Antonina Nezhdanova |

Antonina Nezhdanova

Sana'arta na ban mamaki, wanda ya faranta ran masu sauraro da yawa, ya zama almara. Ayyukanta sun dauki matsayi na musamman a cikin taskar ayyukan duniya.

"Kyau na musamman, fara'a na timbres da intonations, daraja mai sauƙi da kuma gaskiyar magana, kyautar reincarnation, mafi zurfi da cikakkiyar fahimtar mawallafin niyya da salon, dandano mara kyau, daidaiton tunanin tunani - waɗannan su ne kaddarorin. na basirar Nezhdanova," in ji V. Kiselev.

Bernard Shaw, wanda ya yi mamakin yadda Nezhdanova ya yi wa waƙoƙin Rasha, ya gabatar da mawaƙin tare da hotonsa tare da rubutun: "Yanzu na fahimci dalilin da yasa yanayi ya ba ni damar rayuwa har na kai shekaru 70 - don in ji mafi kyawun halitta - Nezhdanova .” Wanda ya kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Moscow Art Theater KS Stanislavsky ya rubuta:

"Dear, ban mamaki, ban mamaki Antonina Vasilievna! .. Kun san dalilin da yasa kike da kyau kuma me yasa kuke jituwa? Domin kun haɗu: muryar azurfa mai ban mamaki mai ban mamaki, hazaka, kida, kamalar fasaha tare da matashi na har abada, tsafta, sabo da butulci. Yana kara kamar muryar ku. Menene zai iya zama mafi kyau, mai ban sha'awa da kuma rashin iya jurewa fiye da cikakkun bayanai na halitta masu haɗe tare da kamalar fasaha? Na karshen ya kashe muku ayyuka masu yawa na rayuwarku gaba daya. Amma ba mu san wannan ba lokacin da kuke ba mu mamaki da sauƙi na fasaha, wani lokaci ana kawo wa abin wasa. Fasaha da fasaha sun zama dabi'ar halitta ta biyu. Kuna raira waƙa kamar tsuntsu don ba za ku iya yin waƙa ba, kuma kuna ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan waɗanda za su raira waƙa da kyau har ƙarshen kwanakinku, domin saboda wannan an haife ku. Kai Orpheus ne a cikin rigar mace wanda ba zai taba karya ledarsa ba.

A matsayina na mai zane da kuma mutum, a matsayin mai sha'awar ku kuma abokinku, na yi mamaki, ku rusuna a gabanku da ɗaukaka da son ku.

Antonina Vasilievna Nezhdanova an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1873 a ƙauyen Krivaya Balka, kusa da Odessa, a cikin dangin malamai.

Tonya tana ’yar shekara bakwai ne kawai sa’ad da ta shiga cikin mawakan coci ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa. Muryar yarinyar ta taɓa mutanen ƙauyen, da mamaki suka ce: “Ga canary, ga murya mai laushi!”

Nezhdanova kanta ta tuna: "Saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin iyalina ina kewaye da wurin kiɗa - dangi na rera waƙa, abokai da abokai da suka ziyarce mu kuma suna raira waƙa kuma sun yi wasa da yawa, iyawar kiɗa na sun girma sosai.

Uwa tana da, kamar uba, kyakkyawar murya, ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗa da kyakkyawar ji. Sa’ad da nake yaro, na koyi rera waƙa da kunne da yawa daga wurinsu. Sa’ad da nake ’yar wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi, mahaifiyata takan halarci wasan opera. Washegari ta yi daidai da waƙar da ta ji daga operas ɗin jiya. Har zuwa tsufa sosai, muryarta ta kasance a sarari da girma.

A shekaru tara, Tonya aka canjawa wuri zuwa Odessa da kuma aika zuwa ga 2nd Mariinsky Women Gymnasium. A cikin dakin motsa jiki, ta tsaya a fili tare da muryarta mai kyau na katako. Daga aji na biyar, Antonina ya fara wasan solo.

An taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Nezhdanova ta dangin darektan Makarantar Jama'a VI Farmakovsky, inda ta sami ba kawai goyon bayan halin kirki ba, har ma da taimakon kayan aiki. Lokacin da mahaifinta ya rasu, Antonina tana aji bakwai. Ba zato ba tsammani ta zama kashin bayan iyali.

Farmakovsky ne wanda ya taimaka wa yarinyar ta biya kudin makaranta na takwas na gymnasium. Bayan kammala karatu daga gare ta, Nezhdanova aka shiga a cikin wani free sarari a matsayin malami a Odessa City Girls School.

Duk da wahalhalun rayuwa, yarinyar ta sami lokaci don ziyarci gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Odessa. Mawaƙin Finer ya buge ta, waƙarsa mai wayo ya ba da mamaki ga Nezhdanova.

