Suite |

Suite na Faransa, lit. - jerin, jerin

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan cyclic multiparts na kiɗan kayan aiki. Ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu da yawa, yawanci sassa daban-daban, waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar ra'ayi gama gari. Sassan ma’auni, a matsayin ka’ida, sun bambanta da halaye, da kari, lokaci, da sauransu; a lokaci guda, ana iya haɗa su ta hanyar haɗin kai na tonal, dangi mai dalili, da sauran hanyoyi. Ch. Ƙa'idar siffa ta S. ita ce ƙirƙirar nau'i ɗaya. gaba ɗaya bisa ga jujjuyawar sassa daban-daban - ya bambanta S. daga irin wannan cyclical. siffofi kamar sonata da symphony tare da ra'ayinsu na girma da zama. Idan aka kwatanta da sonata da symphony, S. ne halin da mafi girma 'yancin kai na sassa, a kasa m oda tsarin na sake zagayowar (yawan sassa, su yanayi, domin, dangantaka da juna na iya zama daban-daban a cikin widest). iyaka), halin kiyayewa gaba ɗaya ko da yawa. sassan tonality guda ɗaya, da ƙari kai tsaye. dangane da nau'ikan rawa, waƙa, da sauransu.

Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin S. da sonata ya fito fili musamman ta tsakiya. Karni na 18, lokacin da S. ya kai ga kololuwar sa, kuma a karshe zagayowar sonata ya yi kama. Duk da haka, wannan adawa ba ta cika ba. Sonata da S. sun tashi kusan lokaci guda, kuma hanyoyinsu, musamman a matakin farko, wani lokaci suna ketare. Don haka, S. yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan sonata, musamman a fannin tematima. Sakamakon wannan tasirin kuma shine haɗar minuet a cikin zagayowar sonata da shiga cikin raye-raye. kari da hotuna a rondo na karshe.

Tushen S. ya koma ga tsohuwar al'adar kwatanta tafiyar rawa a hankali (ko da girman) da rawa mai raye-raye, tsalle-tsalle (yawanci m, girman 3), wanda aka sani a Gabas. kasashe a zamanin da. Abubuwan da suka gabata na S. sune Tsakiyar Zamani. Larabci nauba (babban nau'in kiɗan da ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban masu alaƙa da jigo), da kuma nau'ikan sassa da yawa waɗanda suka yaɗu a tsakanin al'ummomin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Asiya. a Faransa a cikin karni na 16. al'adar shiga rawa ta taso. S. dec. haihuwa branley - auna, bukukuwa. jerin raye-raye da masu sauri. Duk da haka, ainihin haihuwar S. a Yammacin Turai. kiɗa yana hade da bayyanar a tsakiya. Ƙarni na 16 nau'i-nau'i na raye-raye - pavanes (maɗaukaki, rawa mai gudana a cikin 2/4) da galliards (rawar wayar hannu tare da tsalle a cikin 3/4). Wannan nau'i-nau'i, a cewar BV Asafiev, "kusan haɗin gwiwa na farko a tarihin ɗakin." Buga bugu na 16th karni, kamar tablature na Petrucci (1507-08), "Intobalatura de lento" na M. Castillones (1536), tablature na P. Borrono da G. Gortzianis a Italiya, da lute tarin P. Attenyan (1530-47) a Faransa, sun ƙunshi ba kawai pavanes da galliards ba, har ma da wasu nau'o'in nau'i-nau'i masu dangantaka (bass dance - yawon shakatawa, branle - saltarella, passamezzo - saltarella, da dai sauransu).

Kowane raye-rayen wani lokaci ana haɗa su da rawa ta uku, kuma a cikin bugun 3, amma har ma da raye-raye - volta ko piva.

Tuni sanannen misali na kwatanta kwatancen pavane da galliard, tun daga shekara ta 1530, ya ba da misali na gina waɗannan raye-raye akan irin wannan, amma mitoci sun canza launin rawaya. abu. Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ƙa'idar ta zama ma'anar duk raye-raye. jerin. Wani lokaci, don sauƙaƙe rikodi, ba a rubuta raye-raye na ƙarshe ba: an ba mai wasan kwaikwayo damar, yayin da yake riƙe da waƙar. tsari da jituwa na rawa ta farko, don canza lokacin kashi biyu zuwa kashi uku da kanka.

