Trombone: abin da yake, kayan aiki abun da ke ciki, sauti, tarihi, iri

A lokacin tona kayan tarihi na Pompeii, wanda aka binne a ƙarƙashin toka mai aman wuta na Vesuvius a shekara ta 79 BC, masana tarihi sun gano ƙaho na tagulla tare da bakunan zinare a hankali cike a lokuta. An yi imani da cewa wannan kayan kida ne magabacin trombone. An fassara "Trombone" daga Italiyanci a matsayin "babban bututu", kuma siffar tsohuwar da aka samo yayi kama da kayan kida na tagulla na zamani.

Menene trombone

Babu wata ƙungiyar mawaƙa da za ta iya yin ba tare da sauti mai ƙarfi ba, wanda ake amfani da shi don isar da lokuta masu ban tsoro, zurfin motsin rai, taɓawar duhu. Yawancin lokaci ana yin wannan aikin ta trombone. Yana cikin rukunin rajista na bass-tenor embouchure jan ƙarfe. Bututun kayan aiki yana da tsayi, mai lankwasa, yana faɗaɗa a cikin soket. Iyalin suna wakilta da iri da yawa. Ana amfani da trombone mai ƙarfi a cikin kiɗan zamani. Alto da bass ana amfani da su da wuya.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Babban bambanci daga sauran wakilai na rukunin iska na jan karfe shine kayan aiki na akwati tare da baya. Wannan bututu mai lankwasa ne wanda ke ba ku damar canza ƙarar iska. Don haka, mawaƙin na iya fitar da sautin ma'aunin chromatic. Tsarin na musamman yana sa kayan aiki ya fi fasaha, yana buɗe damar da za a iya canzawa daga bayanin kula zuwa bayanin kula, aikin chromatises da glissando. A kan ƙaho, ƙaho, tuba, ana maye gurbin fuka-fuki da bawuloli.

Ana samar da sauti ta hanyar tilasta iska ta cikin bakin magana mai siffar kofi wanda aka saka a cikin ƙaho. Ma'aunin baya na iya zama iri ɗaya ko girma dabam. Idan diamita na bututu biyu iri ɗaya ne, to ana kiran trombone guda ɗaya. Tare da diamita daban-daban, za a kira samfurin ma'auni biyu.

Menene sautin trombone?

Kayan aiki yana sauti mai ƙarfi, mai haske, gayyata. Kewayon yana tsakanin “G” counter-octave zuwa “F” na octave na biyu. A gaban counter-valve, an cika rata tsakanin "b-flat" na counteroctave da "mi" na babban octave. Rashin ƙarin wani abu ya keɓance samar da sautin wannan layin, wanda ake kira "yankin matattu".

A cikin rajista na tsakiya da na sama, trombone yana sauti mai haske, cikakke, a cikin ƙananan - duhu, damuwa, ban tsoro. Na'urar tana da keɓantaccen ikon yin yawo daga wannan sauti zuwa wani. Sauran wakilan rukunin iska na jan karfe ba su da irin wannan fasalin. Ana samar da zamewar sauti ta rocker. Ana kiran dabarar "glissando".

Don kashe sautin, ana yawan amfani da bebe. Wannan bututun ƙarfe ne mai siffar pear wanda ke ba ku damar canza sautin timbre, kashe ƙarfin sauti, ƙara iri-iri tare da tasirin sauti na musamman.

Tarihin trombone

A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, bututun rocker sun bayyana a cikin mawakan cocin Turai. Sautin su ya yi kama da muryar ɗan adam, saboda bututu mai motsi, mai yin wasan zai iya fitar da sikelin chromatic, yana kwaikwayon sifofin katako na rera coci. An fara kiran irin waɗannan kayan aikin sakbuts, wanda ke nufin “turawa gaba da kai.”

Bayan tsira da ƙananan haɓakawa, an fara amfani da sakbuts a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, an ci gaba da amfani da trombone musamman a cikin majami'u. Sautinsa ya kwafi muryoyin waƙa sosai. Ƙaƙƙarfan katako na kayan aiki a cikin ƙaramin rajista ya yi kyau ga bukukuwan jana'izar.

A lokaci guda, mawaƙa masu ƙima sun ja hankali ga sautin bututun rocker. Babban Mozart, Beethoven, Gluck, Wagner da aka yi amfani da su a wasan operas don mai da hankali kan mai sauraro kan abubuwan ban mamaki. Kuma Mozart a cikin "Requiem" har ma ya ba da amanar solo na trombone. Wagner ya yi amfani da shi don isar da waƙoƙin soyayya.