Nezhdanova ya rubuta: "Na gode masa cewa ina da ra'ayin koyon rera waƙa lokacin da nake aiki a matsayin malami a ɗaya daga cikin makarantun Odessa."

Antonina ya fara karatu a Odessa tare da malamin mawaƙa SG Rubinstein. Amma tunani game da karatu a ɗaya daga cikin wuraren ajiyar babban birnin yana zuwa sau da yawa kuma yana dagewa. Godiya ga taimakon Dr. MK Burda yarinya ya tafi St. Petersburg don shiga cikin Conservatory. Anan ta kasa. Amma farin ciki murmushi a Nezhdanova a Moscow. Shekarar ilimi a Moscow Conservatory ta riga ta fara, amma Nezhdanova ya sami halartar darektan VI Safonov da mawaƙa farfesa Umberto Mazetti. Na ji daɗin waƙarta.

Duk masu bincike da masu rubuta tarihin rayuwa sun yi iƙirarin amincewa da makarantar Mazetti. A cewar LB Dmitriev, ya kasance misali na wakilin al'adun kiɗa na Italiyanci, wanda ya iya jin zurfin abubuwan da ke cikin kiɗan Rasha, salon wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha kuma ya haɗa waɗannan siffofi masu salo na makarantar muryar Rasha tare da al'adun Italiyanci. na gwanintar sautin waƙa.

Mazetti ya san yadda za a bayyana wa ɗalibin dukiyar kiɗa na aikin. Da hazaka da rakiyar ɗalibansa, ya burge su da watsar da rubutu na kiɗa, ɗabi'a, da fasaha. Daga matakai na farko, yana buƙatar ma'ana mai ma'ana da sautin murya mai launi, a lokaci guda ya mai da hankali sosai ga kyau da amincin samuwar sautin waƙa. "Yi waƙa da kyau" ɗaya ne daga cikin ainihin buƙatun Mazetti."

A 1902, Nezhdanova sauke karatu daga Conservatory da lambar zinariya, ya zama na farko vocalist samu irin wannan babban bambanci. Daga wannan shekarar har zuwa 1948, ta kasance a soloist tare da Bolshoi Theater.

Afrilu 23, 1902, mai sukar SN Kruglikov: "The matasa debutante yi kamar yadda Antonida. Babban sha'awa ta taso a cikin masu sauraro ta novice actress, da sha'awar da jama'a suka yi musayar ra'ayi game da sabon Antonida, ta yanke shawarar nasara nan da nan bayan m, sauki yi na fita aria, wanda, kamar yadda ka sani, nasa ne mafi. Lambobi masu wahala na wallafe-wallafen opera, suna ba da kowane haƙƙi don aminta da cewa Nezhdanov yana da kyakkyawar makoma mai farin ciki da fice."

Ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwar mai zane SI Migai ta tuna: “A matsayina na mai sauraron wasan kwaikwayonta a wasan operas na Glinka, sun ba ni jin daɗi na musamman. A cikin rawar Antonida, Nezhdanova ta ɗaga hoton yarinya mai sauƙi na Rasha zuwa wani tsayi mai ban mamaki. Kowane sauti na wannan bangare yana cike da ruhin fasahar al'ummar Rasha, kuma kowace magana ta zama wahayi a gare ni. Sauraron Antonina Vasilievna, na manta gaba daya game da matsalolin murya na cavatina "Na duba cikin filin mai tsabta ...", Har zuwa irin wannan yanayin na yi farin ciki da gaskiyar zuciya, wanda ke kunshe a cikin sautin muryarta. Babu wata inuwa ta “sauya” ko bacin rai a cikin wasanta na soyayya “Ba na yi makoki don haka ba, budurwa”, cike da baƙin ciki na gaske, amma ba wanda ke magana akan raunin hankali ba - a cikin suturar diyar. jarumin baƙauye, mutum ya ji ƙarfin hali da wadatar kuzari”.

Bangaren Antonida yana buɗe hotunan hotuna masu ban sha'awa waɗanda Nezhdanova suka kirkira a cikin wasan operas na mawaƙa na Rasha: Lyudmila (Ruslan da Lyudmila, 1902); Volkhov ("Sadko", 1906); Tatiana ("Eugene Onegin", 1906); Snow Maiden (opera mai suna iri ɗaya, 1907); Sarauniyar Shemakhan (The Golden Cockerel, 1909); Marfa (Amaryar Tsar, Fabrairu 2, 1916); Iolanta (opera mai suna iri ɗaya, Janairu 25, 1917); Gimbiya Swan ("Tale of Tsar Saltan", 1920); Olga ("Mermaid", 1924); Parasya ("Sorochinskaya Fair", 1925).