Zuwa farkon karni na 17 a cikin aikin I. Gro (30 pavanes da galliards, wanda aka buga a 1604 a Dresden), Eng. Budurwa W. Bird, J. Bull, O. Gibbons (zauna. "Parthenia", 1611) sukan ƙaura daga fassarar rawa. Tsarin sake haifuwar raye-rayen yau da kullun zuwa "wasa don sauraro" an kammala ta ser. Karni na 17

Classic irin tsohon rawa S. amince da Austrian. comp. I. Ya. Froberger, wanda ya kafa jerin raye-raye masu tsauri a cikin kayan kidansa na garaya. sassa: a matsakaici jinkirin allemande (4/4) ya biyo baya da sauri ko matsakaiciyar chimes (3/4) da jinkirin sarabande (3/4). Daga baya, Froberger ya gabatar da raye-raye na hudu - jig mai sauri, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida ta ƙarshe. bangare.

Yawancin S. con. 17- bara. Karni na 18 don garaya, ƙungiyar kade-kade ko lute, wanda aka gina akan waɗannan sassa 4, kuma sun haɗa da minuet, gavotte, bourre, paspier, polonaise, wanda, a matsayin mai mulkin, an saka shi tsakanin sarabande da gigue, da kuma “ ninki biyu" ("biyu" - bambancin ado akan ɗayan sassan S.). Allemande yawanci yana gaba da sonata, symphony, toccata, prelude, overture; Aria, rondo, capriccio, da dai sauransu an kuma samo su daga sassan da ba na rawa ba. An rubuta dukkan sassan, a matsayin mai mulki, a cikin maɓalli ɗaya. A matsayin ban da, a farkon da kamara sonatas ta A. Corelli, waɗanda su ne ainihin S., akwai jinkirin raye-rayen da aka rubuta a cikin maɓalli wanda ya bambanta da babba. A cikin babba ko ƙaramin maɓalli na mafi kusancin dangi, otd. sassa a cikin suites na GF Handel, na 2nd minuet daga 4th English S. da na 2nd gavotte daga S. karkashin take. "Tsarin Faransanci" (BWV 831) JS Bach; a cikin adadin suites ta Bach (Suites na Turanci No 1, 2, 3, da dai sauransu) akwai sassa a cikin babban maɓalli ɗaya ko ƙarami.

Ma'anar kalmar "S." ya fara bayyana a Faransa a karni na 16. dangane da kwatanta rassa daban-daban, a cikin ƙarni na 17-18. ya kuma shiga cikin Ingila da Jamus, amma an dade ana amfani da shi wajen lalata. dabi'u. Don haka, wani lokacin S. ya kira sassa daban-daban na zagayowar suite. Tare da wannan, a Ingila ana kiran ƙungiyar rawa darussa (G. Purcell), a Italiya - balletto ko (daga baya) sonata da kamara (A. Corelli, A. Steffani), a Jamus - Partie (I. Kunau) ko partita (D. Buxtehude, JS Bach), a Faransa - ordre (P. Couperin), da dai sauransu Sau da yawa S. ba su da wani suna na musamman, amma an sanya su kawai a matsayin "Pieces for the Harpsichord", "Table Music", da dai sauransu.

Nat ne ya ƙaddara ire-iren sunaye waɗanda ke nuna ainihin nau'in iri ɗaya ne. fasali na ci gaban S. a cikin con. 17- sar. Karni na 18 Ee, Faransanci. S. ya bambanta da mafi girman 'yancin yin gini (daga raye-raye 5 na JB Lully a cikin orc. C. e-moll zuwa 23 a cikin ɗayan ɗakunan harpsichord na F. Couperin), da kuma haɗawa cikin rawa. jerin zane-zane na tunani, nau'i da kuma shimfidar wuri (27 suites na harpsichord na F. Couperin sun haɗa da guda 230 daban-daban). Franz. mawakan J. Ch. Chambonnière, L. Couperin, NA Lebesgue, J. d'Anglebert, L. Marchand, F. Couperin, da J.-F. Rameau ya gabatar da nau'ikan rawa sababbi ga S.: musette da rigaudon , chaconne, passacaglia, lur, da sauransu. Hakanan an gabatar da sassan da ba rawa a cikin S., musamman decomp. Aryan asalin. Lully ta fara gabatar da S. a matsayin gabatarwa. sassa na overture. Wannan bidi'a ta kasance daga baya. mawaƙa JKF Fischer, IZ Kusser, GF Telemann da JS Bach. G. Purcell sau da yawa yana buɗe S. nasa tare da share fage; Wannan al'ada ta Bach ta karbe shi a cikin Ingilishi. S. (a cikin Faransanci. S. babu preludes). Ban da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe, kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na kaɗe-kaɗe sun yaɗu a Faransa. Daga Italiyanci. D. Frescobaldi, wanda ya haɓaka raye-rayen bambance-bambance, ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓakar mawaƙan rhythmic.