A farkon karni na XNUMX, masu wasan kwaikwayo na jazz sun jawo hankali ga kayan aiki. A zamanin Dixieland, mawaƙa sun zo ga fahimtar cewa trombone yana da ikon ƙirƙirar abubuwan haɓaka na solo da waƙoƙi. Ƙungiyoyin jazz masu yawon shakatawa sun kawo ƙaho na scotch zuwa Latin Amurka, inda ya zama babban mawallafin jazz.

iri

Iyalin trombone sun haɗa da iri da yawa. Kayan aikin tenor shine aka fi amfani dashi. Abubuwan ƙira suna ba da damar bambance sauran wakilan ƙungiyar:

• babba;
• bass;
• soprano;
• bass.

Biyu na ƙarshe kusan ba su da amfani. Mozart shine na ƙarshe da yayi amfani da ƙahon soprano roker a cikin Mass a C-dur.

Bass da tenor trombones suna cikin kunnawa iri ɗaya. Bambancin kawai shine a cikin ma'auni mai faɗi na farkon ɗaya. Bambanci shine inci 16. Na'urar abokin aikin bass yana bambanta ta kasancewar bawuloli biyu. Suna ba ku damar rage sautin ta huɗu ko ɗaga ta ta biyar. Tsarin masu zaman kansu suna da ƙarin dama.

Tenor trombones, bi da bi, na iya samun bambanci a cikin diamita na sikelin. Mafi ƙarancin diamita na kunkuntar masu sikelin bai wuce milimita 12,7 ba. Bambanci a cikin girman yana ba da damar yin amfani da bugun jini daban-daban, yana ƙayyade motsin fasaha na kayan aiki.

Tenor scotch ƙaho suna da sauti mai haske, sauti mai faɗi, kuma sun dace don kunna sassan solo. Suna iya maye gurbin al ko bass a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa. Saboda haka, sun fi kowa a cikin al'adun kiɗa na zamani.

Dabarar Trombone

Ana koyar da buga ƙaho na rocker a makarantun kiɗa, kwalejoji da wuraren ajiyar kaya. Mawaƙin yana riƙe da kayan aiki a bakinsa da hannun hagu, yana motsa fuka-fuki da damansa. Tsawon ginshiƙin iska ya bambanta ta hanyar motsa bututu da canza matsayi na lebe.

Za a iya samun wurin baya a wurare 7. Kowannensu ya bambanta da na gaba da rabin sautin. A cikin farko, an cire shi gaba ɗaya; a na bakwai, an mika shi cikakke. Idan trombone yana sanye da ƙarin kambi, to, mawaƙin yana da damar da za ta rage girman duka ta hanyar na huɗu. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da babban yatsan hannun hagu, wanda ke danna bawul ɗin kwata.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, an yi amfani da fasahar glissando sosai. Ana samun sautin a kan ci gaba da fitar da sauti, yayin da mai yin ya motsa matakin a hankali.

Fitattun trombonists

Wakilan dangin Neuschel suna cikin virtuosos na farko na kunna bututun rocker. Membobin daular ba wai kawai suna da kyakkyawan umarni na kayan aikin ba, har ma sun bude nasu taron bitar don kera shi. Ta kasance sananne sosai a cikin dangin sarauta na Turai a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMXth.

Mafi yawan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru na al'ada suna samar da makarantun kiɗa na Faransa da Jamus. Lokacin kammala karatun digiri daga ɗakunan ajiyar Faransa, ana buƙatar mawaƙa na gaba su ƙaddamar da abubuwan ƙira da yawa don trombone. An rubuta hujja mai ban sha'awa a cikin 2012. Sa'an nan kuma a Washington, 360 trombonists sun yi wasa a lokaci guda a filin wasan baseball.

Daga cikin virtuosos na gida da masanan kayan aikin, AN Morozov. A cikin 70s ya kasance babban mawaƙin soloist a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi kuma ya sha shiga cikin juri na gasa na trombonist na duniya.

Shekaru takwas, mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Tarayyar Soviet shine VS Nazarov. Ya shiga cikin bukukuwa na kasa da kasa akai-akai, ya zama mai nasara a gasar kasa da kasa, shi ne jagoran soloist a cikin makada na Oleg Lundstrem.

Duk da cewa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, trombone da wuya ya canza tsarinsa, wasu gyare-gyare sun sa ya yiwu a fadada damarsa. A yau, ba tare da wannan kayan aiki ba, cikakken sauti na symphonic, pop da jazz orchestras ba zai yiwu ba.