Pentatonic |
daga Girkanci pente - biyar da sautin
Tsarin sauti mai ɗauke da matakai biyar a cikin octave. Akwai nau'ikan P. 4: wadanda ba semitone (ko ainihin P.); rabin sautin; gauraye; fushi.
Non-rabi sautin P. kuma an san shi a ƙarƙashin wasu sunaye: na halitta (AS Ogolevets), mai tsabta (X. Riemann), anhemitonic, sautin duka; proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), tsarin trichord (AD Kastalsky), gamma na "epoch na hudu" (PP Sokalsky), gamma na Sinanci, gamma na Scotland. Wannan babban nau'in P. (ma'anar "P." ba tare da ƙari na musamman ba yawanci yana nufin ba tare da semitone P.) tsari ne mai matakai 5, duk sautunan da za a iya shirya su a cikin kashi biyar. Nau'o'in tazara guda biyu ne kawai aka haɗa tsakanin matakan kusa da ma'aunin wannan P. - b. na biyu kuma m. na uku. P. yana da alaƙa da waƙoƙin matakai uku marasa-semitone - trichords (m. na uku + b. na biyu, misali, ega). Saboda rashi na semitones a cikin P., kaifi modal gravitations ba zai iya samuwa. Ma'aunin P. baya bayyana takamaiman cibiyar tonal. Saboda haka, ayyukan Ch. sautunan suna iya yin kowane ɗayan sautunan guda biyar; saboda haka biyar bambanta. bambance-bambancen ma'auni na P. na nau'in sauti iri ɗaya:
Half-tone P. yana daya daga cikin matakai na yau da kullum a cikin ci gaban kiɗa. tunani (duba Tsarin Sauti). Sabili da haka, P. (ko rudiments) yana samuwa a cikin mafi yawan tsoffin yadudduka na muses. tatsuniyar al'ummomi daban-daban (ciki har da mutanen yammacin Turai, duba littafin X. Moser da J. Müller-Blattau, shafi na 15). Duk da haka, P. yana da halayyar kida na ƙasashen Gabas (China, Vietnam), kuma a cikin USSR - ga Tatars, Bashkirs, Buryats, da sauransu.
Do Nhuan (Vietnam). Waƙar "Far Maris" (farko).
Abubuwan da ke cikin tunanin pentatonic suma suna da halayen tsohuwar Rasha, Ukrainian, Belarushiyanci. nar. waƙoƙi:
Daga tarin A. Rubets "100 Ukrainian Folk Songs".
Trichords na hali don P. a cikin Rashanci. nar. Sau da yawa ana lulluɓe waƙar tare da karin waƙoƙi mafi sauƙi. ado, stepwise motsi (misali, a cikin song "Babu iska" daga tarin MA Balakirev). Ragowar P. ana iya gani a cikin tsoffin samfurori na Tsakiyar Tsakiya. chorale (misali, sifofin shiga cikin ƙasa c-df a cikin Dorian, deg da ega a cikin Phrygian, gac a cikin hanyoyin Mixolydian). Duk da haka, har zuwa karni na 19. P. a matsayin tsarin ba shi da mahimmanci ga Turai. Prof. kiɗa. Hankali ga Nar. kiɗa, sha'awar launi na modal da jituwa. halaye a cikin zamanin bayan da Viennese litattafansu kawo rai fitowan na m misalai na P. a matsayin na musamman. zai bayyana. yana nufin (waƙar Sinawa a cikin kiɗan K. Weber zuwa daidaitawar Schiller na wasan kwaikwayon "Turandot" na K. Gozzi; a cikin aikin AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). Ana amfani da P. sau da yawa don bayyana nutsuwa, rashin sha'awar:
AP Borodin. Romance "Gimbiya Barci" (farko).
Wani lokaci yana hidima don sake haifar da sautin kararrawa - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. Wani lokaci kuma ana amfani da P. a cikin maƙarƙashiya ("folds" cikin pentachord da bai cika ba):
MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Aiki III.
A cikin samfuran da suka zo mana, Nar. wakoki, haka kuma a cikin prof. Ayyukan P. yawanci yana dogara ne akan babba (duba A a misali a shafi na 234) ko ƙarami (duba D a cikin misalin guda ɗaya), kuma saboda sauƙin jujjuya harsashin daga wannan sautin zuwa wani, daidaici. Sau da yawa ana ƙirƙirar yanayin musanya, misali.