Mawaƙan Jamusanci sun haɗa Faransanci. da itali. tasiri. “Labarun Littafi Mai Tsarki” na Kunau na kaɗe-kaɗe da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Handel “Kiɗa akan Ruwa” sun yi kama da na Faransanci. C. Italiyanci ya rinjayi. vari. dabara, da Buxtehude suite a kan jigon chorale "Auf meinen lieben Gott" aka lura, inda allemande tare da ninki biyu, sarabande, chimes da gigue ne bambancin kan jigo daya, melodic. ana kiyaye tsari da jituwa na yanke a duk sassa. GF Handel ya gabatar da fugue a cikin S., wanda ke nuna halin kwance harsashin ginin tsohuwar S. kuma ya kusantar da shi zuwa coci. sonata (na Handel's suites 8 na harpsichord, wanda aka buga a London a cikin 1720, 5 yana ɗauke da fugue).

Yana da Italiyanci, Faransanci. da Jamusanci. S. ya haɗu da JS Bach, wanda ya ɗaga nau'in S. zuwa mataki mafi girma na ci gaba. A cikin suites na Bach (6 Turanci da 6 Faransanci, 6 partitas, "Faransanci Overture" don clavier, 4 orchestral S., wanda ake kira overtures, partitas for solo violin, S. don solo cello), an kammala aikin 'yantar da raye-raye. wasa daga haɗin kai da tushen sa na yau da kullun. A cikin ɓangarorin raye-raye na suites ɗinsa, Bach yana riƙe da nau'ikan motsi ne kawai na wannan raye-raye da wasu fasalulluka na rhythmic. zane; a kan haka, ya ƙirƙira wasannin kwaikwayo waɗanda ke ɗauke da wasan kwaikwayo mai zurfi mai zurfi. abun ciki. A cikin kowane nau'in S., Bach yana da nasa shirin don gina sake zagayowar; i, turanci S. da S. don cello koyaushe suna farawa da share fage, tsakanin sarabande da gigue koyaushe suna da raye-raye iri ɗaya 2, da dai sauransu. Bach ya wuce gona da iri ya haɗa da fugue.

A cikin bene na 2. A cikin karni na 18, a cikin zamanin Viennese classicism, S. ya rasa tsohon mahimmanci. Manyan muses. sonata da karimci sun zama nau'i, yayin da wasan kwaikwayo ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin nau'i na cassations, serenades, da divertissements. Samfura J. Haydn da WA Mozart, waɗanda ke ɗauke da waɗannan sunaye, galibi S., kawai sanannen "Little Night Serenade" da Mozart ya rubuta a cikin salon wasan kwaikwayo. Daga Op. L. Beethoven suna kusa da S. 2 "serenades", ɗaya don kirtani. uku (op. 8, 1797), wani na sarewa, violin da viola (op. 25, 1802). Gabaɗaya, abubuwan da aka tsara na al'adun gargajiyar Viennese suna gabatowa sonata da wasan kwaikwayo, nau'ikan rawa. farkon ya bayyana a cikin su ƙasa da haske. Misali, "Haffner" orc. Mozart's serenade, wanda aka rubuta a 1782, ya ƙunshi sassa 8, wanda a cikin rawa. mintuna 3 kacal ake ajiyewa a tsari.