"A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan, mai zanen ya sami takamaiman halaye na tunanin mutum, nau'in asali, daidaitaccen ƙwararrun fasahar haske da launi da inuwa, yana daidaita hoton muryar tare da ingantaccen zanen matakin da aka samo, laconic kuma mai ƙarfi daidai da kyan gani, an yi la’akari da su a hankali,” in ji V. Kiselev. “Dukkan jaruman nata suna da haɗin kai da fara’a ta mace, da rawar jiki na farin ciki da ƙauna. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Nezhdanova, yana da soprano na musamman na lyric-coloratura, kuma ya juya zuwa sassan da aka tsara don soprano na lyric, irin su Tatyana a cikin Eugene Onegin, don cimma cikakkiyar fasaha.

Yana da mahimmanci cewa Nezhdanova ta kirkiro zane-zanen mataki - siffar Marta a cikin Bride Tsar kusan rabin aikinta, a cikin 1916, kuma bai rabu da rawar ba har zuwa ƙarshen, ciki har da wani aiki daga ciki a cikin bikin tunawa da ranar 1933. .

Rubutun soyayya tare da kwanciyar hankali na ciki, haihuwar mutum ta hanyar ƙauna, tsayin daka - jigon duk aikin Nezhdanova. A cikin neman hotuna na farin ciki, rashin son kai na mace, tsarki na gaskiya, farin ciki, mai zane ya zo ga matsayin Marta. Duk wanda ya ji Nezhdanova a cikin wannan rawa an ci nasara ta hanyar madaidaicin, gaskiya na ruhaniya, da daraja na jarumar ta. Mai zanen, da alama, yana manne da tabbataccen tushen wahayi - wayewar mutane tare da kyawawan dabi'unsa da kyawawan halaye waɗanda aka kafa cikin ƙarni.

A cikin tarihinta, Nezhdanova ta ce: “Ayyukan da Marta ta taka ya yi nasara sosai a gare ni. Na yi la'akari da shi mafi kyawun matsayina, rawani… A kan mataki, na yi rayuwa ta gaske. Na yi nazari mai zurfi da sani game da dukan bayyanar Marta, a hankali da kuma cikakkiyar fahimtar kowace kalma, kowace magana da motsi, na ji dukan rawar daga farko zuwa ƙarshe. Yawancin cikakkun bayanai waɗanda ke nuna siffar Marfa sun riga sun bayyana a kan mataki yayin aikin, kuma kowane wasan kwaikwayon ya kawo sabon abu.

Manyan gidajen opera a duniya sun yi mafarkin shiga kwangiloli na dogon lokaci tare da "Russian nightingale", amma Nezhdanova ya ki amincewa da mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa. Sau ɗaya kawai babban mawaƙin Rasha ya yarda ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki na Grand Opera na Paris. A cikin Afrilu-Mayu 1912, ta rera wani ɓangare na Gilda a Rigoletto. Abokan aikinta sune shahararrun mawakan Italiya Enrico Caruso da Titta Ruffo.

"Nasarar Mrs. Nezhdanova, mawaƙa har yanzu ba a san shi ba a Paris, ya yi daidai da nasarar shahararrun abokanta Caruso da Ruffo," in ji mai sukar Faransa. Wata jarida ta rubuta: “Muryar ta, da farko, tana da fayyace mai ban mamaki, amincin faɗar magana da haske tare da cikakkiyar ma rajista. Sa'an nan kuma ta san yadda ake rera waƙa, tana nuna zurfin ilimin fasahar rera waƙa, kuma a lokaci guda tana da tasiri mai ban sha'awa ga masu sauraro. Akwai 'yan masu fasaha a zamaninmu waɗanda suke da irin wannan jin za su iya isar da wannan bangare, wanda ke da farashi kawai lokacin da aka isar da shi daidai. Mrs. Nezhdanova ta sami wannan kyakkyawan aiki, kuma kowa ya gane shi daidai.

A zamanin Soviet, singer ya zagaya birane da yawa na kasar, wakiltar Bolshoi Theater. Ayyukanta na kide-kide suna karuwa sau da yawa.

Kusan shekaru ashirin, har zuwa Great Patriotic War kanta, Nezhdanova akai-akai magana a kan rediyo. Ta m abokin tarayya a cikin dakin wasanni N. Golovanov. A 1922, tare da wannan artist Antonina Vasilyevna ya yi wani gagarumin yawon shakatawa na yammacin Turai da kuma Baltic kasashen.

Nezhdanova ta yi amfani da dukiyar kwarewa a matsayin mai wasan opera da mawaƙa a cikin aikinta na ilmantarwa. Tun 1936, ta koyar a Opera Studio na Bolshoi Theater, sa'an nan a Opera Studio mai suna bayan KS Stanislavsky. Tun 1944, Antonina Vasilievna ya kasance farfesa a Moscow Conservatory.

Nezhdanova ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1950 a Moscow.