Sauran nau'ikan P. sune nau'insa. Halftone (hemitonic; kuma ditonic) P. ana samunsa a cikin Nar. kiɗan wasu ƙasashe na Gabas (X. Husman yana nuna waƙar Indiya, da Indonesiya, Jafananci). Tsarin ma'aunin sikelin halftone -
, misali. daya daga cikin ma'aunin slendro (Java). Mixed P. ya haɗu da siffofi na tonal da kuma wadanda ba semitone (Husman ya ambaci karin waƙa na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Kongo).
Tempered P. (amma ba daidai ba ne; kalmar ba sabani ba ne) shine ma'aunin slendro na Indonesiya, inda aka raba octave zuwa matakai 5 waɗanda ba su dace da sautuna ko sautin sauti ba. Misali, kunna ɗaya daga cikin gamelan na Javanese (a cikin sautin sauti) shine kamar haka: 2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36-2,48 (1/5 octave – 2,40).
Ka'idar farko da ta zo mana. Bayanin P. na masana kimiyya ne Dokta China (watakila kwanan wata zuwa rabin 1st na 1st millennium BC). A cikin tsarin sauti na lu (sauti 12 cikin cikakken kashi biyar, wanda aka haɓaka tun farkon daular Zhou) an haɗa su zuwa octave ɗaya na sautuna 5 da ke makwabtaka da su ya ba da bututun da ba na semitone ba a cikin dukkan nau'ikansa guda biyar. Baya ga ilimin lissafi da ke tabbatar da yanayin P. (abin tunawa mafi dadewa shine rubutun "Guanzi", wanda aka danganta ga Guan Zhong, - karni na 7 BC), an ɓullo da wani hadadden alama na matakan P., inda sau biyar suka dace da su. 5 abubuwa, 5 dandana; Bugu da ƙari, sautin "gong" (c) yana wakiltar mai mulki, "shan" (d) - jami'ai, "jue" (e) - mutane, "zhi" (g) - ayyuka, "yu" (a) - abubuwa.
Sha'awar P. ta farfado a karni na 19. AN Serov yayi la'akari da P. na Gabas. kiɗa kuma an fassara shi azaman diatonic tare da tsallake matakai biyu. PP Sokalsky ya fara nuna rawar P. a cikin Rashanci. nar. waƙa kuma ya jaddada 'yancin kai na P. a matsayin nau'in muses. tsarin. Daga ra'ayi na ra'ayi na mataki, ya haɗa P. tare da "epoch na quart" (wanda kawai gaskiya ne kawai). AS Famintsyn, yana tsammanin ra'ayoyin B. Bartok da Z. Kodaly, a karo na farko ya nuna cewa P. wani tsohon Layer ne na bunks. kiɗan Turai; karkashin halftone layers, ya gano P. kuma a cikin Rashanci. waka. KV Kvitka a kan sababbin abubuwa da ka'idoji. Abubuwan da ake buƙata sun soki ka'idar Sokalsky (musamman, raguwar "epoch na quart" zuwa trichords na P., da kuma makircinsa na "zamanin zamani" - quarts, biyar, na uku) kuma ya bayyana ka'idar pentatonic AS. Ogolevets, bisa ga ra'ayi na mataki, ya yi imanin cewa P. a cikin wani nau'i mai ɓoye kuma ya kasance a cikin ƙarin ci gaba na kiɗa. tsarin kuma wani nau'i ne na "kwarangwal" na tsari na tsari a cikin diatonic da kwayoyin halitta daga baya nau'in muses. tunani. IV Sposobin ya lura da tasirin P. akan samuwar ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan haɗin gwiwar da ba tertsiya ba (duba misali a ƙarshen tsiri 235). Ya.M. Girshman, tun da ya ci gaba da cikakken ka'idar P. kuma yayi nazarin kasancewarsa a Tat. kiɗa, ya haskaka tarihin ka'idar. fahimtar P. A cikin ilimin kiɗa na ƙasashen waje na karni na 20. An kuma tara kayan arziki a kan dec. nau'ikan P. (ban da wadanda ba semitone ba).
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Yu. H. Kholopov