Iri-iri iri-iri na ginin S. a cikin karni na 19. hade da ci gaban shirin symphonism. Hanyoyi zuwa nau'in shirye-shirye S. sune kewayon FP. R. Schumann ta miniatures sun hada da Carnival (1835), Fantastic Pieces (1837), Yara Scenes (1838), da sauransu. Rimsky-Korsakov's Antar da Scheherazade fitattun misalai ne na ƙungiyar makaɗa. Fasalolin shirye-shirye halayen FP ne. zagayowar "Hotuna a wani nuni" na Mussorgsky, "Little Suite" na piano. Borodin, "Little Suite" don piano. da S. “Wasanni na Yara” na ƙungiyar makaɗa ta J. Bizet. 3 rukunin mawaƙa na PI Tchaikovsky sun ƙunshi halaye. wasannin da ba su da alaƙa da rawa. nau'ikan nau'ikan; sun hada da sabuwar rawa. Form - waltz (2nd da 3rd C.). Daga cikin su akwai "Serenade" nasa don kirtani. Orchestra, wanda "tsaye rabin tsakanin suite da symphony, amma kusa da suite" (BV Asafiev). An rubuta sassan S. na wannan lokacin a cikin decomp. maɓallai, amma ɓangaren ƙarshe, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana dawo da maɓallin na farko.

Duk karni na R. 19 sun bayyana S., wanda ya ƙunshi kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo. Productions, ballets, operas: E. Grieg daga kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo na G. Ibsen "Peer Gynt", J. Bizet daga kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo "The Arlesian" na A. Daudet, PI Tchaikovsky daga ballets "The Nutcracker " da "The Barci Beauty", NA Rimsky-Korsakov daga opera "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".

A cikin karni na 19 iri-iri na S., masu alaƙa da raye-rayen jama'a, suna ci gaba da wanzuwa. hadisai. Saint-Saens' Algiers Suite ne ke wakilta, Dvorak's Bohemian Suite. Irin m. refraction na tsohon raye-raye. An ba da nau'ikan nau'ikan a cikin Debussy's Bergamas Suite (minuet da paspier), a cikin Kabarin Ravel na Couperin (forlana, rigaudon da minuet).

A cikin karni na 20 na ballet suites an halicce su ta IF Stravinsky (The Firebird, 1910; Petrushka, 1911), SS Prokofiev (The Jester, 1922; The Prodigal Son, 1929; A Dnieper, 1933; "Romeo da Juliet", 1936-46). 1946; "Cinderella", 25), AI Khachaturian (S. daga ballet "Gayane"), "Provencal Suite" don mawaƙa D. Milhaud, "Little Suite" don piano. J. Aurik, S. mawaƙa na sabon makarantar Viennese - A. Schoenberg (S. don piano, op. 2) da A. Berg (Lyric Suite for strings. quartet), - halin da ake amfani da fasaha na dodecaphonic. Bisa ga kafofi na tatsuniyoyi, "Dance Suite" da 20 S. don ƙungiyar makaɗa ta B. Bartok, "Little Suite" don ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Lutoslawski. Duk R. XNUMXth karni wani sabon nau'i na S. ya bayyana, wanda ya ƙunshi kiɗa don fina-finai ("Laftanar Kizhe" na Prokofiev, "Hamlet" na Shostakovich). Wasu wok. A wasu lokuta ana kiran zagayowar murya S. (vok. S. “Wakoki shida na M. Tsvetaeva” na Shostakovich), akwai kuma mawaƙa S.

Kalmar "S." Hakanan yana nufin kiɗa-choreographic. abun da ke tattare da raye-raye da yawa. Irin waɗannan S. galibi ana haɗa su cikin wasan ballet; misali, zane na 3 na Tchaikovsky ta "Swan Lake" ya ƙunshi bin al'adun gargajiya. nat. rawa. Wani lokaci irin wannan S. da aka saka ana kiransa divertissement (hoton karshe na The Sleeping Beauty da mafi yawan aiki na 2 na Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker).

References: Igor Glebov (Asafiev BV), fasahar kayan aikin Tchaikovsky, P., 1922; nasa, Tsarin Kiɗa a matsayin Tsari, Vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Yavorsky B., Bach suites na clavier, M.-L., 1947; Druskin M., Kiɗa na Clavier, L., 1960; Efimenkova V., nau'ikan rawa…, M., 1962; Popova T., Suite, M., 1963.

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