro, wanda ya tashi da sauri a cikin sararin wasan kwaikwayo, zai kasance har zuwa lokacin da ta bar matakin kawai kotun prima donna na Sarkin Prussian, a wasu kalmomi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus zalla, idan ba ta kasance ba. hadu da wani mutum a wani kide kide na kotu a Rheinsberg Castle , wanda, da farko ya taka rawar da ta lover, sa'an nan kuma mijinta, ya zama m laifi na gaskiyar cewa ta sami duniya yarda. Johann Baptist Mara ya kasance wanda yariman Prussian Heinrich ya fi so, kanin sarki. Wannan ɗan ƙasar Bohemia, mai hazaka mai hazaƙa, yana da hali mai banƙyama. Mawaƙin kuma ya sha kuma, idan ya bugu, ya zama mai rashin kunya da zazzagewa. Budurwar prima donna, wacce har zuwa lokacin ta san fasaharta kawai, ta fara soyayya da wani kyakkyawan mutum a farkon gani. A banza tsohon Schmeling ya yi, ba tare da yin magana ba, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da 'yarsa daga haɗin da bai dace ba; ya samu ne kawai ta rabu da mahaifinta, ba tare da kasawa ba, duk da haka, ta ba shi kulawa.

Sau ɗaya, lokacin da Mara ya kamata ya yi wasa a kotu a Berlin, an same shi ya mutu a bugu a cikin gidan abinci. Sarki ya fusata, tun daga lokacin rayuwar mawakin ta canza sosai. A kowane zarafi - kuma an sami isassun shari'o'i - sarki ya toshe Mara cikin wani rami na lardin, kuma sau ɗaya ya aika tare da 'yan sanda zuwa sansanin soja na Marienburg a Gabashin Prussia. Buƙatun prima donna kawai ya tilasta wa sarki ya mayar da shi. A cikin 1773, sun yi aure, duk da bambancin addini (Elizabeth Furotesta ce, kuma Mara Katolika ne) kuma duk da rashin amincewa da tsohon Fritz, wanda, a matsayin uban gaskiya na al'umma, ya ɗauki kansa da hakkin ya tsoma baki ko da a cikin intmate life of his prima donna. Ta yi murabus ba da son rai ba ga wannan aure, Sarkin ya wuce Elizabeth ta hannun daraktan opera don kada Allah ya kiyaye, kada ta yi tunanin yin ciki kafin bukukuwan Carnival.

Elizabeth Mara, kamar yadda ake kira yanzu, jin dadin ba kawai nasara a kan mataki ba, har ma da farin ciki na iyali, ya zauna a Charlottenburg a babban hanya. Amma ta rasa nutsuwarta. Halin da mijinta ya yi a kotu da a wasan opera ya nisantar da tsofaffin kawaye da ita, balle sarki. Ita, wacce ta san 'yanci a Ingila, yanzu ta ji kamar tana cikin kejin zinare. A lokacin bukin karnival, ita da Mara sun yi kokarin tserewa, amma masu gadi a kofar birnin sun tsare su, bayan da aka sake tura dan wasan zuwa gudun hijira. Alisabatu ta yiwa maigidanta roƙe-roƙe masu ratsa zuciya, amma sarki ya ƙi ta da kyar. A daya daga cikin koke-kokenta, ya rubuta, “Ana biya ta kudin waka, ba don yin rubutu ba.” Mara ya yanke shawarar daukar fansa. A wani maraice mai mahimmanci don girmama baƙo - Grand Duke Pavel na Rasha, wanda sarki ya so ya nuna sanannen prima donna, ta raira waƙa da gangan ba tare da kulawa ba, kusan a cikin murya, amma a ƙarshe banza ta sami mafi kyawun bacin rai. Ta rera wakar ariya ta karshe cikin nishadi, tare da haskawa, har tsawar da ta taru bisa kanta ta watse, sarki ya nuna jin dadinsa.

