The art of troubadours: kiɗa da shayari

An fassara kalmar "troubadour" daga harshen Provencal a matsayin "nemo", "don ƙirƙira", saboda karin waƙa da waƙoƙi wani nau'i ne na samowa da ƙirƙira. Galibi mawaƙa - mawaƙa masu balaguro - sun yi nasu waƙoƙin kuma kaɗan ne kawai, bayan da suka yi waƙa, suka ba da amanar wasansu ga ɗan wasan juggler.

Ƙungiyar troubadour ta samo asali ne a Provence, yankin kudu maso gabashin "tarihi" na Faransa, amma bayan lokaci ya fara yaduwa a arewacin Faransa (inda daga baya aka sani da trouvères), da kuma Italiya da Spain. Tarihi ya adana sunayen na farko (sharadi) troubadours - waɗannan su ne masanan kamar Guiraut Riquier, Goselm Fedi, Guiraut de Borneil, Peyre Vidal.

Yawancin masu bincike sun yarda cewa ainihin wakilin farko a wannan fasaha ana yi masa lakabi da "Troubadour". Godiya ga asalinsa na aristocratic, ya sami ilimi mai kyau ga waɗannan lokutan, kuma, yi imani da shi ko a'a, yana da shekaru takwas yana iya karantawa, rubutu da sadarwa a cikin Latin.

A cewar masu zamani, wakokin Guillaume na farko an rubuta su yana da shekaru 10, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin mawaƙin yana tare da babban mawaƙi da mawaƙa na gaba. Ko da yake ba a bambanta da babban nasara a cikin harkokin soja ba, Duke yana da kwarewa sosai don kunna kiɗa kuma yana son rawa da wasan kwaikwayo. Ƙaunar Duke ta ƙarshe ta kawo shi cikin rikici da coci (muna magana ne game da zamanin da).

Masu bincike sun lura da kamalar nau'ikan wakokinsa, don haka an yi imanin cewa Guillaume ne ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba ba kawai waƙar mawaƙa ba, har ma da waƙar Turai gabaɗaya.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa harshen Occitan (a wasu kalmomi, Provencal), wanda troubadours suka tsara ayyukansu, shine harshen wallafe-wallafen kawai a yawancin yankuna na Italiya da Spain a zamanin da.

Wanene zai iya zama troubadour?

A cikin tashin hankalin akwai mutane da yawa masu ilimi. Mafi yawa, troubadours sun zama jarumawa masu tawali'u waɗanda masu mulki suka yi masa biyayya - manyan masu mulki. Shahararrun iyayengiji da mata na Provence da Languedoc sun nemi baiwa ƙwararrun masu fasaha waɗanda suka kware a cikin fasahar troubadours. An bukaci mawakan kotuna a wancan lokacin da su kasance da wadannan fasaha:

• kunna kowane kayan kida;
• rubuta waƙa ga waɗanda suke da matsayi mai girma;
• ci gaba da samun sabbin labarai a kotu.

Sauran shahararrun troubadours

Baya ga Guillaume Aquinas da aka riga aka ambata, Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Turai ta gabatar da wasu sunayen wasu sanannun troubadours:

• – troubadour, wanda waƙarsa ke cike da sha’awa da sha’awar sha’awa, sanannen mai inganta soyayya da sirvents na siyasa (waɗannan su ne nau’ikan ƙirƙira ta troubadour).
• - 'Yan wasan Faransa da suka shiga yakin Crusades. Kadan daga cikin waqoqinsa ne kawai suka tsira – galibinsu kanzon kurege, waqoqin sansanin da satire.
• - ɗan bawa na yau da kullun, wanda ya zama sanannen mawaƙin zamaninsa (ƙarni na XII), a cikin waƙarsa ya rera bazara da ƙauna a matsayin mafi kyawun kyau.

Shahararrun 'yan ta'adda ba maza kadai ba ne; A tsakiyar zamanai akwai kuma mata mawaƙa - a halin yanzu akwai 17 sanannun mata troubadours. Sunan na farkonsu shine

Jigogi na kotu a cikin fasahar troubadours

A ƙarshen karni na 11, abin da ake kira waƙar kotu na troubadours ya taso - waƙar knightly, wanda a cikinsa ya kasance mai ƙauna, amma a lokaci guda mai ladabi ga mace. An gabatar da ita a cikin irin wannan ayoyin a matsayin nau'i mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kwatanta da siffar Madonna, a lokaci guda muna magana ne game da wata mace na zuciya wanda ke buƙatar ɗaukaka da ƙauna tare da ƙaunar platonic.

Matsayin irin wannan macen zuciya ta kasance mace mai aure ta fi taka rawa, kuma sau da yawa dogon rera waƙar kyakkyawar mace ta kasance wani share fage ne na kusanci, wanda ke tattare da wasu dokoki da tsare-tsare; Dogon jima'i a cikin wannan yanayin al'ada yana nufin babban matsayi ga mai neman.

Al'adar kyakkyawar mace tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan halayen mata, domin kafin wannan cocin ya gabatar da jima'i na mace kawai a matsayin wurin haifuwar zunubi da lalata. Har ila yau, albarkacin al'adar aure, an fara yin auren soyayya.

Tasirin fasahar troubadour akan al'adun kiɗa

Hakika fasahar troubadours ta yi tasiri ga ci gaban al'adun Turai gabaɗaya da kiɗan musamman. Waƙar da troubadours suka tsara ya yi tasiri ga ci gaba Minnezanga – Jamus Knightly shayari. Da farko, masu aikin haƙar ma'adinai sun rufe abubuwan da aka tsara na troubadours kawai, kuma kaɗan daga baya a Jamus sun kafa wani nau'in keɓancewar kiɗan - minnesang (wannan kalmar a zahiri tana fassara a matsayin "waƙar ƙauna").

Ya kamata ku sani game da wasu takamaiman nau'ikan da aka kirkira a cikin kiɗan troubadours:

• pastoral - wannan nau'i ne na waƙa, abin da ke cikin irin wannan waƙa yawanci ba shi da ma'ana: jarumi yana magana da makiyayi mai sauƙi, kuma, ba kamar waƙoƙin kotu ba, ba za a iya yin magana game da wani babban ji; a karkashin tsarin kwarkwasa, batutuwan “ƙaunar jiki” kaɗai ake magana.
• Alba waka ce da a cikinta ake rera wakokin masoyan rabuwar kai da safe: dole ne su rabu, watakila har abada (jaki zai iya mutuwa a yaki) da fitowar alfijir.
• canzona – waƙar soyayya da ake yi wa yarinya, amma wani lokacin waƙar canzona kawai tana nuna girmamawa ga babba, yarinya ko aboki; a irin wannan yanayi, maƙiyi da yawa na iya yin canzona lokaci guda.