Elizabeth ta yi ta roƙon sarki ya ba ta izinin yawon buɗe ido, amma ya ƙi. Watakila hankalinsa ya gaya masa cewa ba za ta sake dawowa ba. Wani lokaci marar karewa ya lankwashe bayansa ya mutu, ya murgud'e fuskarsa, yanzu ya tuna da siket mai lallashi, ya sa ba za a iya buga sarewa ba, domin hannun masu ciwon ya daina yin biyayya. Ya fara hakura. Greyhounds sun fi so ga Friedrich mai yawan shekaru fiye da dukan mutane. Amma ya saurari prima donna da irin wannan abin sha'awa, musamman lokacin da ta rera waƙoƙin da ya fi so, ba shakka, Italiyanci, don ya daidaita kiɗan Haydn da Mozart da mafi munin kide-kide.

Duk da haka, Elizabeth ta yi nasara a ƙarshe don yin bara don hutu. An yi mata liyafar da ta dace a Leipzig, Frankfurt kuma, abin da ya fi soyuwa a gare ta, a ƙasarta ta Kassel. A hanyar dawowa, ta ba da wani kade-kade a Weimar, wanda Goethe ya halarta. Ta koma Berlin da lafiya. Sarkin, a cikin wani yanayi na son rai, bai yarda ta je neman magani a birnin Bohemian na Teplitz ba. Wannan shi ne bambaro na ƙarshe da ya mamaye kofin haƙuri. Daga karshe Maras ya yanke shawarar tserewa, amma ya yi taka tsantsan. Duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani, sun sadu da Count Brühl a Dresden, wanda ya jefa su cikin firgici maras misaltuwa: shin mai yiyuwa ne ministan maɗaukakin sarki ya sanar da jakadan Prussian game da masu gudun hijira? Ana iya fahimtar su - a gaban idanunsu sun kasance misali na babban Voltaire, wanda kwata kwata na karni da suka wuce a Frankfurt aka tsare shi da jami'an tsaro na Sarkin Prussian. Amma duk abin ya juya da kyau, sun ketare iyakar ceto tare da Bohemia kuma sun isa Vienna ta Prague. Tsohon Fritz, tun da ya koyi game da tserewa, da farko ya ci gaba da tayar da hankali har ma ya aika da masinja zuwa kotun Vienna yana neman a dawo da mai gudun hijira. Vienna ta aika da amsa, kuma aka fara yakin bayanan diplomasiyya, wanda Sarkin Prussian ba zato ba tsammani ya ajiye makamansa. Amma bai hana kansa jin daɗin yin magana game da Mara tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran falsafa ba: “Mace da ta miƙa wuya ga namiji gabaki ɗaya, ana kamanta ta da kare farauta: da zarar ana harba ta, haka ta ke bauta wa ubangijinta.”

Da farko, sadaukar da kai ga mijinta bai kawo wa Elizabeth sa’a da yawa ba. Kotun Vienna ta yarda da "Prussian" prima donna maimakon sanyi, tsohuwar Archduchess Marie-Theresa kawai, tana nuna ladabi, ta ba ta wasiƙar shawarwari ga 'yarta, Sarauniyar Faransa Marie Antoinette. Ma'auratan sun yi zango na gaba a Munich. A wannan lokacin, Mozart ya shirya wasan opera Idomeneo a can. A cewarsa, Elizabeth “ba ta sami sa’ar faranta masa rai ba.” "Tana yin kadan don ta zama kamar ɗan iska (wannan shine aikinta), kuma da yawa don taɓa zuciya da kyakkyawan waƙa."

Mozart ta san cewa Elisabeth Mara, a nata bangaren, ba ta kimanta abubuwan da ya yi sosai ba. Wataƙila wannan ya rinjayi hukuncinsa. A gare mu, wani abu kuma ya fi mahimmanci: a cikin wannan yanayin, zamanin biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna sun yi karo, tsohon, wanda ya gane fifiko a cikin wasan opera na kyawawan kide-kide, da kuma sabon, wanda ya buƙaci ƙaddamar da kiɗa da murya. zuwa aikin ban mamaki.

Maras ya ba da kide kide-kide tare, kuma ya faru da cewa kyakykyawan salon rayuwa ya fi nasara fiye da matarsa ​​mara kyau. Amma a cikin Paris, bayan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 1782, ta zama sarauniyar wasan da ba ta da sarauta, wanda maigidan Lucia Todi, ɗan asalin Portuguese, ya riga ya yi sarauta. Duk da bambance-bambancen bayanan murya tsakanin prima donnas, kishiya mai kaifi ta tashi. Musical Paris na watanni da yawa an raba shi zuwa Todists da Maratists, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ga gumakansu. Mara ya tabbatar da kanta sosai cewa Marie Antoinette ta ba ta lakabi na mawaƙa na farko na Faransa. Yanzu London kuma yana so ya ji sanannen prima donna, wanda, kasancewar Jamusanci, duk da haka ya rera waƙa na allahntaka. Babu wanda a can, ba shakka, ya tuna yarinyar maroƙiya wadda daidai shekaru ashirin da suka wuce ta bar Ingila cikin fidda rai ta koma Nahiyar. Yanzu ta dawo cikin halo mai daraja. Waƙar ta farko a Pantheon - kuma ta riga ta lashe zukatan Birtaniya. An ba ta lambar yabo irin wanda babu mawakin da ya sani tun babban donnas na zamanin Handel. Yariman Wales ya zama babban abin sha'awarta, mai yiwuwa ba wai kawai ya ci nasara ba ta hanyar babbar fasaha ta rera waƙa. Ita kuma, kamar babu inda take, ta ji a gida a Ingila, ba tare da dalili ba ya fi sauƙi a gare ta ta iya magana da rubutu da Turanci. Daga baya, lokacin da aka fara wasan opera na Italiya, ita ma ta rera waka a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, amma babbar nasararta ta samu ne ta hanyar wasannin kide-kide da mutanen Landan za su iya tunawa na dogon lokaci. Ta yi musamman ayyukan Handel, wanda Birtaniya, bayan dan kadan canza rubutun sunan mahaifinsa, ranked a cikin gida composers.

Bikin cika shekaru ashirin da biyar da rasuwarsa lamari ne mai cike da tarihi a Ingila. An kwashe kwanaki uku ana gudanar da bukukuwan, inda aka gudanar da bikin baje kolin "Almasihu", wanda Sarki George II da kansa ya halarta. Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙunshi mawaƙa 258, ƙungiyar mawaƙa na mutane 270 ne suka tsaya a kan dandalin, kuma sama da ɗumbin sautunan da suka yi, muryar Elizabeth Mara, wadda ba ta da kyau a cikinta, ta tashi: “Na san mai cetona yana raye.” Baturen mai tausayi ya zo cikin farin ciki na gaske. Daga baya, Mara ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da na sa dukan raina cikin maganata, na raira waƙa game da mai-girma, mai-tsarki, game da abin da ke madawwama ga mutum, kuma masu saurarona, cike da aminci, suna riƙe numfashi, suna tausayawa, suka saurare ni. , Ni kaina na zama waliyyi”. Waɗannan kalmomi na gaskiya, waɗanda ba za a iya musun su ba, waɗanda aka rubuta tun lokacin da suka tsufa, suna gyara tunanin farko da za a iya samuwa cikin sauƙi daga sanin aikin Mara: cewa, kasancewar ta iya ƙware muryarta da ban mamaki, ta gamsu da hazakar opera na kotu na bravra. kuma ba ya son wani abu. Sai ya zama ta yi! A Ingila, inda ta shafe shekaru goma sha takwas ta kasance ita kaɗai ce mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na Handel, inda ta rera waƙar Haydn "Ƙirƙirar Duniya" a cikin "hanyar mala'iku" - wannan shine yadda wani mai sha'awar muryar murya ya amsa - Mara ya zama babban mai fasaha. Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mace da suka tsufa, waɗanda suka san rugujewar bege, sake haifuwarsu da baƙin ciki, tabbas sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfafa bayyanar da waƙarta.

A lokaci guda, ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai wadata "cikakkiyar prima donna", wanda ya fi so na kotu, wanda ya karbi kudaden da ba a ji ba. Duk da haka, babbar nasara ta jira ta a cikin mahaifar bel canto, a Turin - inda sarkin Sardinia ya gayyace ta zuwa fadarsa - da kuma a Venice, inda daga wasan farko ta nuna fifikonta a kan fitaccen dan kasar Brigida Banti. Masoyan Opera, wadanda wakar Mara ta harzuka, sun karrama ta a wani yanayi da ba a saba gani ba: da mawakiyar ta gama aria, sai suka shawa dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na San Samuele ruwan furanni da ƙanƙara, sannan suka kawo hotonta mai fentin mai zuwa ga tudu. , kuma da tocila a hannunsu, ya jagoranci mawakin a cikin ɗimbin ƴan kallo suna nuna jin daɗinsu da kuka mai ƙarfi. Dole ne a yi la'akari da cewa bayan Elizabeth Mara ta isa birnin Paris mai juyin juya hali a hanyarta ta zuwa Ingila a 1792, hoton da ta gani ya damu da ita ba tare da bata lokaci ba, yana tunatar da ita game da rashin jin dadi. A nan ne kuma mawakin ya yi kaca-kaca da jama’a, amma jama’ar da ke cikin hayyaci da tada hankali. A kan Sabuwar gadar, tsohuwar majiɓinta Marie Antoinette an kawo ta, koɗaɗe, cikin rigunan kurkuku, ta gamu da zagi da cin zarafi daga taron. Kuka ta fashe da kuka, Mara ta dawo a firgice daga taga karusar kuma ta yi ƙoƙarin barin birnin na tawaye da wuri, wanda ba shi da sauƙi.

A birnin Landan, rayuwarta ta sha guba saboda munanan halayen mijinta. Mayen maye ne kuma ɗan iska, ya yi wa Alisabatu ra’ayinsa a wuraren jama’a. An dauki shekaru da shekaru kafin ta daina neman uzuri a gare shi: saki ya faru ne kawai a shekara ta 1795. Ko dai sakamakon rashin jin daɗi da auren da bai yi nasara ba, ko kuma ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙishirwa na rayuwa wanda ya tashi a cikin mace mai tsufa. , amma da daɗewa kafin a kashe aure, Alisabatu ta sadu da maza biyu waɗanda kusan ’ya’yanta ne.

Ta riga ta cika shekara arba'in da biyu ta hadu da wani Bafaranshe mai shekaru ashirin da shida a Landan. Henri Buscarin, zuriyar tsohon dangi mai daraja, ita ce babban abin sha'awarta. Ta, duk da haka, a cikin wani nau'i na makanta, ya fi son shi mai suna Florio, wanda ya fi kowa, fiye da shekaru ashirin da haihuwa. Daga baya, ya zama mai kula da kwatanta, ya yi wadannan ayyuka har ya tsufa kuma ya sami kudi mai yawa. Tare da Buscare, tana da dangantaka mai ban mamaki har tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyu, wanda ya kasance hadadden cakuda soyayya, abota, buri, rashin yanke shawara da shakku. Wasiƙun da ke tsakanin su ya ƙare ne kawai lokacin da ta ke da shekaru tamanin da uku, kuma shi - a ƙarshe! - ya fara iyali a tsibirin Martinique mai nisa. Haruffansu masu taɓawa, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin salon marigayi Werther, suna haifar da ɗan ban dariya.

A cikin 1802, Mara ya bar Landan, wanda tare da irin wannan farin ciki da godiya ya yi bankwana da ita. Muryar ta kusan bata rasa fara'a ba, cikin kaka na rayuwarta a hankali ta gangaro daga kololuwar daukaka. Ta ziyarci wuraren da ba za a manta da ita ba a lokacin ƙuruciyarta a Kassel, a Berlin, inda ba a manta da prima donna na sarkin da ya daɗe ba, ya jawo dubban masu sauraro zuwa wani wasan kwaikwayo na coci da ta shiga. Hatta mazaunan Vienna, waɗanda da zarar sun karɓi ta sosai, yanzu sun faɗi a ƙafafunta. Banda shi ne Beethoven - har yanzu yana shakkar Mara.

Sannan Rasha ta zama ɗaya daga cikin tashoshi na ƙarshe akan tafarkin rayuwarta. Godiya ga babban sunanta, nan da nan aka karbe ta a kotun St. Petersburg. Ba ta sake rera waƙa a cikin wasan opera ba, amma wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kide kide da wake-wake da kuma liyafar cin abinci tare da manyan mutane sun kawo irin wannan kuɗin shiga wanda ta ƙara haɓaka da yawa. Da farko ta zauna a babban birnin kasar Rasha, amma a 1811 ta koma Moscow da kuma kuzari tsunduma a cikin ƙasa hasashe.

Mugunyar kaddara ta hana ta shafe shekaru na karshe na rayuwarta cikin daukaka da wadata, wanda shekaru da yawa ta yi ta waka a matakai daban-daban na Turai. A cikin wutar da aka yi a Moscow, duk abin da ta halaka, kuma ita kanta dole ne ta sake gudu, a wannan lokacin daga mummunan yakin. A cikin dare daya, ta juya, in ba marowaci ba, sai ta zama mace talaka. Ta bi misalin wasu abokanta, Elizabeth ta ci gaba da zuwa Revel. A cikin wani tsohon garin lardi mai kunkuntar tituna, wanda ke alfahari da kyawawan abubuwan da ya gabata na Hanseatic, duk da haka akwai gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus. Bayan da masana fasahar murya daga cikin fitattun ƴan ƙasa suka gane cewa garinsu ya yi farin ciki da kasancewar babban prima donna, rayuwar kiɗan da ke cikinta ta sake farfaɗowa.

Duk da haka, wani abu ya sa tsohuwar ta ƙaura daga wurin da ta saba, kuma ta yi doguwar tafiya dubbai da dubban mil, yana barazana ga kowane irin abubuwan mamaki. A cikin 1820, ta tsaya a kan mataki na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a London kuma ta rera Guglielmi's rondo, aria daga Handel's oratorio "Solomon", Paer's cavatina - wannan yana da shekaru saba'in da daya! Mai sukar mai goyon baya ya yaba mata "daraja da ɗanɗanonta, kyakkyawan launi da inmitable trill" ta kowace hanya, amma a zahiri ita, ba shakka, inuwar tsohuwar Elisabeth Mara ce kawai.

Ba a makara don ƙishirwa ba ne ya sa ta yi jarumtaka daga Reval zuwa Landan. Wani dalili ne ya jagorance ta da alama ba zai yuwu ba, idan aka yi la'akari da shekarunta: cike da buri, tana sa ran zuwan kawarta kuma masoyi Bouscaren daga Martinique mai nisa! Wasiƙu suna ta yawo gaba da gaba, kamar ana yin biyayya ga wani sirrin so. “Kai kuma ka kyauta? Ya tambaya. "Kada ki yi jinkiri, masoyi Elizabeth, ki gaya mani abin da shirinki yake." Amsar da ta bata bata kai gare mu ba, amma an san sama da shekara guda tana jiran shi a Landan, ta katse karatun ta, sai bayan nan, a hanyarta ta zuwa gida Revel, ta tsaya a Berlin, ta samu labarin cewa Buscarin ya samu. isa Paris.

Amma ya yi latti. Ko da ita. Ba ta gaggawar shiga hannun kawarta ba, amma ga kadaici mai ni'ima, zuwa wannan kusurwar duniya inda ta ji daɗi da kwanciyar hankali - zuwa Revel. Saƙon, duk da haka, ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin wasiƙarsa ta ƙarshe daga Paris, Buscarin ya ba da rahoton cewa sabon tauraro ya tashi a sararin samaniya - Wilhelmina Schroeder-Devrient.

Elisabeth Mara ta mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka. Wani sabon ƙarni ya ɗauki matsayinsa. Anna Milder-Hauptmann, Leonore na farko na Beethoven, wanda ya ba da girmamawa ga tsohon prima donna na Frederick the Great lokacin da take Rasha, yanzu ta zama shahararriyar kanta. Berlin, Paris, London sun yaba Henrietta Sontag da Wilhelmine Schroeder-Devrient.

Ba wanda ya yi mamakin cewa mawaƙan Jamus sun zama babban donnas. Amma Mara ya share musu hanya. Daman ta mallaki dabino.

K. Khonolka (fassarar - R. Solodovnyk, A. Katsura)